圆孔缺陷与I型运动裂纹相互作用的试验研究

为了研究运动裂纹与圆形孔缺陷的相互作用机制,采用数字激光动态焦散线方法进行了含圆形孔缺陷的冲击试验。结果表明：在冲击载荷下,I型运动裂纹在与圆形孔贯通前,断裂面光滑,扩展路径平直;运动裂纹从圆形孔上端起裂后,断裂面凹凸不平,扩展路径也更为弯曲。当运动裂纹朝向邻近的圆形孔扩展时,圆形孔对运动裂纹的扩展速度和动态应力强度因子有抑制作用,且随着圆形孔直径的增大,这种抑制作用不断增强。当运动裂纹与圆形孔缺陷汇聚后,圆形孔阻碍了裂纹的继续扩展,裂纹尖端被钝化,钝裂纹的起裂韧度较尖裂纹提高9.58%～13.87%,裂纹再次起裂时的扩展速度和动态应力强度因子存在明显的跳跃,表明钝裂纹更难起裂,需要消耗的能量更多。     

Propagation of a shear band in sandstone

Closed‐loop, servo‐controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the development of a shear band in Berea sandstone at various confining pressures. The tests were performed with the University of Minnesota Plane‐Strain Apparatus, which was designed to allow the shear band to develop in an unrestricted manner. Measured load and displacements provided estimates of the stress and deformation states whereby dilatancy and friction were evaluated prior to localization. Experiments were stopped at various stages of shear‐band development within the strain‐softening regime. The specimens displayed a progression of deformation from inception, where the shear band was characterized by a high density of intragranular microcracks and crushed grains, to the tip where the intragranular microcracks were significantly less dense and separated by intact grains. Decreased slip deformation towards the tip of the shear band indicated that localization developed and propagated in plane. Thin‐section microscopy showed porosity increase within the shear band was 3–4 grain diameters wide. Increased porosity did not extend beyond the tip of the shear band. A cohesive zone model of shear fracture, used to examine the stress field near the tip, showed similarities to principal compressive stress orientations interpreted from intragranular microcracks. Thus, propagation of the shear band could be associated with in‐plane mode II fracture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于3D-ILC含内裂纹孔口脆性固体断裂特性试验

孔口问题为力学领域中经典问题之一,也是岩土如隧洞、巷道等工程领域重要的问题之一。随断裂力学的发展,对含裂纹孔口问题的研究也不断深入。但是,以往研究多集中在二维问题或者含表面裂纹的孔口问题,含纯内裂纹的孔口问题研究报道较少。基于3D-ILC技术（对表面无任何影响的情况下,凭空生成任意参数的深埋内裂纹）,在含有孔口的脆性材料中生成内裂纹,开展单轴压缩试验,与无裂纹完整孔口试样试验结果及已有文献进行对比,并开展理论与数值模拟研究。结果表明：（1）3D-ILC与传统方法相比,裂纹特征更为真实,为解决断裂力学中的三维内裂纹问题奠定了基础;（2）完整孔口试样裂纹形态主要有主裂纹与八字形裂纹;（3）含内裂纹试样裂纹形态以内裂纹扩展为主,主要有翼裂纹、次生裂纹、反翼裂纹、反向次生裂纹、竖向扭曲裂纹与主裂纹6种;（4）含裂纹孔口试样最终的破坏荷载比无裂纹孔口试样平均低76.49%,起裂应力较无裂纹孔口试样平均低96.72%;（5）通过数值模拟对完整孔口试样、含主裂纹孔口试样、含内裂纹孔口试样的裂纹扩展进行定性分析,与试验结论一致。该研究结果为含三维内裂纹的孔口脆性材料的断裂理论研究提供了物理试验基础。     

An approach to determining the thicknesses of shear bands with an echelon‐crack structure

In this paper, the internal structure of shear band is investigated, and a model of the shear band with an echelon crack structure is developed. The model assumes the shear band to be composed of two conjugate sets of echelon cracks, such that the smaller echelon cracks are embedded in the space of the larger ones. The additional strain induced by the echelon cracks and the anisotropic development of the compliance tensor in the shear band zone are analyzed. The critical crack density at the onset of shear band is obtained by applying the bifurcation condition. Deviating from previous approaches, the new procedure evaluates the thickness of shear band based on the geometrical characteristics of echelon crack arrays and the failure probability of grain boundaries in the longitudinal direction at the onset of shear band. Parametric analysis shows that grain size, internal friction angle, dilation angle, and failure probability of grain boundaries are the dominant factors that account for the shear band thickness. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data available in the literature. The model soundly explains that the measurements of the shear band thickness are generally scattered, ranging from 4 to 30 (or even more) times the grain size. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

