Diagenesis in the Middle Jurassic Khatatba Formation sandstones in the Shoushan Basin,northern Western Desert,Egypt

The Middle Jurassic Khatatba Formation acts as a hydrocarbon reservoir in the subsurface in the Western Desert, Egypt. This study, which is based on core samples from two exploration boreholes, describes the lithological and diagenetic characteristics of the Khatatba Formation sandstones. The sandstones are fine‐ to coarse‐grained, moderately to well‐sorted quartz arenites, deposited in fluvial channels and in a shallow‐marine setting. Diagenetic components include mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation (calcite, clay minerals, quartz overgrowths, and a minor amount of pyrite), and dissolution of calcite cements and feldspar grains. The widespread occurrence of an early calcite cement suggests that the Khatatba sandstones lost a significant amount of primary porosity at an early stage of its diagenetic history. In addition to calcite, several different cements including kaolinite and syntaxial quartz overgrowth occur as pore‐filling and pore‐lining cements. Kaolinite (largely vermicular) fills pore spaces and causes reduction in the permeability of the reservoir. Based on framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied by or followed the development of part of the pore‐lining and pore‐filling cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar. Late kaolinite clay cement occurs due to dissolved feldspar and has an impact on the reservoir quality of the Khatatba sandstones. Open hydraulic fractures also generated significant secondary porosity in sandstone reservoirs, where both fractures and dissolution took place in multiple phases during late diagenetic stages. The diagenesis and sedimentary facies help control the reservoir quality of the Khatatba sandstones. Fluvial channel sandstones have the highest porosities and permeabilities, in part because of calcite cementation, which inhibited authigenic clays or was later dissolved, creating intergranular secondary porosity. Fluvial crevasse‐splay and marine sandstones have the lowest reservoir quality because of an abundance of depositional kaolinite matrix and pervasive, shallow‐burial calcite and quartz overgrowth cements, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

彭阳油田延长组长3段砂岩储层质量控制因素研究

彭阳油田位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南部,其上三叠统延长组长3段砂岩已发现商业油流,但是对其储层砂岩质量控制因素仍然缺乏了解。本文根据钻井、测井、岩心观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜与岩心物性资料,研究了长3段层序格架与沉积相、砂岩成分与成岩作用特征及其对长3段砂岩储层质量的影响。长3段砂岩为发育在高位体系域早期的具有加积-进积准层序组特征的小型辫状河三角洲平原分流河道沉积,砂体孤立而不连续,成岩环境流体循环不畅而相对封闭,不利于早成岩期酸性大气水的普遍淋滤。长3段砂岩以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主。高岩屑和长石含量使砂岩在早期成岩压实中损失了大量粒间孔,高白云岩岩屑含量促进了埋藏成岩期间硬石膏与铁白云石的大量胶结,进一步减少了粒间孔隙。三角洲平原环境促进了早期成岩过程中颗粒蒙脱石包膜的形成,并在埋藏成岩过程中转换为绿泥石包膜或伊利石,尤其是绿泥石包膜抑制了石英增生,使粒间孔得以保存。早成岩期的酸性大气水与埋藏成岩期的有机酸对长石、云母或岩屑的溶蚀对砂岩储层质量的贡献相对有限。长3段砂岩孔隙以残余粒间孔为主,这暗示长3段砂岩在晚三叠世末期剥蚀与侏罗纪末期-新生代的抬升（降低了长3段压实程度）以及埋藏成岩过程中绿泥石颗粒包膜的形成是长3段砂岩孔隙保存的最重要因素。成岩作用促进了长3段孤立砂体的致密化,加剧了该砂岩储层预测难度。     

