百色盆地上法地区中三叠统生物礁储层特征分析

百色盆地上法地区中三叠统兰木组碳酸盐岩台地相发育生物礁,礁体规模较小,由礁核与礁翼组成,生物礁储层孔隙空间有原生孔隙、次生溶蚀孔洞和裂缝3大类型,储层储集空间组合类型主要有：缝洞孔隙型、裂缝孔隙型、孔隙型;储层非均质性强,储层性能主要受沉积相和成岩作用控制。     

广西二叠纪生物礁的特征和分布规律

广西二叠纪生物礁（丘）非常发育，自栖霞期至长兴期均有分布，以茅口期最繁盛。生物礁主要发育于具陡斜坡的孤立浅水台地边缘，包括堤礁、马蹄形礁、环礁、链状礁和块状礁。逅礁生物以钙质海绵为主，另有水熄、管壳石、苔藓虫及红藻等。包覆粘结生物以古石孔藻、层纹状蓝绿藻为主，附礁生物为底栖生物和藻类。礁岩类型以复合型为主，包括包覆骨架岩、粘结骨架岩、包覆障积粘结岩、包覆粘结岩等。生物丘则主要产在碳酸盐缓坡、孤立台地缓斜坡及台凹环境，包括珊瑚丘、海绵丘、荷叶藻丘、生物屑藻灰泥丘和藻泥丘，常与陆棚相深灰色泥岩、生物屑粒泥岩、泥粒岩及风暴岩构成旋回组合。生物礁、丘的分布受古特提斯海的扩张和同沉积断裂所控制。     

广西泥盆纪最早的生物礁

广西泥盆纪的沉积相可划分为滨岸碎屑岩相、碳酸盐台地相和陆间海槽相等三个相区。其中最早的碳酸盐台地形成始于早埃姆斯阶晚期,同时伴生小型生物丘和在台地边缘发育的小点礁。本文讨论了广西具代表性的德保钦甲点礁,为一点礁—泥丘组合。     

伊拉克X油田巨厚生物碎屑灰岩储层强非均质性及主控因素

伊拉克X油田Mishrif组为巨厚强非均质生物碎屑灰岩,开发难度大。基于岩心、铸体薄片、压汞实验、孔渗、核磁共振实验、测井曲线和开发动态等资料,通过数理统计和储层特征对比,刻画Mishrif储层垂向和平面非均质性;根据层序地层学和沉积学理论,明确储层非均质性成因。结果表明：X油田Mishrif组发育三套稳定隔层、多套夹层和三种成因的超高渗层,隔夹层、超高渗层与围岩存在巨大渗透率级差。Mishrif组垂向上储层特征呈三段式,即MB2段层内均质且孔、渗相关关系好,超高渗层分布在MB2段顶部,夹层发育程度低;MB1段层内非均质性强,物性变化快且幅度大,超高渗层分布规律弱,夹层发育程度高;MA段层内非均质性强,孔、渗相关关系差,超高渗层沿断层带分布,夹层较发育。平面上,储层展布具有“北厚南薄、核厚翼薄、网络状、点厚面薄”4种样式。研究区浅水缓坡沉积背景下发育多期层序旋回是巨厚强非均质生物碎屑灰岩的主要成因。碳酸盐岩缓坡相带分异显著,储层渗透率随沉积水动力增加而增高。开阔水体环境中沉积作用稳定,地层厚度大,储层非均质性弱;高能沉积环境是超高渗层的发育基础;局限沉积环境中夹层发育程度高,非均质性强...     

克拉通盆地盆缘致密气藏封堵模式: 以鄂尔多斯盆地北缘杭锦旗地区盒1段为例

克拉通盆地大面积致密砂岩气藏边界带上的气水分布往往远比盆地内部复杂, 圈闭类型多样, 气藏上倾方向封堵模式尚存在争议。本研究以鄂尔多斯盆地北缘杭锦旗地区二叠系盒1段气藏为例, 对比分析不同区带典型河道砂体厚度、岩相组合、砂体叠置关系、储层物性及横向宏观非均质性等多因素差异分布特征及其对气藏分布的控制作用, 最终建立杭锦旗地区不同构造带内盒1段气藏封堵模式。研究表明, 研究区自西向东发育3种河道沉积模式, 分别是西部缓坡区浅水辫状河模式、中部陡坡区冲积扇-辫状河模式、东部深水道模式, 3种沉积模式控制了河道上倾方向储层宏观非均质性差异, 这种宏观非均质性变化是研究区致密砂岩气藏上倾方向封堵的主控因素。根据研究区上倾方向储层变化与圈闭类型关系, 划分了3种天然气封堵模式: 西部缓坡区岩性封堵模式、中部陡坡区地层-岩性封堵模式、东部岩性-构造过渡封堵模式。3种天然气封堵模式构成了鄂北盆缘盒1段大面积天然气连续成藏区的边界, 同时控制了不同类型圈闭分布与天然气富集。      