裂隙面对强膨胀土抗剪强度影响分析

膨胀土作为一种特殊性土,其抗剪强度取值不同于一般的黏性土。实践证明,在进行膨胀土边坡设计时,不仅要考虑土体的土块强度,而且也要考虑裂隙面强度,其抗剪强度在很大程度上受其裂隙面规模与产状的影响,尤其是对裂隙极发育的强膨胀土而言。为了更加真实地模拟强膨胀土在裂隙面控制下的剪切破坏,特在南水北调中线工程南阳段强膨胀土地段进行大剪试验,通过拟合试验数据,对强膨胀土抗剪强度影响因素进行分析。结果表明,裂隙面的发育程度、倾角、裂面的起伏程度都对强膨胀土的抗剪强度有着很大的影响。     

剪应力作用下Ⅱ型平行节理扩展模式的分叉研究

利用伪力法考虑了剪应力作用下Ⅱ型平行节理之间的相互作用,提出利用节理的长度和间距之比, ,来确定平行裂纹发生分叉的条件。从理论上研究了2条,3条和任意多条平行节理在剪应力作用下的分叉。对于2条平行节理,当节理的长度和间距之比 大于0.816 497 5时,节理的扩展模式要发生分叉;对于3条平行节理,当节理的长度和间距之比 大于0.717 572 8时,节理的扩展模式要发生分叉;对于无穷多条平行节理,当节理的长度和间距之比 大于0.636 638 5时,节理的扩展模式要发生分叉。计算了2条到150条平行节理的分叉问题,结果表明节理数越大,节理发生分叉时节理的长度和间距之比越小。     

岩石裂纹损伤及围压对剪切破坏影响研究

岩石内部细观裂纹的存在,对压缩作用下岩石剪切断裂的宏观现象有着重要的影响。然而,能够通过解析解阐释细观裂纹几何特性、围压等影响因素对压缩作用下剪切断裂面角度变化趋势的研究很少。基于Ashby模型中提出的裂纹尖端应力强度因子,提出了一种改进的考虑裂纹角度影响的应力强度因子表达式。利用该改进的应力强度因子表达式,推出了一个可以预测岩石峰值强度的裂纹扩展、应变与应力之间的本构关系。结合本构关系的峰值强度与摩尔-库仑失效准则,得到了岩石损伤与内摩擦角、黏聚力、剪切强度及失效断裂面角度之间的理论关系;讨论了围压、裂纹尺寸、角度及摩擦系数对岩石宏观剪切断裂面角度的影响,通过试验结果验证了模型合理性。结果表明：随着损伤增大,内摩擦角、黏聚力及剪切强度不断减小;随着围压增大、摩擦系数增大和初始裂纹尺寸减小,剪切断裂面角度不断增大;随着裂纹角度增大,剪切断裂纹面角度先减小后增大。     

结构面抗剪强度参数线性拟合方法适用性研究

针对岩体结构面力学参数的重要性,开展最小二乘法、点群中心法、随机-模糊法、可靠度分析法4种结构面抗剪强度参数线性回归方法的理论对比与分析。在传统点群中心法的基础上,提出求解过程严密、计算精度较高的改进优化算法。为保证可靠度分析法中验算点法参数初始赋值的准确性,提出基于可靠度理论的结构面抗剪强度参数c, 的均值、标准差优化赋值方法。以武隆县鸡尾山滑坡为例,比较不同岩体结构面数据条件下上述4种方法的适用性。结果表明,各方法的适用性与试验数据的离散性及数据量有关;当数据线性理想时,4种方法均可直接用于结构面抗剪强度参数的线性回归分析;当试验数据较离散时,点群中心法已不再适用,可根据工程要求、异常值情况和计算收敛情况选取合适的数据处理方法。     

Scattering of elastic waves by a plane crack of finite width in a transversely isotropic medium