塔中地区志留系沥青砂岩成岩作用及其对储层性质的影响

运用沉积学原理对塔中地区志留系经历复杂成岩演化的沥青砂岩进行研究分析,了解到该岩石主要经过压实作用、胶结作用和溶蚀作用等成岩作用。其胶结物的主要类型有绿泥石、伊利石、高岭石、伊-蒙混层等粘土矿物以及碳酸盐矿物、石英、长石、黄铁矿等。孔隙类型以粒间孔隙、粒内孔、铸模孔、特大孔、裂缝孔隙等为主,其中以粒间孔隙最为发育,低地温梯度有利于在深层形成次生孔隙。志留系沥青砂岩储层物性受沉积和成岩双重因素的影响,成岩演化阶段处于晚成岩A期。根据影响储层物性的储层成岩作用,可将成岩相类型划分为不稳定碎屑溶蚀成岩相、压实-弱溶蚀成岩相、压实充填成岩相、压实压溶成岩相、碳酸盐胶结成岩相等几种主要类型,成岩相类型决定了储层性质,不稳定碎屑溶蚀成岩相和压实-弱溶蚀成岩相是本区较好的油气储层。     

Diagenesis of the Lower Cretaceous Kanmon Group sandstones, SW Japan

The Kanmon Group (Lower Cretaceous) is a non-marine sequence in the Inner Zone of southwest Japan and is divided into the lower Wakino (lacustrine) and the upper Shimonoseki (fluvial) subgroups. Major diagenetic changes in this group are compaction, iron-oxide cementation, calcite cementation and grain replacement, quartz overgrowth and pore-fill cementation, illite authigenesis, chlorite pore-fill cementation and grain replacement, albitization of feldspar, and grain replacement by pyrite. Two subgroups of the Kanmon Group present no significant differences in general diagenetic features, paragenetic sequence, or the degree of diagenetic changes despite differences in depositional environments (lacustrine vs. fluvial) and stratigraphic positions. However, some differences are recognized in the content and chemistry of authigenic minerals caused by different sandstone framework compositions. The content of authigenic clay minerals is higher in sandstones of the Shimonoseki Subgroup containing abundant volcanic rock fragments. In addition, the composition of chlorite, the most abundant authigenic clay mineral in Kanmon sandstones, is Mg-rich in the volcanoclastic Shimonoseki sandstones, compared to an Fe-rich variety in Wakino sandstones. The original sandstone composition played a significant role in pore-water composition and diagenetic reactions.The Wakino sandstones lost most of its porosity by compaction, whereas Shimonoseki sandstones are only compacted in the vicinity of the basin-bounding fault. The weakly compacted Shimonoseki sandstones, instead, were largely cemented by pore-filling calcite during early diagenesis; cementation prevented compaction during further burial. The Kanmon Group sediments were heated to about 300 °C based on illite crystallinity values.     

Classification and Diagenetic Characteristics of the Cretaceous Sandstones in the Southern Bredasdorp Basin,Offshore South Africa

A systematic petrographic and geochemical studies of 92 representative sandstone samples from exploration wells E-AH1, E-AJ1, E-BA1, E-BB1 and E-D3 in the southern part of the Bredasdorp Basin was undertaken to classify the sandstones as well as unravel the main diagenetic processes and their time relations. Petrographic study shows that the sandstones are largely subarkosic arenite and arkosic litharenite, which have underwent series of diagenetic processes as a result burial, rifting and subsequent uplift. The main diagenetic processes that have affected the reservoir properties of the sandstones are cementation by authigenic clay, carbonate and silica, growth of authigenic glauconite, dissolution of minerals and load compaction. The major diagenetic processes reducing the porosity are calcite cementation in the subarkosic arenite, and compaction and quartz cementation in arkosic litharenite. On the other hand, the formation of secondary porosity due to the partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement, feldspars and minor grain fracturing has improved the reservoir property of the sandstone to some extent. The clay minerals in the sandstones commonly acts as pore choking cement, which reduces porosity. In general, there is no particular diagenetic process that exclusively controls the type or form of porosity evolution in the sandstones.     

