Flow–stress coupled permeability tensor for fractured rock masses

In this paper a new analytical model is proposed to determine the permeability tensor for fractured rock masses based on the superposition principle of liquid dissipation energy. This model relies on the geometrical characteristics of rock fractures and the corresponding fracture network, and demonstrates the coupling effect between fluid flow and stress/deformation. This model empirically considers the effect of pre‐peak shear dilation and shear contraction on the hydraulic behavior of rock fractures and can be used to determine the applicability of the continuum approach to hydro‐mechanical coupling analysis. Results of numerical analysis presented in this paper show that the new model can effectively describe the permeability of fractured rock masses, and can be applied to the coupling analysis of seepage and stress fields. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

裂隙岩体流-热耦合传热的三维数值模拟分析

通过对潘西煤矿水文地质条件的分析,基于裂隙岩体的流-热耦合数学模型,描述了裂隙岩体渗流场分布和水流及岩体的温度场分布,并结合边界条件及计算参数对裂隙岩体的流-热耦合传热进行了数值模拟和分析。数值模拟结果表明,岩体内裂隙水流所引发的热量迁移,对裂隙岩体的温度场分布有重要影响。断裂带及地下水流的存在改变了岩体的原有温度场分布。在渗流初期,温度梯度矢量沿渗流方向向两侧岩体方向流动,由于两侧岩体的渗透性系数低于断裂带处的渗透性系数,右侧等温线及温度梯度矢量方向逐渐向渗流方向移动,改变了两侧岩体的温度场分布。通过对断裂带内裂隙水流渗透性系数的折减,分析渗透性系数发生变化时对岩体温度场分布的影响,渗透性系数越大,伴随的热量迁移增大,对岩体的温度场分布的影响也越大。     

各向异性软岩的变形与渗流耦合特性试验研究

根据泥质粉砂岩和泥岩在垂直和平行于层理面的条件下进行的三轴压缩和渗流试验,得到了不同围压及岩石成层条件下泥质粉砂岩和泥岩的弹性模量,建立了基于层理面夹角和围压的软岩弹性模量控制方程。渗透张量与应力的耦合关系是各向异性渗流耦合分析的关键问题,通过引入应力主轴与渗透主轴非一致时渗透张量与应力的响应关系,建立了各向异性渗透张量与应力耦合的控制方程,并对比了试验数据与计算结果,为各向异性软岩渗流应力耦合分析模型的建立奠定了理论基础。     

考虑卸荷作用的裂隙岩体渗流应力耦合研究

大量试验证明,裂隙岩体在加载和卸荷的条件下其渗流与应力特性是不完全相同的。近年来,加载条件下的裂隙岩体渗流应力耦合研究得到了长足的发展,但卸荷作用下的水岩耦合分析还处于初始阶段。基于现有裂隙变形曲线的研究结果,建立了渗透系数与卸荷应力、应变间的本构关系,在此基础上,根据算例分析了各种工况下的渗流和应力特征,其计算结果表明,考虑卸荷后应力场的改变增加了临近坡面的岩体渗透系数,降低了地下水浸润线,增加了边坡的稳定性;考虑渗流后,边坡的位移场和应力场有较大改变,但考虑耦合后位移和应力分布和大小与不耦合时的相差不大;边坡开挖后应力场改变对渗流的影响远大于渗流对位移、应力等的影响。     

裂隙岩体宏观力学参数的二维数值模拟

岩体通常含许多不同尺度的裂隙,因而力学性质非常复杂。由于现场测试及常规实验室试验常受各种条件的限制,因而其不能准确反映岩体的宏观物理力学性质。本文基于有限元分析软件对二维情况下的完整岩体和含不同倾角的软弱夹层的岩体在单轴和双轴压缩下进行了数值模拟,得到岩体变形的应力-应变曲线。该类曲线能反映裂隙对岩体力学参数的影响,对于指导工程实践有一定的意义,并且为获取岩体力学参数提供了新的途径。     

裂隙岩体渗流特性物模试验研究进展

简要综述了国内外裂隙岩体单裂隙、水力耦合、非饱和及考虑填充物情况下的渗流特性物模试验研究成果,并做了相应的分析和讨论。分析表明：物模试验在研究裂隙岩体渗流特性方面具有不可替代的作用;需要进行更多的模拟实际岩体裂隙的试验;反映剪应力或三维应力影响的物模试验是一个需要加强的方向;真正意义上的非饱和渗流试验还很少;填充裂隙渗流的研究更具实际意义,也待于加强。分析结果为今后的裂隙岩体渗流特性物模试验研究提供了有益的方向     

