弹性静力学问题的边界积分形式的数值流形法

传统的数值流形法(NMM)一般均采用区域积分形式。结合边界单元法(BEM),提出了一种边界积分形式的数值流形法。该方法既能发挥NMM的可以灵活选取局部基的优势,又具有BEM降低问题求解维数的特点。针对二维的弹性静力学问题,对3个具有解析解的不同基准算例进行了数值应用,验证了所提方法的有效性和效率。计算结果表明,提高局部基的阶次可有效提高方法的计算精度。     

A novel nonlinear solution for the polygon scaled boundary finite element method and its application to geotechnical structures

The polygon scaled boundary finite element method is semi-analytical and known for its high precision. However, the material nonlinearity cannot be maintained because this method uses an analytical solution in the radial direction. In this paper, a novel nonlinear algorithm is developed by introducing internal Gaussian points over a subdomain. The response of nonlinearity for a concrete-faced rockfill dam is modeled. The results correspond well with the results from finite element modelling, which demonstrates the method can be used to describe the nonlinear characteristics of geomaterials. Furthermore, this method offers promising flexibility for analyzing complex geometries without decreasing the precision.     

工程中渗流问题的边界元算法与分析

针对河堤、水坝、高速公路档水墙等存在多孔单元介质中的定常渗流问题,将渗流Laplace方程,通过数学变换转化为边界积分方程,进而离散为线性代数方程组。采用边界元编写FORTRAN程序。计算结果表明:该法与有限元法相比,占用CPU时间短,不需要网格化分,使繁杂问题简单化,同时很好地切近实际。      

On the implicit immersed boundary method in coupled discrete element and lattice Boltzmann method

The coupled discrete element method and lattice Boltzmann method (DEMLBM) has increasingly drawn attention of researchers in geomechanics due to its mesoscopic nature since 2000. Immersed boundary method (IBM) and immersed moving boundary (IMB) are two popular schemes for coupling fluid particle in DEMLBM. This work aims at coupling DEM and LBM using the latest IBM algorithm and investigating its accuracy, computational efficiency, and applicability. Two benchmark tests, interstitial fluid flow in an ideal packing and single particle sedimentation in viscous fluid, are carried out to demonstrate the accuracy of IBM through semi-empirical Ergun equation, finite element method (FEM), and IMB. Then, simulations of particle migration with relatively large velocity in Poiseuille flow are utilized to address limitations of IBM in DEMLBM modeling. In addition, advantages and deficiencies of IBM are discussed and compared with IMB. It is found that the accuracy of IBM can be only guaranteed when sufficient boundary points are used and it is not suitable for geomechanical problems involving large fluid or particle velocity.     

基于边界元法的边坡矢量和稳定分析

矢量和法物理力学意义明确,计算简单,且能根据边坡当前的应力分布状态合理地评价其整体稳定性状态。其中边坡的应力状态通常是采用有限元法来求解。由于边界元法具有研究问题降阶、离散化带来的误差值仅产生在边界以及计算量小等优点,在工程中得到了广泛应用;对于平面问题,以源点作为原点,以所积分单元的切向和法向为坐标轴建立局部坐标系,对于线性单元可以得到所有积分的解析解。因此,可以得到计算区域内部任意点的场变量的解析解,这就保证了位于边界附近区域场变量的精度。利用边界元法得到二维边坡体内连续的应力分布状态,使用矢量和法对该边坡进行稳定性分析,并且与基于有限元的矢量和法、极限平衡法进行对比分析。边坡圆弧滑面和折线滑面的计算结果表明,基于边界元法得到的矢量和安全系数和基于有限元的矢量和法、极限平衡法基本一致;边界元法对应的矢量和安全系数对边界单元尺寸不敏感。     

颗粒离散单元法动力人工边界设置方法

采用颗粒离散单元法进行动力计算时,人工截断边界上需设置吸收边界条件,以防止波的反射。鉴于颗粒离散单元数值计算模型的人工边界上颗粒单元半径大小不一、边界面凸凹不平,在连续介质的黏性、黏弹性、自由场边界条件方程基础之上,推导出适用于离散介质的等效方程。在离散介质的黏性边界条件等效方程中引入微调系数,提出比值迭代法以快速确定其最优值,以实现对波的最佳吸收。采用二维颗粒离散单元计算软件PFC2D,分别建立黏性、黏弹性、自由场边界条件相关数值分析模型,探讨颗粒分布模式对黏性边界上颗粒单元半径、速度分布及比值迭代过程的影响;采用外源波动算例及经典Lamb问题算例验证黏弹性边界设置方法的正确性;通过隧洞算例检验提出的自由场边界条件设置方法的正确性。     

三维FSM·DDM边界元法

对三维FSMDDM边界元数值模拟系统进行了基础研究,开发了单一介质的三维弹性问题的FSMDDM边界元数值模拟系统和多介质三维FSMDDM边界元数值模拟系统,通过验证和实际工程应用取得了满意的效果。     