The Effects of Diagenesis on the Reservoir Characters in Ridge sandstone of Jurassic Jumara dome,Kachchh, Western India

Ridge sandstone of Jurassic Jumara dome of Kachchh was studied in an attempt to quantify the effects of diagenetic process such as compaction, cementation and dissolution on reservoir properties. The average framework composition of Ridge sandstone is Q₈₀F₁₇L₃, medium-to coarse grained and subarkose to arkose. Syndepositional silty to clayey matrix (3% average) is also observed that occurs as pore filling. The diagenetic processes include compaction, cementation and precipitation of authigenic cements, dissolution of unstable grains and grain replacement and development of secondary porosity. The major cause of intense reduction in primary porosity of Ridge sandstone is early cementation which include silica, carbonate, iron, kaolinite, illite, smectite, mixed layer illite-smectite and chlorite, which prevents mechanical compaction. The plots of COPL versus CEPL and IGV versus total cement suggest the loss of primary porosity in Ridge sandstone is due to cementation. Cements mainly iron and carbonate occurs in intergranular pores of detrital grains and destroys porosity. The clay mineral occurs as pore filling and pore lining and deteriorates the porosity and permeability of the Ridge sandstone. The reservoir quality of the studied sandstone is reduced by clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, smectite, mixed layer illitesmectite, chlorite), carbonate, iron and silica cementation but on the other hand, it is increased by alteration and dissolution of the unstable grain, in addition to partial dissolution of carbonate cements. The potential of the studied sandstone to serve as a reservoir is strongly related to sandstone diagenesis.     

苏德尔特油田低渗透凝灰质砂岩成岩作用及储层质量差异性演化

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷苏德尔特油田兴安岭油层为典型的富火山物质的低渗致密砂岩储层。利用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、压汞测试分析等方法,对兴安岭油层储层成岩作用及其控制下的储层质量演化过程进行了系统研究。结果表明,储层目前主要处于中成岩A期,整体经历了压实作用-早期方解石胶结作用/方沸石胶结作用-方沸石溶解/长石溶解作用/高岭石胶结作用/硅质胶结作用-晚期方解石胶结作用。兴安岭油层储层可以划分出强压实成岩相（I）、弱压实-方解石中强胶结成岩相（II）、中等压实-方沸石/长石强溶解成岩相（III）、中等压实-方沸石/长石中强溶解-高岭石强烈充填成岩相（IV）4种类型的成岩相。压实作用和早期方解石胶结作用导致储层孔隙度和渗透率降低,方沸石和长石的溶解作用有效提高储层孔隙度和渗透率,高岭石的沉淀作用导致储层渗透率大大降低。成岩相I和成岩相II储层质量最差,孔隙度和渗透率均较低,为典型的特低孔特低渗致密储层;成岩相III储层质量最好,具有较高的孔隙度和渗透率,为中孔-中低渗储层;成岩相IV储层质量中等,具有较高的孔隙度,但渗透率较低,为中孔（特）低渗储层。     

松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段砂岩成岩序列及孔隙演化特征

通过岩芯观察、镜下薄片、扫描电镜和X衍射分析等资料,对松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段砂岩的岩石学特征、成岩作用类型、成岩阶段划分和成岩共生序列及孔隙演化特征进行了研究。结果表明：龙西地区泉四段主要为长石质岩屑砂岩,局部为岩屑质长石砂岩;经历的主要成岩作用类型有压实作用、自生石英胶结作用、自生黏土矿物胶结作用、碳酸盐胶结作用、交代和溶蚀作用等;龙西地区泉四段砂岩为中成岩阶段A期,且细分为A1和A2亚期;随着成岩演化,压实和胶结作用使得原生孔隙减小,而溶蚀作用使得储层孔隙结构得到改善;孔隙类型由缩小粒间孔组成变为由缩小粒间孔和溶蚀粒间孔组合组成。     

The origin and alteration of calcite cement in tight sandstones of the Jurassic Shishugou Group,Fukang Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China: implications for fluid–rock interactions and porosity evolution