渤海 ＣＦ油田古近系湖相碳酸盐岩储层特征

钻井揭示,渤海 ＣＦ油田古近系湖相碳酸盐岩储层具有较强的非均值性。根据岩心、薄片、测井、分析化验、三维地震等各项资料,研究了 ＣＦ油田古近系沙一段湖相碳酸盐岩的岩性、储集空间类型、物性、优质储层发育控制因素及分布特征。研究结果表明:ＣＦ油田沙一段湖相碳酸盐岩以生屑云岩为主,夹生屑灰岩、泥晶球团粒云岩等,纵向上可分为生屑云岩段和云质砾岩段;储集空间以孔隙为主,孔隙类型多为粒间孔、粒间溶孔、粒内孔,微裂缝发育,生屑云岩段多为中－高角度的构造－溶蚀缝,云质砾岩段多见压溶缝和收缩缝,云质砾岩段裂缝较生屑云岩段发育,裂缝被方解石充填严重;储层物性为中低孔低渗,渗透率大小与孔隙结构特征对应明显;优质储层主要为生屑云岩段,沉积作用、构造作用和溶蚀作用是控制储集层物性的关键因素;工区范围内发育断陷湖盆中央台地相,生屑滩、粒屑滩对应的生屑云岩段为优势沉积相带。在综合分析基础上开展的储层分类评价结果表明,古地貌相对高点及古地貌斜坡处为优质储层发育区,预测的优质储层平面厚度分布可以指导油田的高效开发。      

巴什托油气田石炭系巴楚组碳酸盐岩储层特征及控制因素

根据薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、压汞实验、物性参数测定,结合岩心、测井资料对储层进行精细描述,分析巴什托油气田石炭系巴楚组碳酸盐岩储层特征及主控因素。结果表明:巴楚组为碳酸盐台地沉积,主要发育局限台地和蒸发台地两种亚相,巴楚组上段生屑灰岩段为巴什托石炭系油藏主要储层,岩石类型以泥晶云岩、粉晶云岩等碳酸盐岩为主;储集空间类型主要有孔隙、孔洞、裂缝三大类,其中白云岩段为细喉、中孔—中渗孔隙型储层,灰岩段为微细喉、低孔—低渗裂缝型储层。储层发育受多种因素影响,沉积相是储层发育的物质基础,优质储集相带集中在白云岩段的局限台地云坪、灰云坪微相中;溶蚀作用、白云石化作用形成大量次生溶孔,改善白云岩段储层储集性能;构造作用产生的裂缝为溶蚀作用提供渗流通道,提高储层渗透性。研究结果为巴什托碳酸盐岩储层勘探提供指导。     

浅析造礁生物演化及生物绝灭事件对礁丘发育的控制作用──以中国南方震旦纪至三叠纪生物礁丘为例

造礁生物演化经历了六个主要发展阶段，具有全球性演化规律特征，其盛衰变化在中国南方礁丘的时代分布上反映较为醒目。早泥盆世至晚泥盆世早期，为生物礁发育的首次鼎盛期，已发现的礁体达９７个，而至今尚未发现晚泥盆世晚期（法门期）的生物礁；二叠纪是第二次鼎盛期，已发现该时期的礁丘达１４８个之多，生物特征明显，而至今也尚未发现早三叠世时期的礁体。中国南方这一礁丘时代分布特征恰好与 Ｆ／Ｆ和Ｔ／Ｐ两次全球性巨大生物绝灭事件相吻合。因此在南方寻找生物礁型油气藏时，除了应当重视本区构造演化的控制作用外，还应极大地注意全球性生物演化规律的控制作用。     

