洋-陆转换带类型与成因机制

洋-陆转换带是被动陆缘的特殊构造,是伸展背景下大陆岩石圈与大洋岩石圈相互作用的关键区域,对于理解和认识大洋和大陆的地球动力过程、机制尤为关键。基于不同的被动陆缘类型,本文总结了不同类型被动陆缘的洋-陆转换带分类及特征,同时探讨其成因机制。根据大陆边缘类型,洋-陆转换带可以划分为四类,火山型被动陆缘中以海倾反射层和下地壳高速体为特征的洋-陆转换带、非火山型被动陆缘蛇纹石化地幔橄榄岩出露的洋-陆转换带、异常减薄洋壳组成的洋-陆转换带、强烈减薄陆壳为主的洋-陆转换带。洋-陆转换带成因模式取决于不同类型被动陆缘的伸展破裂过程,火山型被动陆缘起源于主动的火山裂谷,通过热作用来减薄岩石圈的底部进而发生地幔熔融,产生溢流玄武岩,浅表形成海倾反射体,下地壳表现为高P波速度异常且巨厚的高速体。非火山型陆缘的岩石圈横向伸展与深度相关,岩石圈变形既有均一纯剪切变形(均匀伸展)也有不对称的简单剪切变形(拆离断层)。     

南海陆缘伸展破裂过程中的构造迁移和盆地演化

为了阐明南海由陆向洋的过渡带内构造活动的时间 空间迁移过程,本文以两条跨南海东部共轭被动陆缘和南海西南部共轭陆缘的两条长剖面为基础,进行精细的构造解释和分析,在南海洋陆转换带内确定了出Tb、SD、PD和Bi四个一级层序界面,并以这4个一层序界面为界,将南海陆缘划分为：早期断陷盆地(Tb—SD)、晚期拆离盆地(SD—PD)和断坳转换盆地(PD—Bi)。通过对同一剖面不同构造单元带内同构造地层的分析,发现构造活动时代由陆向洋逐渐变年轻;通过对比不同剖面同一构造单元带内的同构造地层发现,构造活动时代沿着海底扩张迁移的方向逐渐变年轻。因此,在南海扩张期间,岩石圈的伸展变形不仅表现为向洋方向的迁移,同时表现为向海底扩张方向的迁移。     

南海北部陆缘地壳结构特征及其构造过程

根据“北部湾大陆缘地壳结构ＰＳ转换波测深”等地球物理测量结果,本文研究了南海北部陆缘的地壳结构特征,讨论了其白垩纪以来的构造过程。地球物理测量表明,由陆向海,南海北部陆缘地壳由陆壳、过渡壳变为洋壳,厚度由３４ｋｍ减薄至８ｋｍ左右。垂向上地壳为３层结构模式。陆壳、过渡壳和洋壳的下地壳Ｐ波速度普遍较高。地壳伸展系数的计算表明南海北部陆缘伸展主要发育于陆坡地区。结合区域地质研究,本文认为：南海北部陆缘及     

南海西南次海盆深部结构研究进展与展望

西南次海盆位于南海渐进式扩张的西南端,共轭陆缘结构和残留扩张脊保留完整,是研究南海深部结构和动力学机制的关键区域。前期研究发现,西南次海盆洋陆过渡带较窄、同扩张断层发育、地震反射莫霍面不清晰、具有慢速扩张等特征。然而,由于不同探测方法获取的地壳结构具有多解性,使得西南次海盆洋陆转换过程、慢速扩张洋壳结构与增生模式以及龙门海山岩石性质与地幔成因机制等基础科学问题尚存争议。为此我们建议在西南次海盆开展地质取样获取海山岩石样品,确定其年龄与性质,分析扩张后海山形成的深部动力过程;并对关键构造部署高精度的地震反射/折射联合探测,结合岩石物理分析,对西南次海盆进行构造成像和物质组成参数正反演,以实现壳幔尺度的地震学透视,为探索西南次海盆洋陆转换过程和洋壳增生模式提供重要的地球物理证据,以丰富和完善南海的动力学演化模式。     