The Shishugou Group, which consists of Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation and Upper Jurassic Qigu Formation, is currently an important hydrocarbon exploration target in the Fukang Sag of Junggar Basin, China. The Shishugou Group sandstones experienced a complex diagenetic history with deep burial (3600–5800 m) to develop low–ultralow porosity and permeability reservoir with some high-quality reservoirs found in the tight sandstones owing to the reservoir heterogeneity. This integrated petrographic and geochemical study aims to unravel the origin and alteration of calcite cement in the Shishugou Group sandstones and predict fluid–rock interaction and porosity evolution. The Shishugou Group sandstones (Q_43.8F_7.4R_48.8) have a dominant calcite cement with strong heterogeneity forming in two generations: poikilotopic, pore-filling masses that formed at an early diagenetic stage and isolated rhombs or partial grain replacements that formed at a late stage. The Shishugou Group, which are lacustrine sediments formed in low–medium salinity lake water in a semiarid–arid climatic environment, provided the alkaline diagenetic environment needed for precipitation of chlorite and early calcite cements in early diagenesis. The Ca²⁺ of the pore-filling calcite cements was sourced from weathering or dissolution of volcanic clasts in the sediment source or during transport in under oxidising conditions. The δ¹⁸O_V-PDB and δ¹³C_V-PDB values of calcite were significantly controlled by distance from the top unconformity and underlying coal-bearing stratum with carbon sourced from atmospheric CO₂, and organic matter. The early carbonate cement inhibited burial compaction producing intergranular pore spaces with enhanced reservoir properties by late dissolution under acidic conditions. Anhydrite cement reflects reaction of organic acid and hydrocarbon with the sandstones and is associated with fluid migration pathways. The fluid–rock interactions and porosity evolution of the tight deep sandstones produced secondary pores that filled with hydrocarbon charge that forms this deep high-quality reservoir.     

文昌A凹陷珠海组低渗砂岩成岩特征与孔隙演化

基于薄片鉴定分析、扫描电镜、物性分析、X射线衍射分析、碳酸盐碳氧同位素分析等实验手段, 研究文昌A凹陷珠海组低渗砂岩储层岩石学特征和成岩作用特征, 通过定量化分析, 评价压实、胶结、溶蚀作用对储层孔隙演化的影响, 实现成岩相预测及储层分类评价.结果表明:（1）研究区珠三南断裂带以岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主, 中、粗砂岩含量高; 6号断裂带以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩为主, 细砂岩含量高.储集空间以次生溶孔为主, 物性变化大, 纵向及平面均表现出明显的分带性.（2）机械压实造成珠海组原生粒间孔隙大量丧失; 含铁碳酸盐、自生伊利石、硅质胶结等使粒间孔进一步减少, 早期绿泥石则能抑制石英次生加大; 溶蚀作用使深部储层物性得以改善, 研究区珠海组发育两个次生溶蚀带.成岩相预测结果表明, 发育厚层粗粒级砂岩的水下分流河道是研究区的有利储集相带.（3）通过孔隙演化定量分析, 认为成岩作用对粗粒砂岩和细-中粒砂岩的孔隙度演化的影响具有差异性.      

东海陆架盆地丽水西凹古新统砂岩储层成岩作用及成岩演化

东海陆架盆地丽水西凹古新统发育多种类型储层,通过4口典型井的岩心薄片鉴定、物性测试、碳氧同位素测试等手段,对丽水西凹古新统砂岩储层成岩作用、成岩演化和孔隙演化进行了研究。结果表明：（1）丽水西凹古新统砂岩储层以浅海-三角洲相中细粒岩屑砂岩为主,成分成熟度与结构成熟度较低,矿物组成以岩屑为主,石英、长石次之;（2）砂岩经历了机械压实、碳酸盐岩与黏土矿物胶结、长石溶蚀等成岩作用,灵峰组下段砂岩储层碳酸盐胶结物形成于淡水成岩环境,明月峰组及灵峰组上段砂岩储层碳酸盐胶结物形成于混合水成岩环境,恢复的成岩温度介于76~141℃之间;（3）古新统明月峰组下段及灵峰组上段砂岩处于早成岩B期,灵峰组下段及月桂峰组砂岩处于中成岩A期;（4）砂岩储层经历了压实减孔（－18.3%）、早期胶结减孔（－3.9%）、溶蚀增孔（＋4.8%）、晚期胶结减孔（－6.7%）的孔隙演化过程,各套砂岩储层经历了差异化的成岩演化过程,分别发育以机械压实作用、碳酸盐岩与黏土矿物胶结作用、不稳定碎屑溶蚀作用为主要特征的成岩演化类型。明月峰组下段及灵峰组上段砂岩发育优质储层,灵峰组下段和月桂峰组砂岩以更具勘探难度的非常规致密砂岩储层为主,研究成果对深入认识丽水西凹古新统砂岩储层,指导油气勘探具有重要意义。

