重磁异常数据三维人机联作模拟

在研究三角形多面体模型重、磁异常三维正演和反演技术的基础上,吸取人机交互正演模拟的优点,实现了三角形多面体模型重、磁异常数据三维人机联作反演。通过研究三角形多面体模型节点偏导数的计算方法,对目标函数进行线性化处理,形成了计算机自动迭代修改模型体的技术。利用计算机图形技术,在三维空间显示重、磁场和模型体,开发了模型的交互修改技术,使数据解释过程中,可以结合已知信息及人的推断和经验,完成重、磁异常数据的三维模拟,减少了数据解释结果的不确定性。     

三维地震技术在沉积学研究中的应用

三维地震技术对沉积学的发展有着重要的推动作用,主要体现在分析方法和概念上.高精度的三维地震数据可以通过对沉积要素的直接成像来重建三维的沉积古环境,也可以通过对不同地质历史时期的古沉积环境进行成像来研究沉积演化史.地震数据联合测井数据也可以通过预测岩石性质分布来定量描述沉积岩的非均质性.在成岩作用分析工作中,高分辨率的地震成像用优于10 m的纵向分辨率在上千平方千米的范围内描述成岩界面的几何形态,是一种在整个盆地范围内研究成岩作用过程的新方法.应用三维地震技术解决沉积问题这一领域未来发展潜力巨大.对相关的方法、工作流程和研究实例进行了论述.     

渤海湾曹妃甸港区开发对水动力泥沙环境的影响

针对渤海湾曹妃甸海域波浪、潮流、泥沙及海床演变特点,应用波流共同作用下二维泥沙数学模型研究港区开发方案。2006年冬季和夏季大、小潮潮流泥沙验证表明,该海域潮位及15条同步垂线流速、流向、含沙量过程的计算值与实测值吻合良好,并进行了矿石码头港池前沿海域在潮流与波浪共同作用下悬沙引起的冲淤验证,计算的冲淤厚度及其分布趋势与实测值比较接近。在此基础上,研究了曹妃甸前岛后陆的港区围垦方案对水动力环境的影响问题,包括该工程引起的曹妃甸甸头以南深槽、老龙沟深槽及各港池的流速变化及底床的冲淤变形等。     

岩体裂隙三维可视化新方法及其应用

快速准确地识别岩体裂隙的三维分布特征是西南山区铁路防灾减灾的关键.本研究提出了一套岩体裂隙可视化新方法,基于测窗调查的裂隙数据,依托球坐标及极射赤平投影进行数字化处理及降维,利用K-Means++聚类算法、Fisher分布模型和蒙特卡洛模拟,完成裂隙产状数据的自动分组和模拟,最后运用Python及圆盘模型实现岩体裂隙三维可视化.本研究采用坐标变换和三角网格曲面的方式,更有利于与其他三维建模软件嵌套分析.水电站工程的先行应用研究表明产状数据服从Fisher分布,本文的模型相对于传统玫瑰花图和施密特图有着一定的优势.因此,本文建立的岩体裂隙模型具有直观快速反映区域裂隙网络三维分布特征的优点,研究成果可以直接服务于西南山区铁路施工阶段隧道掌子面及洞壁的节理裂隙三维识别以及防灾减灾研究.      

一种基于物性数据的深部三维地质建模方法

地质采样信息不足是制约深部三维地质建模的重要因素, 深部物性探测数据由于其易于获取而能够有效形成可视化模型.结合这一特点, 在地质调查项目工作中探索出了一种基于物性探测数据的三维地质建模方法.它首先利用岩石样品物性测量实验数据提取出物性参数及其对应地质属性的映射关系, 然后将不同地球物理方法所获取到的物性数据进行综合建模并解释, 最后将解释后的可视化模型转换为地质三维模型.实践证明, 该方法能够针对性地解决项目中的一些深部地质三维建模问题.      