塔西南坳陷早、中寒武世岩相古地理格局分析

塔西南坳陷早、中寒武世岩相古地理格局是该区中、下寒武统烃源岩和白云岩规模储集层发育的重要因素。以露头、钻井及地震资料为基础,根据寒武系沉积前古构造,中、下寒武世地层结构,以及地震相特征,分析塔西南坳陷早、中寒武世古地理格局,研究寒武系生储盖特征及油气勘探意义。结果表明:研究区寒武系沉积前昆仑山前叶城—皮山—和田一带发育南华—震旦系裂谷体系,呈楔状向巴楚隆起剥蚀尖灭。受继承性沉降作用的影响,早、中寒武世巴楚隆起为克拉通内坳陷台地相碳酸盐岩沉积,山前凹陷为克拉通边缘盆地相沉积,从巴楚隆起向南到昆仑山前表现为被动大陆边缘背景下的"台地—斜坡—盆地"的古地理格局。在麦盖提斜坡南部到山前凹陷北部发育北西向展布的台地边缘相,其中下寒武统为缓坡型台缘;中寒武统在坳陷西段为缓坡型台缘,坳陷的中、东段为弱镶边型台缘。山前盆地相烃源灶、斜坡区台缘礁滩相高能颗粒白云岩及膏泥岩盖层等生储盖条件,决定塔西南坳陷中、下寒武统台缘带具有较大的勘探潜力。     

四川盆地晚二叠世—早三叠世沉积演化及其对天然气富集的意义

四川盆地上二叠统—下三叠统碳酸盐岩地层中富集天然气,天然气藏的分布受优质烃源岩和礁滩相储层的控制。为了揭示四川盆地沉积演化背景下天然气的富集规律及预测成藏有利区,对晚二叠世—早三叠世扬子古板块地质构造背景进行分析,讨论地质构造背景控制下四川盆地晚二叠世—早三叠世沉积演化特征;根据不同时期构造和沉积演化特征确定优质烃源岩和储层的发育机理和分布范围;结合天然气成藏模式的认识,确定天然气成藏有利区。结果表明:四川盆地晚二叠世—早三叠世海湾及其后陆棚的发育演化控制了该区龙潭组主力烃源岩与长兴组—飞仙关组礁滩相储层的发育分布,形成了下生上储的有利配置关系;川东北地区长兴组—飞仙关组台地边缘礁滩相储层邻近龙潭组海湾相优质烃源岩的区域为天然气成藏最有利区。总之,四川盆地晚二叠世—早三叠世沉积演化特征控制了海相优质烃源岩和储层的发育分布,决定了天然气的富集与分布。     

ESR DATING OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

ESR dating of aragonitic and calcitic corals , eolianite , calcrete , and corallineae from coral reefs in the South China Sea was applied to study of Quaternary reef geology . The ESR ages of calcitic corals correlated with the biostratigraphy , lithostratigraphy and geochemistry of Well Xi-Chen-1 and the oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of deep sea sediments, were reliable and up to 1.26 Ma. The selection of signals for dating and other related problems are discussed .     

Post-rifting magmatism and the drowned reefs in the Xisha Archipelago domain

Fourteen isolated drowned reefs have been identified around the Xisha Uplift by multibeam and seismic data. The drowning processes of these reefs can be divided into three different stages, which correspond to three different accelerated tectonic subsidence periods. The drowning of the Xisha reefs is the result of the combined action of tectonic subsidence and sea level fluctuations, and the tectonic subsidence rate had to remain above 0.2 mm yr~(-1 )for a long time. Three abrupt accelerated tectonic subsidence events that occurred in the late Miocene, Pliocene and early Quaternary in the Xisha Uplift were closely related to the thermal subsidence processes after three stages of post-rifting magmatism. The magmatism of the middle Miocene and the following thermal subsidence resulted in the drowning of reefs in the northwestern Xisha uplift(Zone A). During the early Pliocene, massive magmatic intrusions and volcanic eruptions occurred in the Xisha Uplift. Then, the subsequent thermal subsidence started the drowning process of reefs in the northeastern and western regions of the Xisha Uplift(Zone B and C). During the early Quaternary, large-scale magmatism also occurred in the Xisha Uplift. The subsequent thermal subsidence resulted in a new rapid tectonic subsidence, which caused the reefs in the southern and southeastern regions of the Xisha Uplift to drown(Zone D and E).     

Formation and evolution of the tertiary carbonate reefs in the Madura Strait Basin of Indonesia

Analysis of 2D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic reflection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome reflections, slope progradational reflections, chaotic reflections and discontinuous strong reflections inside the reef, which onlap the flank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness. The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily influenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a “hidden” inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.