场源不同近似处理在直流电法边界元正演中的应用研究

探测地下洞体对我国经济建设十分必要,无论是人工造成的洞道还是天然形成的洞穴,往往规模比较小,造成的物探异常也比较小,需要较高分辨率。这里主要针对探测对象的特点建立适当的地电模型,以不同电阻率值、不同埋深和不同半径大小的长圆柱目标体作为正演模型分别进行模拟,研究2.5维直流电的边界元正演问题,比较采用总场法和二次场近似法的边界元正演模拟结果,发现两种方法都能够满足精度要求。     

非线性波浪变形计算的三维边界元方法

采用0-1混合型边界元剖分计算域边界面,以提高边界元方法模拟三维波场波浪变形问题的数值计算精度。采用Spongelayer阻尼消波和Sommerfeld放射条件相匹配的边界处理方式,以消除计算域内的反射波。借助时域内的波面位置追踪,实现了三阶Stokes波在数值波动水槽中的波浪变形计算,其结果吻合于理论值。     

基于Fractal模型的复电阻率法2.5D有限元数值模拟

复电阻率法在油气资源、矿产勘查中发挥了重要的作用,为了深刻认识复电阻率法异常特征变化规律,本文对复电阻率2.5D正演问题展开研究。首先直接给出复电阻率法2.5D有限元正演所满足的变分问题,并详细地推导相应的刚度矩阵的计算过程。引入Fractal模型作为等效模型研究频谱激电异常特征。对单元内的复电导率及复电位均进行线性插值,而后,采用不完全LU分解的稳定双共轭梯度算法求解有限元线性方程组,获得异常复电位值。设计3个典型的地电模型验证了本文算法的正确性及精确性,并分析了不同装置下,不同频率的2.5D复电阻率异常响应特征。数值模拟结果表明,采用Fractal模型研究激发极化异常特征是可行、有效的;不同装置、不同频率下的复电阻率法异常特征有着显著的差异。     

用空气单元法求解渗流场的逸出边界问题

依据空气单元模拟排水孔的思路,在渗流场任意可能逸出边界外布置一层渗透性较强的单元,与其他实体单元一起进行渗流计算,可以实现该边界的自动求解。与现行方法相比,不仅省去了逸出边界迭代计算的麻烦,而且避免了由于逸出点定位不准确而可能引起的渗流计算不合理或收敛困难等缺陷。算例分析表明,空气单元法的计算精度与空气单元的相对渗透系数R有关,与厚度L无关。当选取了合适的R值后,可以较好地逼近现行方法。对于因引入空气单元而造成的强弱透水介质界面处数值拟真性差的现象,还提出了加入接触面薄层单元的改进方法。方法改进后,计算精度可进一步提高。最后,以小湾水电站22#坝段渗流场计算为例,说明该法的实用性和可行性。     

层状地基中轴向受荷单桩的边界元法分析

以层状地基内部作用一竖向集中力时的广义Mindlin解作为边界单元法的基本解,对层状地基中的轴向受荷单桩进行了分析,对基本解的奇异性处理方法进行了改进。考虑了桩的可压缩性和长径比对桩-土荷载传递规律和沉降特性的影响,编制了计算程序,并进行了数值分析和计算。结果表明,该方法具有较快的计算速度和良好的计算精度。     

Evaluating the stress intensity factors of anisotropic bimaterials using boundary element method

This paper presents a boundary element method (BEM) procedure for a linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis in two‐dimensional anisotropic bimaterials. In this formulation, a displacement integral equation is only collocated on the uncracked boundary, and a traction integral equation is only collocated on one side of the crack surface. A fundamental solution (Green's function) for anisotropic bimaterials is also derived and implemented into the boundary integral formulation so that except for the interfacial crack part, the discretization along the interface can be avoided. A special crack‐tip element is introduced to capture the exact crack‐tip behavior. A computer program using FORTRAN has been developed to effectively calculate the stress intensity factors of an anisotropic bimaterial. This BEM program has been verified to have a good accuracy with previous studies. In addition, a central cracked bimaterial Brazilian specimen constituting cement and gypsum is prepared to conduct the Brazilian test under diametral loading. The result shows that the numerical analysis can predict relatively well the direction of crack initiation and the path of crack propagation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling crack propagation path of anisotropic rocks using boundary element method

In a cracked material, the stress intensity factors (SIFs) at the crack tips, which govern the crack propagation and are associated with the strength of the material, are strongly affected by the crack inclination angle and the orientation with respect to the principal direction of anisotropy. In this paper, a formulation of the boundary element method (BEM), based on the relative displacements of the crack tip, is used to determine the mixed‐mode SIFs of isotropic and anisotropic rocks. Numerical examples of the application of the formulation for different crack inclination angles, crack lengths, and degree of material anisotropy are presented. Furthermore, the BEM formulation combined with the maximum circumferential stress criterion is adopted to predict the crack initiation angles and simulate the crack propagation paths. The propagation path in cracked straight through Brazilian disc specimen is numerically predicted and the results of numerical and experimental data compared with the actual laboratory observations. Good agreement is found between the two approaches. The proposed BEM formulation is therefore suitable to simulate the process of crack propagation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自然单元法在岩土工程中应用两例

