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1.
The response to marine accidental spillage of oil requires careful advance planning to ensure that the impact of an oil spill is minimized. In this paper a binary integer mathematical model based on the cluster analysis approach is developed to aid in determining the optimal sites for locating oil spill response equipment and facilities within a semienclosed waterway. The application of the model has been illustrated through a numerical example using hypothetical but representative data to determine optimal sites for locating oil spill response equipment and facilities in the Arabian Gulf region. 相似文献
2.
Kazue TAZAKI Hiroaki WATANABE Siti Khodijah CHAERUN Koichi SHIRAKI Ryuji ASADA 《《地质学报》英文版》2006,80(3):432-440
Pollution of petroleum hydrocarbons, in particular oil spills, has attracted much attention in the past and recent decades. Oil spills influence natural microbial community, and physical and chemical properties of the affected sites. The biodegradation of hydrocarbons by microorganisms is one of the primary ways by which oil spill is eliminated from contaminated sites. One such spill was that of the Russian tanker the Nakhodka that spilled heavy oil into the Sea of Japan on January 2, 1997. The impact of the Nakhodka oil spill resulted in a viscous sticky fluid fouling the shores and affected natural ecosystems. This paper describes the weathering of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (genus Pseudomonas) and crystallized organic compounds from the Nakhodka oil spill-polluted seashores after nine years. The Nakhodka oil has hardened and formed crust of crystalline paraffin wax as shown by XRD analysis (0.422, 0.377, and 0.250 nm d-spacing) in association with graphite and calcite after 9 years of bioremediation. Anaerobic reverse side of the oil crust contained numerous coccus typed bacteria associated with halite. The finding of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and paraffin wax in the oil crust may have a significant effect on the weathering processes of the Nakhodka oil spill during the 9- year bioremediation. 相似文献
3.
Trace analysis of hydrocarbons in coral cores from Saudi Arabia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anita Poulsen Kathryn Burns Janice Lough Diane Brinkman Steven Delean 《Organic Geochemistry》2006,37(12):1913
As part of a long-term environmental assessment of the impact of the 1991 Gulf War on coral reefs, the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) conducted growth and chemistry studies on coral cores from the Arabian Gulf. Twenty-eight cores were collected from four coral reefs located offshore from Saudi Arabia.Annual coral growth bands surrounding the 1991 oil spill were analysed in selected cores. Additionally, in cores that extended to the early 1980s, annual layers from 1980 to 1986 were analysed for possible residues from the 1983–4 oil spill caused by the Nowruz oil field blowout during the Iraq–Iran war. Both major spill events were targeted to provide additional confidence in relating oil concentrations to specific pollution events. We detected petroleum biomarkers in several coral annual bands related to the major pollution events. However, the oil remaining in these cores has been altered over time and the biomarker ratios found in these oil residues differed from Gulf crude oils.The concentrations of hydrocarbons were compared with the growth parameters of the coral cores. Only one sample may have recorded an “impact” of oil exposure. There was no other correspondence between slight changes in growth parameters between years and the trace chemistry. Therefore, chemical analysis enabled detection of the exposure incident, but provided no insight into the amount of oil to which the coral had been exposed. The chemical data can only infer biological impact if growth was significantly decreased.The average coral growth characteristics of Porites from the four sites in the Arabian Gulf were normal, as predicted from the average water temperatures of the region. There was an indication of an overall decline in growth over time, which should be monitored in the future. 相似文献
4.
On 19 April 2005, an oil spill occurred in southeastern Louisiana’s Barataria Bay estuary. We used a drop sampler to characterize
the marsh-edge nekton community. Thirty-six locations were sampled in pre- and post-spill time frames from March through May
2005. Before–after control–impact (BACI) analyses of the total number of individuals (fishes + decapod crustaceans), total
fishes, and sensitive species found significant interactions between the temporal (before/after) and spatial (control/impact)
treatments and indicated an effect of the oil spill. Nonparametric analyses detected varied faunal assemblages across temporal
treatments, but were similar in species composition among spatial treatments. While the BACI analyses showed event effects,
differences were not strongly detected in nonparametric analyses of community structure. Fish are mobile and left the spill
area after the disturbance, whereas the less mobile but more numerous benthic decapod crustaceans remained. The overall community
structure appears to be robust and quickly recovered from the localized spill event. 相似文献
5.