The role of hydromechanical coupling in fractured rock engineering

This paper provides a review of hydromechanical (HM) couplings in fractured rock, with special emphasis on HM interactions as a result of, or directly connected with human activities. In the early 1960s, the coupling between hydraulic and mechanical processes in fractured rock started to receive wide attention. A series of events including dam failures, landslides, and injection-induced earthquakes were believed to result from HM interaction. Moreover, the advent of the computer technology in the 1970s made possible the integration of nonlinear processes such as stress–permeability coupling and rock mass failure into coupled HM analysis. Coupled HM analysis is currently being applied to many geological engineering practices. One key parameter in such analyses is a good estimate of the relationship between stress and permeability. Based on available laboratory and field data, it was found that the permeability of fractured rock masses tends to be most sensitive to stress changes at shallow depth (low stress) and in areas of low in-situ permeability. In highly permeable, fractured rock sections, fluid flow may take place in clusters of connected fractures which are locked open as a result of previous shear dislocation or partial cementation of hard mineral filling. Such locked-open fractures tend to be relatively insensitive to stress and may therefore be conductive at great depths. Because of the great variability of HM properties in fractured rock, and the difficulties in using laboratory data for deriving in-situ material properties, the HM properties of fractured rock masses are best characterized in situ. Electronic Publication     

A two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating rock hydraulic fracturing

Within the framework of our discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure algorithm, this paper presents a two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating the rock hydraulic fracturing process. In the proposed approach, based on the generated joint network, the calculation of fluid mechanics is performed first to obtain the seepage pressure near the tips of existing cracks, and then the fluid pressure is treated as linearly distributed loads on corresponding block boundaries. The contribution of the hydraulic pressure to the initiation/propagation of the cracks is considered by adding the components of these blocks into the force matrix of the global equilibrium equation. Finally, failure criteria are applied at the crack tips to determine the occurrence of cracking events. Several verification examples are simulated, and the results show that this newly proposed numerical model can simulate the hydraulic fracturing process correctly and effectively. Although the numerical and experimental verifications focus on one unique preexisting crack, because of the capability of discontinuous deformation analysis in simulating block‐like structures, the proposed approach is capable of modeling rock hydraulic fracturing processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

随机连续模型分析裂隙岩体耦合行为

利用能够反映岩体水力性质空间变异特性的随机连续模型对隧洞开挖过程中的裂隙岩体渗流-应力耦合过程进行了数值分析。随机渗透系数场通过顺序指示模拟方法生成。顺序指示法是一种非参数地质统计学技术,他允许输入任何形式的渗透系数概率分布而不需要对分布做任何假设。由随机模拟生成的渗透系数场被投影到有限元计算网格中进行耦合分析。力学响应使用基于连续介质的节理本构模型来反映岩体中软弱面的影响。结果表明,随机连续模型能够较好地预测裂隙岩体的稳定入渗率,水力性质的空间变异性对裂隙介质的耦合过程起着重要作用。在不排水条件下,隧洞每次开挖开始时,由于岩石应力重分布,孔隙水受到扰动,短时间内不能流动平衡,因此孔压会迅速上升,这对于围岩稳定是不利的。     

裂隙岩体渗流-应力耦合等效渗流阻模型

针对含区域主干裂隙岩体在应力作用下的渗透特性进行了研究。运用单裂隙平行板渗流理论、弹性力学方法,结合模拟电路知识,提出等效渗流阻的概念。在分析裂隙岩体区域中主干裂隙系统几何构造的基础上,建立了基于等效渗流阻的- 渗流-应力耦合模型,得到了裂隙岩体等效渗流阻、渗透率与应力之间的关系,从而为研究含区域主干裂隙岩体的应力-渗流耦合规律提供了方便。结合一个基于等效渗流阻模型的算例,考察了含“人”字形组合裂隙试样的渗透特性。经进一步细化后,该模型可用于分析地应力作用下的含区域主干裂隙岩体渗流演化规律。     

Ground settlements above tunnels in fractured crystalline rock: numerical analysis of coupled hydromechanical mechanisms

Vertical settlements with magnitudes reaching 12 cm were measured in fractured crystalline rock several hundred metres above the Gotthard highway tunnel in central Switzerland. Such magnitudes of surface subsidence were unexpected, especially in granitic gneisses and appear to be related to large-scale consolidation of fractures resulting from fluid drainage and pore pressure changes following tunnel construction. This paper focuses on the mechanisms involved in the development of such surface displacements and presents the preliminary results of 2-D discontinuum (i.e. distinct-element) and 2-D continuum modelling (i.e. finite-element). Results show that settlements are most sensitive to horizontal joints, as would be expected, but that vertical fractures also contribute to the settlement profile through a 'Poisson ratio' effect. However, these models also suggest that fracture deformation alone cannot explain the total subsidence measured. As such, 2-D poro-elastic finite-element models are presented to demonstrate the contributing effect of consolidation of the intact rock matrix. Electronic Publication     