     

鄂尔多斯盆地临兴地区下石盒子组不同粒级砂岩成岩演化及孔隙定量研究

利用鄂尔多斯盆地临兴地区下石盒子组铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、包裹体分析,地球化学等资料,通过统计与计算等方法,对研究区下石盒子组不同粒级砂岩的岩石学特征,成岩演化序列以及埋藏过程中孔隙的定量演化进行研究。结果表明:①岩石学组成中,粗砂岩刚性颗粒含量高,塑性颗粒则多集中在细砂岩中;粗砂岩中硅质胶结、碳酸盐胶结含量较高,中、细砂岩以高岭石胶结为主。②成岩演化阶段中,粗砂岩经历的成岩作用较为完全,而细砂岩在早成岩B期就已经基本致密化,中砂岩则为二者的过渡型。③二叠世-中晚三叠世为准同生-早成岩B阶段,成岩作用以压实为主,其对细砂岩孔隙度影响最大;晚三叠世-中侏罗世为中成岩A阶段,成岩作用以溶蚀和胶结为主,粗砂岩溶蚀作用较强,孔隙度较高,细砂岩基本不发育溶蚀和胶结作用;中侏罗世之后,成岩阶段达到了中成岩B,以亚铁碳酸盐胶结为主,粗砂岩受到胶结作用较强,降低了一定孔隙度,但物性依然较好,粗、中、细砂岩最终孔隙度分别为11.07%、6.08%及2.60%。综上所述,粗砂岩由于压实作用较弱,溶蚀作用较强,可以形成良好的储集空间,中砂岩主要受控于压实和胶结作用的双重影响,形成次一级的储集空间,而细砂岩以压实破坏为主,物性相对最差。     

Diagenetic evolution vis-a-vis reservoir characteristics of Dhosa sandstones,Ler dome,Kachchh, western India

The detrital mineralogy as well as diagenetic characters of the Dhosa Sandstone Member of Chari Formation exposed at the Lerdome, south of Bhuj was studied. In order to assess the potential of the Dhosa Sandstone as a reservoir, it is substantial to understand the diagenetic processes that are controlled largely by post-depositional cementation and compaction in addition to framework composition and original depositional textures. The petrologic analysis of 33 thin sections was carried out to discern primary composition and diagenetic features including primary and secondary porosity patterns. Monocrystalline quartz dominates the detrital mineralogy followed by polycrystalline quartz. Among the polycrystalline variety recrystallized metamorphic quartz surpasses stretched metamorphic quartz in terms of abundance. Feldspars comprise microcline and plagioclase where the former is dominant over the latter. Orthoclase too comprises a very small percentage. Mica, chert, rock fragments, and heavies form the remaining detrital constituent in descending order of their constituent percentage. The diagenetic precipitates are mainly carbonate (8.30%) and iron (7.80%) followed by clay (0.66%) and silica (0.88%) that are minor constituent of the total cementing material. The main paragenetic events identified are early cementation, mechanical compaction, late cementation, dissolution, and authigenesis of clays. The overall reservoir quality seems to be controlled by compaction and authigenic carbonate cementation. The minus cement porosity average 29.4%. The porosity loss due to compaction is 21.92% and by cementation is 29.71%. The loss of original porosity was due to early cementation followed by moderate mechanical compaction during shallow burial. Preservation of available miniscule primary porosity was ascribed to dissolution of carbonates and quartz overgrowth which resisted chemical compaction during deep burial. The studied sandstones may have low reservoir quality owing to existing porosity of less than 9%. More carbonate dissolution and its transformation in dolomite in sub-surface condition and macro-fracture porosity may result in enhanced secondary porosity and good diagenetic traps.     