This work presents a numerical algorithm for solving crack scattering in a transversely isotropic medium whose symmetry axis is perpendicular to the crack surface. The crack is modelled as boundary discontinuities in the displacement u and the particle velocity v, of the stresses [κu+ζv], where the brackets denote discontinuities across the interface. The specific stiffness κ introduces frequency-dependence and phase changes in the interface response and the specific viscosity ζ is related to the energy loss. The numerical method is based on a domain decomposition technique that assignes a different mesh to each side of the interface, that includes the crack plane. As stated above, the effects of the crack on wave propagation are modelled through the boundary conditions, that require a special boundary treatment based on characteristic variables. The algorithm solves the particle velocity–stress wave equations and two additional first-order differential equations (two-dimensional case) in the displacement discontinuity. For each mesh, the spatial derivatives normal to the interface are solved by the Chebyshev method, and the spatial derivatives parallel to the interface are computed with the Fourier method. They allow a highly accurate implementation of the boundary conditions and computation of the spatial derivatives, and an optimal discretization of the model space. Moreover, the algorithm allows general material variability. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

T应力对岩石裂纹扩展路径及起裂强度的影响研究

经典断裂判据在分析岩石起裂角度及强度时,往往只选择裂尖应力场展开式中的r1/2奇异应力项,而将高阶的O(r1/2)项以及非奇异应力项（T应力）忽略,造成理论预测并不能完全吻合实际的试验结果。在充分考虑非奇异应力项对裂纹扩展影响作用的基础上,利用最大周向应力判据重新研究了岩石类材料脆性破坏的I、II及I-II复合型裂纹扩展。研究结果表明：（1）纯I型裂纹状态下,T应力为负时（压缩）,裂纹的扩展是稳定的;而当T 应力为正时（拉伸）,只有当 ,裂纹才沿着裂纹方向扩展（经典断裂判据所预测的方向）,而其他情况下裂纹的扩展将发生偏转;（2）纯II型裂纹时,不仅沿着裂纹方向的T应力影响起裂角度及强度,垂直裂纹面上的N应力也同样具有重要的影响作用;（3）对I-II型裂纹而言,修正后的最大周向应力准则与试验结果吻合良好,且正的T应力增大开裂角,而负的T应力降低开裂角。通过控制T应力的大小,可以对裂纹扩展方向加以控制,从而使得裂纹扩展偏离最危险的方向,最大地限度阻止或延缓结构整体断裂的发生。     

平面应变状态下岩石剪切带网络数值模拟研究

研究了围压、端面约束、试件高度及界面特性对剪切带网络形成的影响。首先对影响剪切带网络形成的因素（包括试件高度、围压及温度、试件端部轴向应变大小的计算方法的差异）进行了分析。之后采用FLAC 3D对平面剪切带网络进行了数值模拟,其中摩擦角及内聚力为应变软化。探讨了倾向于出现剪切带网络的若干条件。若端面缚束较强且存在一定的侧压力,试件中部出现多重剪切带。若端面缚束较弱,试件端部易于形成剪切带网络,且随试件高度的增加剪切带条数增加。界面法向和切向刚度越大,剪切带穿越断层并按其固有方向延伸能力越强,剪切带网络格局越明显。获得的数值结果可在实验中找到佐证,并且可以用来解释地震中的一些剪切应变局部化现象。     

爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动机制

岩体裂纹的水力劈裂是岩体开裂渗漏甚至施工涌水的重要影响因素之一,也是岩土工程界的研究热点。从断裂力学角度分析了爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动作用,结果表明,爆破开挖扰动下,岩体含水裂纹的扩展,与爆炸应力波强度及其入射角、地应力的大小与方向、孔隙水压大小、裂纹的倾角及断裂韧度等因素相关;爆炸应力波的作用,相当于增大了岩体裂纹中的孔隙水压力,每1 cm/s的峰值振动速度相当于增大100 kPa的孔隙水压力,爆破振动速度越大,所产生的爆破扰动荷载越大;岩体开挖引起的岩体裂纹近区地应力及其孔隙水压力的变化,对裂纹的失稳与扩展具有较复杂的影响,可改变裂纹的失稳扩展模式。     

Investigation of slip characteristics and contact area evolution of rough rock discontinuity under impact shear load