三维地层的三棱柱剖分与土方计算

三维地层剖分算法是实现地层三维可视化与土方计算的重要基础。采用三棱柱体建模方法构造三维地层,分析任意平面切割三棱柱的不同情形,得出了针对三棱柱地层的剖分算法;提出了以切割面为分界面,将单个三棱柱剖分成多个小三棱柱的三角投影分割法--将三棱柱顶面、底面及切割截面按一定规则进行合理三角化划分,使划分后三角形在水平面上的投影相重合;将该3层三角形组合成以切割面为分界面的2层小三棱柱,从而完成剖分。土方计算中首先给出开挖体的边界控制方程,根据该控制方程所限定的内边界得到开挖区域,结合上述剖分算法,对该区域内所有小三棱柱体积求和,得到开挖土方量。将以上算法应用到广东省某重大水利工程中,实现了基坑模拟开挖及其土方计算。     

GIS-based 3D prospectivity mapping: A case study of Jiama copper-polymetallic deposit in Tibet,China

This paper reports a deposit-scale GIS-based 3D mineral potential assessment of the Jiama copper-polymetallic deposit in Tibet, China. The assessment was achieved through a sequential implementation of metallogenic modelling and 3D modelling of geology, geochemistry and prospectivity. A metallogenic model for the Jiama deposit and 3D modelling workflow were used to construct multiple 3D layers of volumetric and triangular mesh models to represent geology, geochemistry and ore-controlling features in the study area. A GIS-based 3D weights-of-evidence analysis was then used to estimate the subsurface prospectivity for Cu (Mo) orebodies in the area, which led to the identification of three prospective deep-seated exploration targets. Additionally, the geochemical modelling indicates three potential fluid flow pathways based on the 3D zonation of major geochemical elements and their ratios, particularly the Zn/Pb ratios, which support the results of the weights of evidence model.     

基于改进三棱柱模型的复杂地质体3D建模方法

建模方法是三维地质模型及其可视化研究的核心内容。针对连续体终止、错断位移等复杂地质体3D地质建摸的需要，本文对现有的三棱柱数据模型进行了改进，构建了完整的数据结构及其初步的拓扑关系，提出了基于改进三棱柱模型的连续体和不连续体的建摸算法，使其在处理地层尖灭、断层等复杂地质问题时更为灵活、适应面更广。     

3D numerical modeling of forward folding and reverse unfolding of a viscous single-layer: Implications for the formation of folds and fold patterns

The main aims of this study are to show (i) that non-cylindrical three-dimensional (3D) fold shapes and patterns can form during a single, unidirectional shortening event and (ii) that numerical reverse modeling of 3D folding is a feasible method to reconstruct the formation of 3D buckle-folds. 3D viscous (Newtonian) single-layer folding is numerically simulated with the finite element method to investigate the formation of fold shapes during one shortening event. An initially flat layer rests on a matrix with smaller viscosity and is shortened in one direction parallel to the layering. Forward modeling with different initial geometrical perturbations on the flat layer and different lateral boundary conditions generates non-cylindrical 3D fold shapes and patterns. The simulations show that, in reality, the initial layer geometry and the boundary conditions strongly control the final fold geometry. Fold geometries produced from the forward folding models are used as initial setting in numerical reverse folding models with parameters identical to those of forward models. These reverse models accurately reconstruct the initial geometry of forward models with also only one extension event parallel to the previous shortening direction. The starting geometry of the forward models is inaccurately reconstructed by the reverse models if a significantly different viscosity ratio than in the forward models is used. This work demonstrates that reverse modeling has a high potential for reconstructing the deformation history of folded regions and rheological constraints such as viscosity ratio. Reverse models may be applied to natural 3D fold shapes and patterns in order to determine if they formed (i) during a single or multiple deformation events and (ii) as active buckle-folds with a viscosity ratio 1 or as passive, kinematic folds without buckling. This approach may find much application to fold interference patterns, in particular.     