川西坳陷上侏罗统蓬莱镇组砂岩储层的成岩作用及对成藏的影响

勘探实践表明,川西坳陷上侏罗统蓬莱镇组的天然气聚集明显受成岩作用制约,天然气主要聚集在由于深埋成岩作用形成的溶蚀孔隙发育部位,主产气层大体分布在中两期溶蚀孔隙发育带上,溶蚀孔隙越发育,产能越高,胶结作用越强,次生矿物方解石, 含量越高,物性越差,岩性越致密,因此成岩作用制约了现今砂岩储层孔隙结构及演化方向,制约了气层的展布及成藏规模。     

致密砂岩储层致密化与成藏史耦合关系研究--以鄂尔多斯南部镇原-泾川地区延长组长8油层组为例

鄂尔多斯盆地南部镇原-泾川地区（简称镇泾地区）上三叠统延长组长8油层组是典型的致密砂岩储层。通过铸体薄片分析、阴极发光薄片分析、荧光薄片分析、扫描电镜分析、X射线衍射分析、流体包裹体测试等多种分析测试方法对长8油层组储层开展了储层特征、成岩作用、油气充注时间与期次等研究,对孔隙度演化进行定量化分析,并基于成岩-成藏耦合关系的研究恢复了储层孔隙度的演化过程。研究表明,镇泾地区延长组长8油层组储层为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩,成分成熟度与结构成熟度均较低,粒间充填钙质胶结物、硅质胶结物、自生黏土矿物等;储集空间以粒间溶孔、剩余原生粒间孔为主;储层处于中成岩阶段B期,发育了较强的压实作用、胶结作用,溶解作用相对较弱;储层致密化的主因为压实作用和胶结作用,分别造成减孔22.2%和14.6%,溶解作用增孔5.1%,交代作用增孔约0.6%。成藏早-中期储层未致密化,成藏晚期储层进入致密化阶段,总体储层致密化史-成藏史耦合关系为“先成藏,后致密”过程。     

早期碳酸盐胶结作用对砂岩孔隙演化的影响——以塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷志留系砂岩为例

塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷志留系砂岩为无障壁的潮坪、滨岸及辫状河三角洲沉积的岩屑砂岩和岩屑质石英砂岩,对满北和满东、满南地区志留系砂岩成岩作用序次尤其是碳酸盐胶结的时间、方式和特征、物性的对比研究认为:砂岩中碳酸盐胶结的时间早晚对砂岩孔隙演化具有重要影响,满北地区志留系砂岩发育有大量早期泥晶碳酸盐胶结,显微镜下研究表明这种胶结作用发生在岩石受到充分压实之前,呈基底式胶结,岩石颗粒呈点接触或漂浮状分布于早期碳酸盐胶结物之中,这种胶结作用抑制了岩石后期的压实作用。尽管目前其埋藏达5 000～6 500 m,但其经历的压实作用并不强烈,粒间发育大量早期的碳酸盐胶结物,后来这些胶结物被溶蚀,形成了大量次生孔隙。而在满东和满南地区的志留系砂岩,碳酸盐胶结发生在岩石经过充分压实之后,晚期的碳酸盐胶结物仅分布于岩石经充分压实后的粒间孔隙中,含量较前者低,后期可供溶蚀的碳酸盐比前者少,因而溶蚀形成的次生孔隙有限。因此,尽管满东满南地区志留系埋藏比满北浅（3 700～5 000 m）,碳酸盐胶结物含量也低,也发育晚期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀,但岩石的压实作用比满北强,物性比满北低差。这主要与碳酸盐胶结的早晚有关,早期碳酸盐胶结对孔隙演化具有明显控制作用,有利于岩石孔隙的保存,为后来的溶蚀形成次生孔隙提供了条件。     