This paper deals with the prediction, in real time, of the motion of experimental oil slicks. The experiments were conducted during September 1983 offshore near Halifax on the east coast of Canada. The objectives of the experiments were (i) to determine the suitability of oil spill dispersants as countermeasures and (ii) the testing and verification of oil spill trajectory models and systems.The Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) participated in the experiments to test the capability of its oil spill motion prediction system in providing real-time trajectory forecasts. The experiment consisted of three sets of spills. Each set had a control slick and a test slick. Sixteen barrels of crude oil were used in each spill. The test slicks were used to test the effectiveness of various dispersants, the control slicks were used to verify trajectory forecasts.The spill trajectories and oil weathering information obtained from the system during the experiments demonstrated the relative ease with which the system could handle the required input and provide timely forecasts. The accuracy of these forecast trajectories was confirmed by observations, and their utility was demonstrated by their application in the operational decision-making process. 相似文献
6.
Thomas Alfred Schlacher Andrew Holzheimer Tim Stevens David Rissik 《Estuaries and Coasts》2011,34(5):937-949
Biological impacts of oil on sandy shore ecosystems remain incompletely understood, especially following smaller spills on
subtropical beaches. Here we quantified changes to benthic assemblages on a sandy beach following the 270-t spill of heavy
fuel oil from the Pacific Adventurer that occurred in March 2009 off Moreton Island in Eastern Australia. Assessments of ecological impacts are based on spatial
contrasts between multiple reference and impact sites sampled 1 week and 3 months after the spill. Benthic invertebrate assemblages
exposed to oil had significantly fewer individuals of fewer species 1 week after the spill, markedly changing their ecological
structure. Biological differences consistent with oil-related mortality were significant on the lower shore and in the swash
and remained so 3 months after the spill. This signals a lack of recovery of these communities in the short term, despite
the fairly rapid removal of oil. Results show that, despite the relatively small size of the spill, heavy fuel oil contamination
can cause substantial impacts on sandy beach ecosystems, and that recovery may be prolonged. 相似文献
7.
8.
A spill of approximately 284,000 liters of Bunker C and diesel fuel oils occurred at the entrance of Yaquina Bay, Oregon, following the wreck of the freighterBlue Magpie on 19 November 1983. A portion of this oil entered the lower estuary and was deposited on subtidal benthic habitats occupied by the phoxocephalid amphipodRhepoxynius abronius. This species is particularly sensitive to contaminants in sediment and its life history had previously been studied at the same sites affected by the spill. The oil was initially present as small, sand-coated globules at the study site, and persisted in association with detritus and sediment for months. Bioassays withRhepoxynius abronius showed that the oil globules were not acutely toxic unless mixed into the sediment at concentrations of 1.0 parts per thousand or greater. A series of 10-d bioassays before and after the spill showed that sediment collected from oiled subtidal sites did not become acutely toxic to this species. Although the density of theR. abronius population declined by 75% after the spill, similar declines of the same population were observed at this site in fall 1980. Oil-exposedR. abronius from Yaquina Bay were slightly more sensitive to cadmium in sediment than individuals from Whidbey Island, Puget Sound, Washington. Although mean fecundity was greater in 1984 than in 1981, recruitment following the spill was lower than in the 1980–1981 study. Thus, there is limited evidence for a small impact of the oil spill on this sensitive amphipod. 相似文献
9.
探讨输油管道建设对鄂尔多斯盆地地下水环境的影响,根据研究区地质及水文地质特征,结合石油管道事故所设定条件,按照风险最大化原则,采用“瞬时注入示踪剂——平面瞬时点源”模型进行预测分析,结果表明:污染物在地下水中运移的1460d内,最大迁移距离呈先增大后减小的趋势,最大距离为116.05m;中心点浓度则从433.13mg/L减少至〈0.3mg/L,低于《生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749—2006)》中石油类限值(0.3mg/L);泄漏中心点逐渐运移至下游49.64m处,对地下水敏感点不会产生明显影响。 相似文献
10.