被动陆缘洋陆转换带和岩石圈伸展破裂过程分析及其对南海陆缘深水盆地研究的启示

作为伸展陆壳和正常洋壳之间重要的过渡和衔接,洋陆转换带(ocean-continent transition,简写为OCT)蕴含有丰富的地壳岩石圈伸展破裂过程的信息。文中通过系统的资料调研,在总结OCT研究历史、现状和发展趋势的基础上,阐明了OCT的现代概念、类型及其识别标志;详细介绍了以OCT为基础而建立的被动陆缘地壳岩石圈结构构造单元划分方案、表层沉积盆地构造地层格架及重要的构造变革界面特征;分析了大型拆离断层在地壳岩石圈薄化、地幔剥露过程中的控制作用;揭示了陆缘变形集中、迁移和叠合的规律,建立了被动陆缘岩石圈伸展、薄化、剥露和裂解模式。最后,论文对比了国际非岩浆型被动大陆边缘与我国南海OCT的研究,介绍了南海OCT和陆缘深水超深水盆地研究的新发现,提出深入研究南海OCT将为南海陆缘构造演化、洋盆扩张过程和深水超深水盆地的成因机制研究提供新的启示。     

华南泥盆纪沉积盆地类型和主要特征

泥盆纪时期,随着古特提斯洋的开启,于华南板块南、西、北缘形成被动陆缘构造背景.根据地壳性质,同沉积断裂活动,沉积作用和火山作用等特点,将区内沉积盆地分为八种类型,即陆内走滑盆地、陆内凹陷盆地、陆内断陷盆地、陆缘断拗盆地、陆缘断陷盆地、陆缘裂谷盆地、陆缘走滑盆地和陆河洋盆、盆地的演化受到构造活动、海水进退规程和沉积作用控制。开始阶段的构造活动不强烈,以滨岸陆源碎屑沉积为主。海盆扩大分异阶段的构造活动明显,有海底火山活动,海侵范围扩大,深水盆地开始发育,但以陆棚碎屑岩和碳酸盐缓坡沉积为主。强烈裂陷-走滑阶段是构造活动高潮期,火山活动强烈,海侵范围最大,深水盆地最发育,沉积相分异十分显著。右江地区和南岭地区同样位于扬子古陆的被动陆缘,但岩相构造格局显著不同,右江地区以北西向断裂拉张裂陷作用为主,而南岭地区则多表现为北东向基底断裂的走滑活动。笔者认为这种特点是古特提斯洋扩张作用和基底构造性质影响所致。     

扬马延微陆块构造特征及火山型被动陆缘远端带构造演化模式

随着全球油气勘探的不断深入,北大西洋极地逐渐成为油气勘探研究的前沿领域,而扬马延矿区勘探程度极低。基于中海油冰岛矿区新采集的地震及重磁资料,结合其他有关扬马延微陆块最新的研究资料,开展了扬马延微陆块的地层和构造特征分析,以及与共轭盆地的对比,建立了扬马延火山型被动陆缘远端带的构造演化模式。研究表明:位于北大西洋格陵兰与挪威之间海域的扬马延微陆块,与北大西洋两侧陆架盆地古生代-中生代地层具有共轭特征;构造呈NE-SE向展布,发育拆离断裂体系,与挪威西部陆架盆地中生界拆离断裂体系具有相似性;构造内部受岩浆侵入及喷出等强烈影响,发育向海倾斜反射层(SDR)及岩浆溢流相沉积。在上述研究基础上,探讨了扬马延微陆块与格陵兰古陆和波罗的海古陆拉断分离的构造演化过程,认为扬马延在古生代-中生代与格陵兰古陆和波罗的海古陆为一体,在经历了古生代-中生代陆内碰撞、弱伸展到陆内裂谷和陆内热沉降后,受北大西洋拉开影响,经历了古近纪和新近纪火山型被动陆缘远端带的形成演化过程,在55 Ma第一次洋中脊扩张期,与波罗的海古陆挪威陆缘盆地分离,在25 Ma第二次洋脊跃迁时期,新生洋脊扩张导致扬马延微陆块与格陵兰古陆分离,在沉积与构造上开始与北大西洋火山型被动陆缘盆地产生分异,最终扬马延微陆块成为孤立在洋壳上的一个"弃子"。本次关于扬马延微陆块的研究揭示了火山型被动陆缘远端带在岩浆活动、拆离断裂作用下,减薄-破裂的残余陆壳及内部新生洋壳的构造面貌及板块构造背景下的演化过程。     