Embedded discontinuity approach for coupled hydromechanical analysis of fractured porous media

In this paper, a new continuum approach for the coupled hydromechanical analysis of fractured porous media is proposed. The methodology for describing the hydraulic characteristics invokes an enriched form of Darcy's law formulated in the presence of an embedded discontinuity. The constitutive relations governing the hydromechanical response are derived by averaging the fluid pressure gradient and the discontinuous displacement fields over a selected referential volume of the material, subject to some physical constraints. The framework incorporates an internal length scale which is explicitly embedded in the definition of gradient operators. The respective field equations are derived following the general form of balance equations in interacting continua. The conventional finite element method is then employed for the spatial discretization, and the generalized Newmark scheme is used for the temporal discretization. The proposed methodology is verified by some numerical examples dealing with a steady-state flow through fractured media as well as a time-dependent consolidation in the presence of a discontinuity.     

随机与确定耦合的裂隙岩体结构面三维网络模拟

离散裂隙随机网络模型中结构面的分布特征仅代表其统计规律,并非地质成因、结构模式、构造形迹的客观反映,以致后续力学计算及渗流模拟结果可信度偏低。针对国家高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区出露良好的花岗岩体,基于实测结构面统计规律、内在成生关系及水力联系,在前期纯随机模型关键部位修正特征参数,并融入人工辨识的确定结构模式而构建“随机-确定”耦合模型。图形和渗流模拟两种定量检验结果表明：耦合模型结构面数量更接近客观实际,模型准确度提升约48.8%;耦合模型渗流路径与流量较之前更显客观真实,模拟结果与试验数据的接近程度比随机模型大约1/3。另外,不同孔位渗流结果显示：相比于随机结构面,确定性结构面对区域渗流控制作用更加明显,在渗流模拟中扮演更为重要角色。此耦合模型有益于拓宽结构面网络模拟的发展方向。     

低温裂隙岩体水-热耦合模型研究及数值分析

裂隙渗流会引起裂隙周围岩体中的温度场变化,在低温岩体中其影响更为明显;此外,裂隙水与周围低温岩石介质发生热交换会引起裂隙中的水冰相变过程发生,而裂隙水冻结将阻碍裂隙渗流,引起裂隙渗流场的变化。因此,低温下的裂隙岩体水-热相互作用是一个强耦合过程。考虑裂隙中的水冰相变过程和渗流作用,建立了低温冻结条件下裂隙岩体水-热耦合模型;以冻结法施工为例,考察了低温冻结过程中裂隙水渗流对裂隙冻结交圈的影响。研究结果表明：由于裂隙渗流的存在,距裂隙较远处岩石先冻结,裂隙冻结所需时间远大于周围岩石;裂隙宽度和裂隙水压力差都会影响冻结交圈时间,裂隙越宽、水压力差越大,裂隙冻结需要时间越长;随着冻结时间的推进,裂隙水渗流速度逐渐降低,当裂隙冻结后裂隙渗流停止。最后通过构建随机裂隙网络模型,利用所建立的水-热耦合模型考察了裂隙网络渗流对冻结交圈的影响,说明了在冻结法施工中考虑裂隙的重要性。     

FDEM-TH3D: A three-dimensional coupled hydrothermal model for fractured rock

This paper proposes a three-dimensional coupled hydrothermal model for fractured rock based on the finite-discrete element method to simulate fluid flow and heat transport. The 3D coupled hydrothermal model is composed of three main parts: a heat conduction model for the rock matrix, a heat transfer model for the fluid in the fractures (including heat conduction and heat convection), and a heat exchange model between the rock matrix and the fluid in the fractures. Four examples with analytical solutions are provided to verify the model. A heat exchange experiment of circulating water in a cylindrical granite sample with one fracture is simulated. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results. The effects of the fracture aperture, fluid viscosity, and pressure difference on the heat exchange between the fluid and rock are studied. Finally, an application concerned with heat transport and fluid flow in fractured rock is presented. The simulation results indicate that the 3D fully coupled hydrothermal model can capture the fluid flow and temperature evolution of rocks and fluids.     