     

Succession and seasonal variation in epilithic biofilms on artificial reefs in culture waters of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Periphytic biofilms in aquaculture waters are thought to improve water quality, provide an additional food source, and improve the survival and growth of some reared animals. In the AsiaPacific region, particularly in China, artificial reefs are commonly used in the commercial farming of sea cucumbers. However, few studies have examined the epilithic biofilms on the artificial reefs. To gain a better understanding of the succession of epilithic biofilms and their ecological processes in sea cucumber culture waters, two experiments were conducted in culture waters of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in Rongcheng, China, using artificial test panels. On the test panels of succession experiment, more than 67 species were identified in the biofilms. On the test panels of seasonal variation experiment, more than 46 species were recorded in the biofilms. In both experiments, communities of epilithic biofilms were dominated by diatoms, green algae and the annelid Spirorbis sp. In the initial colonization, the dominant diatoms were Cocconeis sp., Amphora spp. and Nitzschia closterium in June, which were succeeded by species of Navicula, Cocconeis and Nitzschia(July to September), and then by Licmophora abbreviata, Nitzschia closterium and Synedra spp. in the following months. A diatom bloom in the autumn and filamentous green algae burst in the summer were also observed. Ecological indices well annotated the succession and seasonal changes in epilithic communities. Multidimensional scaling(MDS) analysis found significant differences in diatom community composition among months and seasons. Fast growth of biofilms was observed in the summer and autumn, whereas the biomass of summer biofilms was largely made up of filamentous green algae. Present results show that the components of epilithic biofilms are mostly optimal foods of A. japonicus, suggesting that biofilms on artificial reefs may contribute important nutritional sources for sea cucumbers during their growth seasons. Future works should include quantitative determination of the contribution of epilithic biofilms to the diet of A. japonicus, potential roles of epilithic biofilms in regulating the water quality of sea cucumber ponds, and the regulation of epilithic biofilms in sea cucumber culture ponds.     

Reconstructing environmental changes of a coastal lagoon with coral reefs in southeastern Hainan Island

Coastal lagoons with small catchment basins are highly sensitive to natural processes and anthropogenic activities. To figure out the environmental changes of a coastal lagoon and its contribution to carbon burial, two sediment cores were collected in Xincun Lagoon, southeastern Hainan Island and (210) ~Pb activities, grain size parameters, total organic carbon(TOC), total nitrogen(TN), total inorganic carbon(TIC) and stable carbon isotopes(δ~(13)C) were measured. The results show that in 1770–1815, the decreasing water exchange capacity with outer open water, probably caused by the shifting and narrowing of the tidal inlet, not only diminished the currents and fined the sediments in the lagoon, but also reduced the organic matter of marine sources. From 1815 to 1950, the sedimentary environment of Xincun Lagoon was frequently influenced by storm events. These extreme events resulted in the high fluctuation of sediment grain size and sorting, as well as the great variation in contributions of terrestrial(higher plants, soils) and marine sources(phytoplankton, algae, seagrass). The extremely high content of TIC, compared to TOC before 1950 could be attributed to the large-scale coverage of coral reefs. However, with the boost of seawater aquaculture activities after 1970, the health growth of coral species was severely threatened, and corresponding production and inorganic carbon burial flux reduced. The apparent enhanced inorganic carbon burial rate after 1990 might result from the concomitant carbonate debris produced by seawater aquaculture. This result is important for local government long-term coastal management and environmental planning.     

Seasonal variation in community structure and body length of dominant copepods around artificial reefs in Xiaoshi Island, China

This study aims to investigate the seasonal variations in copepod community structure and prosome length of dominant species from March 2009 to January 2010 around artificial reefs in Xiaoshi Island,Yellow Sea,Weihai,China.Samples were collected using two types of plankton net(Model I and Model II) for different-sized copepods.The number of taxon was calculated from the data of both the net types,while the copepod abundance was done using the samples from Model II only.Sixteen species of planktonic copepods,including 5 dominant species,were recorded.Results reveal that Oithona similis was the first dominant species from March to June,and was replaced by Paracalanus parvus in September;both dominated the copepod community in January.Acartia hongi was the second dominant species from March to September.Centropages abdominalis was the third dominant species from March to June,and was replaced by O.similis in September and Corycaeus affinis in January.C.affinis was the fourth dominant species in September.Population density of the dominant copepods was compared with that of other similar regions.We found that the dominant species were mostly small copepods(<1 mm) except for adult Centrapages abdominalis.Seasonal variation in prosome length of O.similis,C.abdominalis,and C.affinis,and their copepodites were studied for the first time in China.For P.parvus and A.hongi,seasonal trends in prosome length variation were similar with those in Jiaozhou Bay,Yellow Sea,Qingdao,China,in a similar temperate domain.The results are helpful for future calculation of copepod biomass and production,and for investigation of the relationship between copepods and fish resources.     