东濮凹陷桥口地区沙三段碎屑岩成岩作用与储层特征

东濮凹陷桥口地区沙三段碎屑岩经历了复杂的成岩历史。砂岩的主要成岩事件有:机械压实、碳酸盐胶结、石英加大、黄铁矿生成、高岭石的形成和转化、绿泥石生成、伊利石沉淀、斜长石的钠长石化、石膏和重晶石的形成,以及沸石矿物的生成和次生孔隙的产生。混层蒙皂石-伊利石化随埋深增加而增强,相邻页岩的成岩演化是砂岩胶结物成分的最重要来源。砂岩的成岩作用主要受沉积相的控制,处于中成岩晚期阶段的沙三段砂岩可划分为四种成岩相:(1)碳酸盐胶结成岩相;(2)石英加大自生成岩相;(3)粘土蚀度成岩相;(4)不稳定碎屑溶蚀成岩相。四种成岩相组成了四种不同的储层类型,储层性质的对比分析对识别致密气层中的油气产层具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地NX地区长6段特低-超低渗储层特征及其成因

根据物性测试、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、压汞等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地NX地区长6段储层特征及成因进行了研究。结果表明,研究区长6段砂岩储层为低孔-特低、超低渗透储层,主要孔隙类型为残余粒间孔和次生溶蚀孔,孔喉组合主要为中孔-细喉型和小孔-细喉型。早期的压实作用、胶结作用是使研究区长6段储层物性变差的两个重要作用。压实作用丧失的孔隙占原始孔隙的45.9%~65.6%,平均为56.5%;胶结作用丧失的孔隙占原始孔隙的21.8%~46.4%,平均为28.3%,粘土矿物、碳酸盐是造成物性降低的主要胶结物类型。长石、浊沸石、岩屑等的溶蚀作用极大改善了储层物性,改善了现今孔隙的22.2%~71.4%,平均44.2%。早白垩世末期,研究区长6储层已基本变为特低~超低渗透,该时期之后,成岩作用对储层物性影响较弱,储层物性基本保持到现今。     

惠民凹陷古近系砂岩储层物性控制因素评价

影响惠民凹陷古近系砂岩储集层物性主要因素有沉积条件、压实、碳酸盐胶结和溶蚀作用。沉积条件对物性的影响主要表现在对原生孔隙的发育程度和对溶蚀、胶结等成岩作用的控制方面;压实作用对孔隙度的影响主要表现在埋藏早期或碳酸盐胶结程度低的阶段,埋深每增加1 000 ｍ,孔隙度降低约8%~9%;胶结作用对储集层性质影响与成岩演化阶段有关,成岩演化程度越高,胶结对物性的影响越大;溶蚀作用对储集层性质改善很大,产生的次生孔隙最大可达20%。溶蚀作用在宏观上受区域构造背景和生油洼陷平面位置控制,断层较发育和临近生油中心（临南洼陷）的南部斜坡带和中央隆起带溶蚀最发育;微观上受岩石的粒度、分选及杂基含量控制,粒度越粗、分选越好、杂基越少的砂岩溶蚀作用越强。     

The effects of diagenesis on the reservoir characters in sandstones of the Late Cretaceous Pab Formation,Kirthar Fold Belt,southern Pakistan

The Maastrichtian Pab Formation in the southern part of Pakistan is composed of fine- to very coarse-grained texturally mature quartz arenite and subordinate sublitharenite varieties. The sandstones have undergone intense and complex diagenetic episodes due to burial and uplift. Diagenetic modifications were dependent mainly on the clastic composition of sandstone, burial depth and thrust tectonics. Diagenetic events identified include compaction, precipitation of calcite, quartz, clay minerals and iron oxide/hydroxide, dissolution and alteration of unstable clastic grains as feldspar and volcaniclithic fragments as well as tectonically induced grain fracturing. The unstable clastic grains like feldspar and lithic volcanic fragments suffered considerable alteration to kaolinite and chlorite. Dissolution and alteration of feldspar and volcanic lithic fragments and pressure solution were the main sources of quartz cements. Mechanical compaction and authigenic cements like calcite, quartz and iron oxide/hydroxide reduced the primary porosity, whereas dissolution of clastic grains and cements has produced secondary porosity. Chlorite coatings on clastic grains have prevented quartz cementation. Coarse-grained, thick bedded packages of fluviodeltaic, shelf delta lobe and submarine channels facies have higher average porosity than fine-grained, thin bedded and bioturbated sandstone of deeper shelf and abyssal plain environments and these facies are concluded to be possible future hydrocarbon prospects.