裂隙岩体高压压水试验水-岩耦合过程数值模拟

为了解高压水渗流作用对裂隙岩体应力和变形的影响,结合黑麋峰抽水蓄能电站岩体高压压水试验的渗压及变形测试成果,采用多孔连续介质全耦合理论,研究了试验区岩体测点在压水孔加压和卸压过程中的孔隙压力和位移变化过程。通过对测点位移和渗压随时间变化过程的计算值和实测值对比研究,验证了所采用的水-岩耦合数值模型的合理性。研究表明：在压水孔内的水压力和岩体孔隙压力的共同作用下,岩体内的应力大幅度增加;压水过程中,岩体因渗流作用产生了较大的位移,停止压水后的一段时间内,由于岩体中还存在一定的孔隙水压力和水压力梯度,从而导致岩体内仍存在部分变形值,且该部分变形值并非是压水孔卸载后岩体内的塑性残余变形;高压水渗流作用下的岩体耦合效应对工程应力和围岩变形有重大影响,考虑水-岩耦合效应的岩体稳定性评价结果对工程设计更具指导意义     

单轴压缩条件下裂隙岩样冻融损伤破坏模式分析

以寒区裂隙岩体为研究对象,采用水泥砂浆类岩石材料制作具有不同几何特征的裂隙岩样,对预制的不同裂隙岩样进行冻融循环试验和单轴压缩试验,研究裂隙长度、裂隙倾角、裂隙数目以及冻融循环次数对试件贯通模式的影响。试验表明：裂隙岩体的几何特征以及冻融循环作用对岩体损伤破坏模式有较大影响。随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样破裂面的破裂程度越来越严重,破坏模式也越来越复杂;裂隙倾角为30°的裂隙岩样,主要发生拉伸破坏,而裂隙倾角为60°的裂隙岩样,则表现为拉剪贯通,且双裂隙岩样岩桥间多出现压剪裂纹,对于裂隙倾角为90°的岩样,裂隙数目以及裂隙长度对其影响不大,均为劈裂破坏,且破坏面不一定为裂隙面;预制裂隙长度越大,越容易产生除了主拉裂纹以外的支裂纹（压裂纹）。研究结果可为寒区岩体工程建设及运营提供科学的参考。     

Application of the numerical manifold method for stress wave propagation across rock masses

In this paper, the numerical manifold method (NMM) is extended to study wave propagation across rock masses. First, improvements to the system equations, contact treatment, and boundary conditions of the NMM are performed, where new system equations are derived based on the Newmark assumption of the space–time relationship, the edge‐to‐edge contact treatment is further developed for the NMM to handle stress wave propagation across discontinuities, and the viscous non‐reflection boundary condition is derived based on the energy minimisation principle. After the modification, numerical comparisons between the original and improved NMM are presented. The results show that the original system equations result in artificial numerical damping, which can be overcome by the Newmark system equations. Meanwhile, the original contact scheme suffers some calculation problems when modelling stress wave propagation across a discontinuity, which can be solved by the proposed edge‐to‐edge contact scheme. Subsequently, the influence of the mesh size and time step on the improved NMM for stress wave propagation is studied. Finally, 2D wave propagation is modelled, and the model's results are in good agreement with the analytical solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于弹性应变能的裂隙岩体等效弹性模量评价方法

基于线弹性断裂力学裂隙面张开位移及剪切位移理论公式,考虑裂隙存在常法向和常切向刚度情况,研究了含单个裂隙岩体加载过程中由于裂隙存在而附加的弹性应变能。基于应变能等效方法并假设两种裂隙变形模型--非均匀变形模型和均匀变形模型,研究了二维非贯通裂隙岩体的等效杨氏模量和等效剪切模量解析表达式。研究结果表明,对于贯通裂隙规则分布情况,均匀变形模型得到的解析解与Amadei等的结果一致;对于非贯通裂隙正态分布情况,考虑裂隙相互作用的非均匀变形模型解明显低估裂隙岩体的等效杨氏模量和等效剪切模量,而考虑裂隙相互作用的均匀变形模型解与有限元数值解的偏差在10%以内。得到的解析表达式在一定条件下可以作为裂隙岩体等效弹性模量评价方法之一。     

随机裂隙岩体渗流-应力耦合分析的块体单元法

视岩石裂隙为一种“充填介质”,进而将有填充物和无填充物的裂隙统一处理,推导了裂隙面的刚度系数、导水系数和法向应力之间的关系式。在此基础上,根据块体单元法的应力、渗流分析的基本原理,即认为岩块为刚体、变形集中发生于裂隙面,假定岩块不透水、渗流仅通过裂隙面进行,并考虑了法向应力和裂隙面刚度、导水系数的关系式,运用两场交叉迭代法,提出了三维随机裂隙岩体渗流与应力耦合分析的块体单元模型。编写了相应的Fortran程序,该程序将块体元的应力、渗流两个分析模块整合在一起,计算效率较高。该模型的最大优势是能考虑大规模复杂的节理、裂隙,且前、后处理简单。通过沙沱重力坝的分析,验证了方法的准确性和有效性