This study investigated theshear slip behavior and contact area evolution of rough rock discontinuities with impact shear load. First, the dynamic impact shear numerical simulation of rock samples with real rough rock discontinuities was carried out. Subsequently, the variety rule of slip displacement and velocity of rock discontinuity with impact velocity, confining stress and joint roughness coefficient (JRC) was studied. The variation in contact area and shear stress of rock discontinuity during shear was assessed. Finally, the effect of frictional force on the slip displacement and velocity and the effect of contact area and frictional force on the shear stress distribution were analyzed. The results showed that the slip displacement, velocity and shear stress are rate dependent. The slip displacement and velocity increase as the impact velocity increases and decrease as the confining stress and JRC increase. The contact area and shear stress distribution range of rock discontinuities decrease slightly as the impact velocity increases but increase significantly as the confining stress and JRC increase. The shear stress distribution range of rock discontinuities closely correlates with the contact area. The shear stress in the non-contact area is zero. The shear stress distribution range increases as the contact area increases. The average shear stress increases as the frictional force increases. Moreover, the slip displacement and velocity of rock discontinuities decrease linearly as the frictional force increases.     

绿片岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变本构模型研究

基于岩石双轴流变试验机得到的具有绿片岩软弱结构面的灰白色大理岩剪切蠕变试验曲线,对绿片岩软弱结构面的长期强度特性和加速蠕变特性进行研究,并在此基础上提出了1个新的非线性剪切流变元件,将该元件与西原模型串联起来,建立1个新的非线性黏弹塑性剪切流变模型,以充分描述绿片岩软弱结构面的剪切流变特性,采用绿片岩软弱结构面加速蠕变曲线,对提出的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型进行了辨识,得到了绿片岩软弱结构面非线性黏弹塑性流变模型的参数,对流变模型与试验结果进行比较,结果表明,所建立模型是正确合理的。     

A numerical method for the study of shear band propagation in soft rocks

This paper investigates the possibility of interpreting progressive shear failure in hard soils and soft rocks as the result of shear propagation of a pre‐existing natural defect. This is done through the application of the principles of fracture mechanics, a slip‐weakening model (SWM) being used to simulate the non‐linear zone at the tips of the discontinuity. A numerical implementation of the SWM in a computation method based on the boundary element technique of the displacement discontinuity method (DDM) is presented. The crack and the non‐linear zone at the advancing tip are represented through a set of elements, where the displacement discontinuity (DD) in the tangential direction is determined on the basis of a friction law. A residual friction angle is assumed on the crack elements. Shear resistance decreases on elements in the non‐linear zone from a peak value at the tip, which is characteristic of intact material, to the residual value. The simulation of a uniaxial compressive test in plane strain conditions is carried out to exemplify the numerical methodology. The results emphasize the role played by the critical DD on the mechanical behaviour of the specimen. A validation of the model is shown through the back analysis of some experimental observations. The results of this back analysis show that a non‐linear fracture mechanics approach seems very promising to simulate experimental results, in particular with regards to the shear band evolution pattern. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Observation of shear zone development in ring-shear apparatus with a transparent shear box

Using a new ring-shear apparatus with a transparent shear box and video image analysis system, drained and undrained speed-controlled tests were conducted on coarse-grained silica sands to study the shear-zone formation process in granular materials. Velocity distribution profiles of grains under shear at various stages in the ring shear tests were observed through processing the video image by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) program. Shear-zone thickness and type of shear mode (slide-like or flow-like) during shear were observed. Before reaching peak strength in low-speed and drained condition test, a comparatively major part of the sample in the upper shear box showed a velocity distribution profile of structural deformation and dilatancy behavior. After peak strength, the velocity profile changed into a slide-like mode and thereafter showed almost no change. In higher speed tests with drained and undrained conditions, an almost slide-like mode was observed, compared to low-speed test. Apparent shear-zone thicknesses of high-speed tests are thinner than low-speed tests. Unexpectedly, almost no difference was observed in the shear-zone thickness and mode of shear (slide or flow-like) between drained and undrained tests. This study was conducted as part of the International Programme on Landslides (IPL) M101 “Areal prediction of earthquake and rain induced rapid and long-traveling flow phenomena (APERITIF)” of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). These results will contribute to understanding the mechanism of shear-zone development in granular materials as a basic knowledge for disaster risk mitigation of rapid long run-out landslides.     