A collision between the ships MSC Chitra and MV Khalijia 3 in the mouth region of Mumbai Harbour led to a leakage of around 800 t of fuel oil in August 2010, affecting the rocky intertidal region of Colaba. To evaluate the impact of this catastrophic event on the resident biota, a 15-month-long sampling programme was initiated in the oil-affected area immediately after the spill. Petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediment organic carbon values were high just after the oil spill but subsequently decreased in the following months. In total, 70 macrobenthic taxa were identified. Univariate diversity indices indicated that while the ecological status of the site, albeit briefly, was affected during August 2010, a healthy environment prevailed subsequently. Cluster and multi-dimensional scale (MDS) analyses distinctly segregated the oil impacted monsoon months from the other sampling months. BIOENV analyses indicated that petroleum hydrocarbons and organic carbon were the anthropogenic parameters influencing macrobenthic community structure. Benthic Opportunistic Polychaetes Amphipods (BOPA) index was used to evaluate the ecological quality of the study area as the index is sensitive to oil pollution. Low BOPA values throughout the study period indicated that the environment was good with few opportunistic species. Comparison with past data revealed that the oil spill did not have long-term deleterious effects on the macrobenthic species diversity of this rocky beach, and reasons thereof are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Transformer oil leakage having large quantity of PCBs is one of the most deplorable incidents resulting in huge negative impacts on the environment. In this paper, two different models, i.e. CHEMCAN and the hydrocarbon spill screening models, were applied to the case study adapted from a real case of PCBs in transformer oil spill in Montreal. The oil migration was examined in three dimensions including site-specific data, soil characteristics and hydrogeological properties. This study aims to investigate the fate, transport and transformation rates of PCB in the soil, the unsaturated and the saturated zones. The proposed modelling concept helps to define the processes to be used in characterization of soil and subsurface environment as a receptor of transformer oil spill. This study includes the simulation techniques for assessing the effect of PCBs on groundwater and soil. Results from multimedia environmental model and HSSM model verify with each other, and both show that 92.7 % of PCBs were found in soil as compared to groundwater. Considering decay and sorption processes at spill location, concentration of PCBs in soil was >50 mg/kg. This study can serve as a basis for further analysis and assist in selection of remediation technique. 相似文献
12.
Scott Zengel Steven C. Pennings Brian Silliman Clay Montague Jennifer Weaver Donald R. Deis Michelle O. Krasnec Nicolle Rutherford Zachary Nixon 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(4):1154-1163
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was the largest marine oil spill in US waters to date and one of the largest worldwide. Impacts of this spill on salt marsh vegetation have been well documented, although impacts on marsh macroinvertebrates have received less attention. To examine impacts of the oil spill on an important marsh invertebrate and ecosystem engineer, we conducted a meta-analysis on fiddler crabs (Uca spp.) using published sources and newly available Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA) and Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) data. Fiddler crabs influence marsh ecosystem structure and function through their burrowing and feeding activities and are key prey for a number of marsh and estuarine predators. We tested the hypothesis that the spill affected fiddler crab burrow density (crab abundance), burrow diameter (crab size), and crab species composition. Averaged across multiple studies, sites, and years, our synthesis revealed a negative effect of oiling on all three metrics. Burrow densities were reduced by 39 % in oiled sites, with impacts and incomplete recovery observed over 2010–2014. Burrow diameters were reduced from 2010 to 2011, but appeared to have recovered by 2012. Fiddler crab species composition was altered through at least 2013 and only returned to reference conditions where marsh vegetation recovered, via restoration planting in one case. Given the spatial and temporal extent of data analyzed, this synthesis provides compelling evidence that the Deepwater Horizon spill suppressed populations of fiddler crabs in oiled marshes, likely affecting other ecosystem attributes, including marsh productivity, marsh soil characteristics, and associated predators. 相似文献
13.