大地电磁面积性资料和稀疏测线资料的三维反演解释

对理论模型合成的稀疏测线数据和面积性数据以及实测单一测线数据进行了三维反演。通过对比分析合成稀疏测线数据和面积性数据的三维反演结果发现,使用4个张量阻抗元素作为反演数据的稀疏测线数据的三维反演结果可以较好地反映三维目标体,虽然效果可能不如面积性数据的三维反演结果。实测单一测线数据的三维反演结果也较好地揭示测线周围地下基岩界面的三维起伏情况。合成数据和实测资料的三维反演结果表明:可以采用三维反演解释的方法对大地电磁稀疏测线资料进行反演解释。同时,从合成数据的三维反演结果分析可以看出,对大地电磁稀疏测线资料进行三维反演,应尽可能反演所有张量数据;对大地电磁面积性资料进行三维反演,可以只使用两个非对角元素数据,但使用所有张量数据的效果更好。     

基于成矿系统的三维定量预测研究——以四川拉拉铜矿为例

随着矿产资源预测的发展,三维矿产资源定量预测评价已经成为矿产勘查领域的热点。然而真正决定矿产预测及矿产勘查成败的核心在于:如何构建恰当的预测变量来反映成矿作用过程。本文以四川拉拉铜矿为例,通过成矿系统分析“源-运-储-保”四大要素总结了该区矿产预测的地质找矿要素。基于三维地质建模技术以及成矿信息定量提取技术,构建了区域找矿要素三维地质信息。以找矿信息量为数学模型,确定了拉拉铜矿成矿有利区划,圈定了4个找矿靶区。本次研究将矿床成矿系统分析(知识驱动)与三维定量分析(数据驱动)相结合,将成矿作用过程及关键因素(源、运、储、保等)转化为可预测的具体空间要素,并使用三维可视化技术进行三维空间重构,该方法为今后的三维定量预测工作提供了有利参考。     

基于三棱柱体的三维地质体可视化研究

三维可视化技术能形象表达地层信息的真实形态及构造要素的空间关系而应用广泛,建立了一种以三棱柱体作为基本体元来实现三维地质体可视化的方法,该方法通过对三角形的自分解并且充分考虑地质体内所存在的断层等地质现象,在引入虚拟钻孔的基础上,建立三维模型,该模型通过自分解而实现地质体内部信息的显示,最后用实际资料进行了验证。     

Terrestrial laser scanner and geomechanical surveys for the rapid evaluation of rock fall susceptibility scenarios

The primary objective of this paper is to present a semiautomatic procedure that, integrated with traditional methods, can be useful for a rapid definition of rock fall susceptibility scenarios with the purpose of civil protection. Due to its morphology (steep slopes and narrow valleys), regional seismicity, and rock mass characteristics, the Nera Valley (Valnerina, Umbria Region, Italy) is characterized by high rock fall risk. With the aim of covering a wide range of features and investigating the main advantages and drawbacks of the proposed approach, data collection (terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and geomechanical surveys) was carried out at three different slopes. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) models were created to reconstruct the shape and volume of the most unstable blocks, to define the position of the main rock fall source areas, and to precisely distinguish the outcropping materials and the position of the elements at risk for reliable runout analyses. The proposed approach can be useful in supporting proper maintenance and land management programs both in ordinary and in emergency circumstances.     

浅海海底表层速度建模技术及其应用研究

浅海海底起伏和速度变化对OBC资料成像质量产生较大影响.建立浅海海底表层速度模型不仅能够解决OBC资料的静校正问题,也可用于海底反射系数计算、双检资料合并、多次波压制等,但是,目前针对浅海海底表层速度建模的研究还不多.文中提出了针对浅海地区OBC资料的海底表层速度建模的三维初至走时反演技术,主要包括:①震源位置校正技术.根据地震波在海水中传播特征,把在海水中激发的震源位置校正至海底,使震源和接收点都位于海底,利于初至走时反演计算;②快速三维初至走时反演方法.利用回折波走时和射线方程,形成了高效率初至走时反演方法.将该技术应用于胜利油田莱州湾浅海区海底OBC资料的处理中,建立了三维海底表层速度模型,用此速度模型进行静校正,取得了良好的应用效果.     

基于智能岩性识别的爆破岩体三维实体模型建立

随着智能钻机的研发和使用,能够准确地获得爆破钻孔的岩性数据.通过建立炮孔数据库对智能识别的炮孔数据进行存储和管理;以炮孔岩性数据为样本,使用距离平方反比法对爆破区域范围内的实体单元进行插值,生成爆破岩体三维实体模型;使用爆破区域范围多边形和采场三角网先后对岩体三维实体模型进行裁切,得到裁切后的爆破岩体三维实体模型.使用...     