洋陆转换带类型特征和形成机理及其在南海北部的表现特征

20世纪90年代以来,处于被动大陆边缘与洋盆接壤过渡地带的洋陆转换带(OCTs)因其上覆深水-超深水盆地群具有较大的工业性油气勘探潜力,且本身蕴含了丰富的岩石圈伸展破裂信息而备受关注,已成为当今国际学术研究热点。形成于被动大陆边缘伸展与洋盆扩张背景下的洋陆转换带具有地壳强烈减薄、宽30~170km、存在蛇纹岩或蛇纹石化橄榄岩、缺少铁镁质岩浆、梯度变化明显的地震波速度结构、较高的地表热流值等特殊的地质属性特征,根据岩浆活动的频繁与"Moho面"双层结构等具体信息将洋陆转换带划分为2型4类,即以岩浆剧烈活动、海倾地震反射体(SDRs)、高密度流体底侵和急剧减薄的陆壳为特征的岩浆型(A类)和以海倾拆离断层发育、陆壳相对均匀减薄和贫岩浆作用为特征的非岩浆型(B1、B2、B3类)。基于OCTs构造演化剖析了被动大陆边缘岩石圈伸展裂解进程,并将其总结为3个阶段:第一次纯剪切阶段(弥漫式平均伸展);简单剪切阶段(聚焦式细颈化-地幔出露);第二次纯剪切阶段(火山作用-岩石圈完全裂解)。在洋陆转换带的形成过程中,构造变形的"集中-迁移"现象对于上覆的深水-超深水盆地形态结构具有重要的影响作用。国内外OCTs研究历史和近况的系统调研成果表明,当前南海北部OCTs研究主要反映各种地球物理参数特点,而对OCTs的地质属性和界限仍然不清楚。以鹤山凹陷-双峰盆地为例的分析表明,南海北部发育海倾拆离断层和弱火山作用,洋陆转换带宽60~170km,东宽西窄,其中鹤山凹陷洋陆转换带宽约53.91km,为非典型的非岩浆型B3类洋陆转换带;鹤山凹陷构造演化受洋陆转换带的形成机制控制。分析洋陆转换带的类型特征与形成机理对于了解南海北部被动大陆边缘构造演化、深水-超深水盆地的成因机理有重要启示作用。     

新疆北部石炭系构造背景及演化

新疆北部石炭系洋陆转换过渡期,经历了以下两个演化阶段：早石炭世碰撞间歇期伸展－残留洋闭合、陆-陆碰撞阶段和晚石炭世碰撞期后伸展垮塌－板内变形作用阶段。根据石炭世的板块构造活动背景分析,结合区域构造－沉积岩石组合,初步拟定新疆北部早石炭世原型盆地类型主要包括5类：残留洋、陆缘坳陷、裂陷槽、裂谷、陆内坳陷;晚石炭世原型盆地可简要分为３类：裂陷槽、陆缘坳陷、裂谷或断陷。根据上石炭统原型盆地后期叠加改造特征,将新疆北部现今保存在覆盖区内的上石炭统残留盆地及其叠加改造类型分为两大类六亚类：首先根据是否存在二叠系分为继承型和叠加型两大类,然后再根据中生代及新生代盆地叠加特征分为五亚类,分别为连续继承型、早继承早叠加型、早继承晚叠加型、三叠系叠加型、侏罗系叠加型及白垩系叠加型。     

中沙地块南部断裂发育特征及其成因机制

利用最新多道地震剖面资料,结合重力、磁力、地形等地球物理资料,揭示了中沙地块南部断裂空间展布特征、断裂发育时期、断裂内部构造形变特征及深部地壳结构,并基于认识探讨了断裂的发育机制。研究结果认为,中沙地块南部陆缘构造属性为非火山型被动大陆边缘：地壳性质从西北向东南由减薄陆壳向洋陆过渡壳再向正常洋壳发育变化;Moho面埋深从中沙地块下方的26 km快速抬升到海盆的10~12 km;从中沙地块陡坡至其前缘海域的重力异常明显负异常区为洋陆过渡带,在重力由高值负异常上升到海盆的低值正、负异常的边界为洋陆边界。中沙地块南部发育有4组阶梯状向海倾的深大正断裂,主要发育时期为晚渐新世到中中新世。断裂早期发育与南海东部次海盆近NS向扩张有关,后期遭受挤压变形、与菲律宾海板块向南海的NWW向仰冲有关。该研究有助于更好认识南海海盆的扩张历史和南海被动大陆边缘的类型。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.