Offshore tracts in Alaska's lower Cook Inlet are scheduled to be opened for exploratory petroleum drilling in the near future.
Because of the potential for oil spills resulting from this activity, a field study of the coastal zone was conducted in June
1976. A total of 1216 km of shoreline was classified into 3 types: erosional (45 percent), neutral (38 percent), and depositional
(17 percent). These were further subdivided into 16 subclasses on the basis of small scale morphological features. This classification
was used in conjunction with a vulnerability index of potential oil spill damage, developed through study of three major oil
spills, to predict the longevity of oil in the different coastal environments of the Inlet. On a scale from 1 to 10, 45 percent
of the shoreline has low values of 1 to 4, which means that oil would be dispersed by natural processes within less than six
months after a spill on these coasts. Values from 4 to 6 were assigned to 13.4 percent of the shoreline, where oil residence
time may be up to one year. A 6 to 10 rating was assigned to 41.5 percent of the shoreline, where oil contamination may remain
for periods of two to ten years, or possibly longer should no major clean-up procedures be initiated. We propose that the
use of this type of vulnerability indexing, in conjunction with a biological susceptibility index and oil spill trajectory
models, would provide a rational basis for decision making concerning the location of on- and off-shore oil facilities and
the design of oil spill contingency plans. 相似文献
14.
Sublethal Effects of Crude Oil on the Community Structure of Estuarine Phytoplankton 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
While the ecological impacts of crude oil exposure have been widely studied, its sublethal effects on phytoplankton community
structure in salt marsh estuaries have not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to simulate oil spill conditions
using a microcosm design to examine short-term (2 day) changes in phytoplankton community composition and total biomass following
exposure to crude oil obtained from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and a mixture of Texas crude oils. Microcosm experiments
were performed in situ in North Inlet Estuary near Georgetown, SC. A control and six replicated experimental treatments of
crude oil additions at final concentrations of 10, 50, or 100 μl l−1 of either Deepwater Horizon spill oil or the Texas crude mixture were incubated under in situ conditions. Photopigments were
analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and community composition was determined using ChemTax. Total phytoplankton
biomass (as chl a) declined with increasing crude oil concentrations. Prasinophytes, the most abundant microalga in both experiments, showed
no response to oil exposure in one experiment and a significant negative response in the other. Diatoms euglenophytes and
chlorophytes appeared relatively resistant to oil contamination at the exposure levels used in this study, maintaining or
increasing their relative abundance with increasing oil concentrations. Chlorophytes and cyanobacteria increased in relative
abundance while cryptophyte abundance decreased with increasing oil concentrations. The results of these experiments suggest
that low levels of crude oil exposure may reduce total biomass and alter phytoplankton community composition with possible
cascade effects at higher trophic levels in salt marsh estuaries. 相似文献
15.
Mohamed Metwaly Mohamed Ahmed Khalil El-Said Al-Sayed Abeer El-Kenawy 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(9):3527-3533
This study provides an evaluation of the subsurface oil contaminant flow in an oil production field at the Wadi Feiran fan, along the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. The 2D electrical resistivity tomography technique has been applied along four profiles surrounding the spill location of oil dump site. Theoretical soil resistivity response versus fluid resistivity for different cation exchange capacity values has been studied. Then, a physical model for the current situation of flowing the oil over the groundwater (sea invaded water) of saturated fluvial sediments has been introduced. It was supposed that the crude oil has higher resistivity values and turned to be conductive far away from the oil spill source under the effect of microbial biodegradation. Such conditions of contaminated distribution and its resistivity values have been considered during the inversion and interpretation of the acquired data sets. The processed 2D resistivity profiles reveal that oil plumes are accumulated in the seawater invasion direction, whereas it has low signatures along the profiles parallel to the shore line. 相似文献
16.