自然单元法(NEM)是较近出现的一种无网格方法,其形函数兼有无网格的特点和传统有限元的优点,是一种理想的适合岩土工程问题计算的新型数值方法。介绍了自然单元法的基本原理和特性,并讨论了其在岩土工程中的具体应用。将Goodman单元引入自然单元法以实现对不连续面的模拟,研究表明,在NEM中加入节理单元的总体原则和具体的实施细节与FEM中完全相同;而在一般的无网格方法中,则稍微复杂一点。为了实现对岩土工程中常见的无限域或半无限域问题的模拟,引入了无界单元;由于自然单元法的特性,自然单元法和无界元可实现无缝“耦合”。具体的数值算例验证了上述思路。     

阶谱块体单元法及其在连续介质力学问题中的应用

介绍了阶谱块体单元法的基本概念和原理，比较了该方法与有限元法，数值流形方法的异同，并对其在连续介质力学问题中的应用进行了探讨。计算研究表明，经过简单的处理后，阶谱块体单元法可以应用于连续介质力学问题并得到与有限元法十分接近的结果。通过对形函数阶次，块体单元形状，块体单元网格密度，虚拟结构面的参数取值等问题的研究，得出了一些规律性的认识，据此提出了提高计算精度的措施和虚拟结构面参数建议取值范围。     

A superposition scheme to obtain fundamental boundary element solutions in multi‐layered elastic media

A superposition scheme is proposed to obtain a fundamental solution for boundary elements in multi‐layered elastic media. A three‐layered elastic region is obtained by superposing two sets of bonded half‐planes and subtracting one infinite plane. Therefore, the solution for an element in a layered media can be expressed in terms of bonded half‐plane solutions and an infinite‐plane solution. The major advantages of this superposition scheme are: (1) it is unnecessary to introduce elements at the interface, (2) it can be extended to higher‐order element, and (3) it may be applicable to three dimensions easily. The accuracy and performance of the developed model is illustrated by two examples. For the problem of a pressurized two‐dimensional crack within a three‐layered system, the comparison with other numerical results shows the model is quite accurate and efficient. The model is also used for a study of a practical two‐dimensional mining problem in South Africa, i.e. stoping through a dyke with material properties different from the host rock. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new development of the scaled boundary finite element method for wave motion in layered half-space

The scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) developed by Wolf and Song has shown certain parallels to the finite element method (FEM) and boundary element method (BEM). Because of its semi-analytical nature, SBFEM is particularly suitable for the analysis of wave propagation in unbounded domains. This paper makes a certain modification of the standard SBFEM. A new idea of scaling surface instead of a scaling center is introduced to formulate the governing SBFE equations for the analysis of wave propagation in multilayered half-space, which leads to simplifying the modeling and saving considerably the computational effort. In addition, by employing the proposed approach, some problems encountered in engineering practice, which are difficult to deal with by the conventional SBFEM, for example, 3D foundation impedance on half-space with irregular geographical features, can be effectively solved. The proposed approach also helps to simplify the solution of shell structures. Numerical examples are provided to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach.     

无限域横观各向同性岩体介质中折线裂纹边界元方法

岩体材料的各向异性导致其中的光滑裂纹在扩展后会变为折线裂纹。对于折线裂纹,其折线处裂纹面外法线方向不惟一,不能用连续单元离散。为此,在光滑裂纹问题方法的基础上,引入4种新的不连续单元来离散折线处裂纹面,建立了适用于折线裂纹问题的对偶边界元方法,该方法基于横观各向同性基本解。算例验证表明,该方法具有较好的精度。最后用该方法分析了横观各向同性岩体中的折线裂纹,得到了该类裂纹的应力强度因子。当裂纹面上作用法向均布力,横观各向同性岩体介质中的矩形光滑裂纹发生弯折时,折线两侧的裂纹面在张开时存在抑制效应,从而导致折线裂纹裂尖应力强度因子小于原光滑裂纹。同时还发现,随裂纹面的逐渐弯折,其裂纹面对各向同性面的倾角发生变化,因此,其裂尖断裂特性还受到岩体各向异性的影响。     

离散单元法研究进展及应用综述

岩体是一种高度非线性、非连续的介质,从现代工程规模来看,需要对其物理力学性质有一个比较好地认识。相比而言,数值模拟就是一个比较好的认识工具,因为其具有时间短、费用低、简单易行等优点。讨论了连续介质数值方法应用于非连续介质存在的问题,指出了非连续介质数值方法更加适合非连续介质。介绍了非连续介质数值方法中应用比较广泛、发展比较成熟的离散单元法的基本情况,比较详细地阐述了离散单元法中几个有代表性的问题,详细地介绍了离散单元法的研究进展,对其应用也做了相关的介绍,最后进行归纳总结,探讨了离散单元法今后发展的几个方向。