Archaeological evidence for unusually rapid holocene uplift rates in an active normal faulting terrain: Roman Harbor of Aigeira,Gulf of Corinth,Greece

Archaeological and biological evidence indicates that the approximate sea level position of A.D. 150–250, the period of construction of the ancient harbor of Aigeira (Gulf of Corinth, Greece), can be identified at the height of 4 m above present sea level. The exposed ancient structure permits a direct observation of harbor construction techniques of the Roman period and study of the Late Holocene uplift of the area, characterized by a terrace staircase morphology. The harbor uplift is related to a series of earthquakes, one of which was possibly responsible for the demise of Aigeira in the 3rd century A.D. The corresponding rate of uplift is estimated to 2.4–3.0 mm/yr; it is consistent with available radiocarbon data and is among the highest uplift rates ever recorded in normal faulting environments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于三维激光扫描的空间地物建模

利用地面三维激光扫描仪获取的空间数据,进行了三维空间地物建模研究。以建筑物建模为例,首先从原始数据中分离提取建筑物,然后对得到的建筑物数据进行去噪处理,再通过整体匹配纠正并对原始测量数据进行重新采样和拼接配准,建立了由三角网构成的三维表面模型。结果表明,所构建的三维表面模型较好地表达了建筑物的几何特征,户外实验也验证了上述过程可以实现对建筑物快速三维建模。     

Autonomic visiting in digital 3D scenes

Human-machine interactive visiting and fixed-route visiting are currently the main roaming modes in digital three-dimensional (3D) scenes. However, in general, when a person visits an attraction area, s/he does not follow a fixed path, but instead wander about according to his/her interests. Here, we propose a new roaming mode, called autonomic visiting. That is, in a digital 3D scene, a user selects several interest spots, then a route connecting these spots can be automatically determined and 3D scene can be seen along this route. This study presents a technical approach that enables the realization of autonomic visiting in 3D scenes. Firstly, Delaunay triangular meshes for the terrain in 3D scene are established. Secondly, a plane-growth algorithm and a line-connection algorithm are introduced to automatically mend the broken parts of these triangular meshes. Thirdly, the triangular meshes are then merged and differently weighted according to different layers. Finally, a progress-zone transmission algorithm is presented to optimal the shortest route, which is derived from A-Star (A*) algorithm. Digital 3D campus of Nanjing University, China, is taken as the experimental materials. The experimental results prove the effect of the proposed approach.     

沉积地层系统三维实体模型构建方法

全面系统地研究了沉积地层系统三维实体构模的原理、方法及实施过程。针对沉积地层系统的几何结构特征,提出了一种基于钻孔数据的三维实体模型生成方法“钻孔-层面-实体法”。该方法首先使用二分拓扑结构将钻孔数据离散化为一系列散点,基于这些散点插值拟合出各个地层顶、底界面的初始高程,自动推算出缺失地层的地质成因;然后按照不同的地质成因,自动对缺失地层及其控制界面进行交切处理、高程调整与一致性处理;最后生成用三维块体或三棱柱体元充填的三维实体模型。通过上海城建工程中的一个应用实例验证了“钻孔-层面-实体法”的有效性。     

水利工程信息模型:方法、框架与应用

三维信息化模型是重大工程全生命周期建设的重要基础。然而,目前对于地质三维模型与建筑结构三维信息模型,通常由于数据结构问题难以统一,而且大部分停留在“可视化”,难以“可计算”、“可分析”。此外,由于地质条件的复杂性,在三维地质建模方面通常进行大量的简化。本文基于目前先进的三维建模技术,提出了三维精细化地质模型与建筑结构三维模型融合的建模方法,实现了三维地质模型的快速、精细化建模。所建立的模型,统一在*.stl、*.obj及*.igs等标准化三维模型文件下,可方便地用于不同场景的三维模型可视化、分析及后续数值计算模型网格划分等。针对大型水电工程建设提出了水利工程信息模型的框架,并将其应用于索风营水利工程,实现了大坝精细化BIM及4个堆积体的精细化三维地质模型(LIM)的融合与信息化管理。本文研究对于实现水电工程信息化管理、稳定性分析、潜在灾害评估和预测等具有重要的意义。