Succession and seasonal variation in epilithic biofilms on artificial reefs in culture waters of the sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>

Periphytic biofilms in aquaculture waters are thought to improve water quality, provide an additional food source, and improve the survival and growth of some reared animals. In the Asia- Pacific region, particularly in China, artificial reefs are commonly used in the commercial farming of sea cucumbers. However, few studies have examined the epilithic biofilms on the artificial reefs. To gain a better understanding of the succession of epilithic biofilms and their ecological processes in sea cucumber culture waters, two experiments were conducted in culture waters of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in Rongcheng, China, using artificial test panels. On the test panels of succession experiment, more than 67 species were identified in the biofilms. On the test panels of seasonal variation experiment, more than 46 species were recorded in the biofilms. In both experiments, communities of epilithic biofilms were dominated by diatoms, green algae and the annelid Spirorbis sp. In the initial colonization, the dominant diatoms were Cocconeis sp., Amphora spp. and Nitzschia closterium in June, which were succeeded by species of Navicula, Cocconeis and Nitzschia (July to September), and then by Licmophora abbreviata, Nitzschia closterium and Synedra spp. in the following months. A diatom bloom in the autumn and filamentous green algae burst in the summer were also observed. Ecological indices well annotated the succession and seasonal changes in epilithic communities. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis found significant differences in diatom community composition among months and seasons. Fast growth of biofilms was observed in the summer and autumn, whereas the biomass of summer biofilms was largely made up of filamentous green algae. Present results show that the components of epilithic biofilms are mostly optimal foods of A. japonicus, suggesting that biofilms on artificial reefs may contribute important nutritional sources for sea cucumbers during their growth seasons. Future works should include quantitative determination of the contribution of epilithic biofilms to the diet of A. japonicus, potential roles of epilithic biofilms in regulating the water quality of sea cucumber ponds, and the regulation of epilithic biofilms in sea cucumber culture ponds.     

Habitat values for artificial oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis) reefs compared with natural shallow-water habitats in Changjiang River estuary

studies have compared oyster reefs with adjacent natural shallow-water habitats.Here the resident benthic macroinvertebrate communities in an artificial oyster(Crassostrea ariakensis) reef and in adjacent natural estuarine shallow-water habitats(salt marsh,intertidal mudflat,and subtidal soft bottom) in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary were described.The mean total densities and biomass,Margalef’s species richness,Pielou’s evenness and Shannon-Weaver biodiversity indices of the resident benthic macroinvertebrate communities differed significantly among the habitats.Significantly higher densities and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates occurred in the oyster reef compared with the other three habitats.Ordination plots showed a clear separation in benthic macroinvertebrate communities among the four habitat types.The results demonstrated that the artificial oyster reef supported distinct and unique benthic communities,playing an important role in the complex estuarine habitat by supplying prey resources and contributing to biodiversity.In addition,the results suggested that the oyster reef had been restored successfully.     

The study on the effect of NO on the growth of Chaetoceros curvisetus

1 INTRODUCTION As a recently recognized information molecule in campaign of the “Molecule of the Year” by Sci- ence magazine, nitric oxide (NO) has attracted much attention from biologists and many other field scien- tists, for its very important physio…     

图像预处理对人脸识别系统性能影响研究

目前多数工程化人脸识别系统是基于子空间算法的,针对子空间算法识别系统中稳定性和抗干扰性不高的问题,从图像预处理的角度出发,通过Matlab仿真Eigenface和Fisherface两种算法识别过程,建立起图像差值模型,同时引入不同预处理方法进行比较,根据类间距离和类内距离的变化,从中确定出最优的预处理方法,改善算法识别率和效率,实验结果表明,加入合适的图像预处理可以增强识别系统的强壮性。