Dynamic response of a pile embedded in a porous medium subjected to plane SH waves

In this paper, the frequency domain dynamic response of a pile embedded in a porous medium subjected to SH seismic waves is investigated. The surrounding porous medium of the pile is described by Biot’s poro-elastic theory, while the pile embedded in the porous medium is treated as a beam and described by a beam vibration theory. Using the Hankel transformation method, the fundamental solution for a half-space porous medium subjected to a horizontal circular patch load is established. According to the fictitious pile methodology, the second kind of Fredholm integral equation for the pile is established in terms of the obtained fundamental solution and free wave field. The solution of the integral equation yields the dynamic response of the pile to plane SH waves. Numerical results indicate that the parameters of the porous medium, the pile and incident waves have considerable influences on the dynamic response of the pile and the porous medium.     

岩石结构面注浆加固抗剪特性试验研究

为了研究破裂岩体结构面的注浆加固效果,并揭示其加固实质和作用机制,对单轴压缩试验形成的破裂岩样结构面粗糙度进行了测量与研究;通过破裂岩样结构面注浆加固的剪切试验,分析了注浆对结构面强度和刚度等力学特性参数的影响;通过锯齿形模型化结构面注浆前后剪切试验,分析了锯齿形结构面的力学特性及注浆加固对模型化结构面的影响。研究结果表明,同种岩样压裂后结构面粗糙度系数JRC相近,其数值约为8～10,具有可复制性;注浆后结构面残余强度、剪切峰值强度及上升段斜率均有明显提高;注浆后岩体中结构面的刚度也得到了明显改善;通过理论分析,给出了结构面刚度的理论拟合公式;结构面的剪切峰值强度及残余强度随着锯齿形齿数的增多明显提高,注浆加固后,结构面剪切峰值强度、黏聚力都有不同程度的增大,而内摩擦角变化不大     

桂北硅质岩结构面抗剪强度研究

在广西壮族自治区桂林市天门村进行了硅质岩结构面强度的原位试验,结合现场调查,基于Barton模型,估算了硅质岩结构面抗剪强度。结果表明,硅质岩结构面的剪应力-位移曲线呈现出塑性变形的特征,剪切过程具有爬坡、空化、剪胀的特点。剪切曲线分为剪胀、剪断凸台和完全接触三个过程。结构面受剪力初期,剪应力上升较快,剪切位移随剪应力的增大而几乎呈线性增大,处于弹性状态;随着剪应力的不断增大,在剪切面处发生爬坡作用和啃断作用这两种力学效果;当将结构面上的凸台被啃断后,剪应力上升的梯度变小,直至峰值强度,处于完全接触状态。原位试验得到的抗剪强度参数与Barton模型计算的结果具有较好的一致性,但Barton模型参数的确定带有很强的主观性而造成的误差较大,导致其计算结果偏小,因此在没有经验值和相关工程参考的地区进行现场大剪试验是十分必要的,既保证了工程的可靠性,又避免过于保守,本次实验的结果为类似工程的取值提供了参考。     

Morphological aspects of crack growth in rock materials with various flaws

Crack evolution is initiated by the occurrence of tensile wing cracks and is then further promoted due to the crack coalescence caused by the extension of a central tensile crack segment between two relatively adjacent flaws. To understand such progressive failures in rock, a parallelized peridynamics coupled with a finite element method is utilized. Through this method, the initiation position of tensile wing cracks is observed with respect to varying inclination angles of a flaw, and then its corresponding shifting mechanism is investigated. In addition, the phenomenon of the position shifting being sensitive to various flaw shapes is discussed. Moreover, it is observed that the inclination angle of a central flaw affects the initiation position of other flaws; therefore, the initiation positions of tensile wing crack emanating from other neighboring flaws are analyzed with their angles. Following tensile wing cracks, a central tensile crack segment occurs in the bridging region between a central flaw and other neighboring flaws; the developmental patterns caused by the crack segment are discussed as well. Finally, the role a central tensile crack segment plays in the formation of crack coalescence and specimen failure is investigated in detail. The numerical results in this paper demonstrate good fidelity with established physical test results and complement them, thereby expanding the understanding of fracturing morphology in rock specimens with various flaws.