Current oil saturation in the Moxizhuang (莫西庄) Oil Field in central Janggar (准噶尔) basin was evaluated by logging interpretation and measured on core samples, and the paleo-oil saturation in both the pay zones and water zones was investigated by graln-containing-oil inclusion (GOI) analysis.The pay zones in this field have low oil saturation and display low resistivity and small contrast between pay zones and water zones, and are classified as low-porosity, low oil saturation, and low resistivity reservoirs. Both the current low oil-saturation pay zones and the water zones above 4 365 m have high GOI values (up to 38%), suggesting high paleo-oil saturation. The significant difference between current oil saturation from both logging interpretation and core sample measurement and paleo-oil saturation indicated by GOI analysis suggests that this low oil-saturation field evolved from a high oil-saturation pool. Lateral re-migration and spill of formally trapped oil owing to changes in structural configuration since Neogene was the most plausible mechanism for oil loss in the Moxizhuang Oil Field.The combined effects of differential accumulation in the charge phase and the differential re-migration and spill of accumulated oil in Neogene are responsible for the complicated correlation between residual oil saturation and porosity/permeability of the reservoir sandstones and the distribution of low oil-saturation pay zones and paleo-oil zones (current water zones). 相似文献
17.
A new approach is presented to calculate the volume of oil in the underground at an oil spill site from fluid levels in monitoring wells. The approach includes the effects of hysteresis due to irregular pore geometry and to phase entrapment. It is possible to explain the drastic changes in the oil thickness in a monitoring well due to the decrease and increase in the groundwater table. A correct evaluation of the oil volume infiltrated underground from an oil spill and the effective control of remediation works can only be done by using the newly developed approach with a consideration of the dynamic changes in the groundwater table. 相似文献
18.
S J Prasad T M Balakrishnan Nair Hasibur Rahaman S S C Shenoi T Vijayalakshmi 《Journal of Earth System Science》2018,127(8):111
A Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) tanker and a chemical tanker collided two nautical miles off Ennore port on 28 January, 2017. Around 196.4 metric tons (MT) of Heavy Furnace Oil (HFO) was spilled and drifted towards the shore. Oil spill drift advisory and prediction was made by Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) using General National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME), an oil spill trajectory model. The trajectory model was forced with analysed and forecasted ocean currents from Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS) based on Modular Ocean Model 4p1 (GM4p1). It was found that spread of HFO obtained from oil spill trajectory model GNOME, has matched well with the observed spread from Sentinel-1A satellite dataset. However, the spread of the HFO was underestimated by the trajectory model, when forced with forecasted GM4p1 currents. Additional ground truth observation from Indian Coast Guard also corroborates this finding. 相似文献
19.
Victor Crego-Prieto José Arrojo-Fernández Andrea Prado Gonzalo Machado-Schiaffino Jorge I. Izquierdo Agustín Roca Eva Garcia-Vazquez 《Estuaries and Coasts》2014,37(4):995-1003
The ecological catastrophe produced by the Prestige oil spill (November 2002) caused severe damage in both North Spanish and French coastal communities. Wild mussel populations of Mytilus galloprovincialis in a zone with marginal introgression of Mytilus edulis were affected at all levels, from high DNA damage to increased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in tissues. In this article, we describe cytological and population genetic changes of wild mussel populations from the northwestern Iberian coast following the catastrophe. The micronucleus test was employed as an indicator of cytological damage, and the Barcoding mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear Glu-5′ genes were analyzed for determining the species and assessing population genetic diversity. Immediate increase of micronuclei counts after the oil spill was found, with a further decrease in consecutive months although the counts did not recover pre-Prestige levels. Reduced variation at mitochondrial sequences in the most exposed areas and reduction of M. edulis traces in the regional genetic pool also suggest long-term impact that may result in evolutionary changes. These results highlight the need of adopting more strict measures in order to prevent this type of accidents and avoid long-term effects on wild populations. 相似文献
20.
The extensive oil drilling and transportation activities in the Arabian Gulf increased the possibility of oil spills and the consequent threat of oil pollution to the regional ecology. The available literature concerning the main aspects of the physical oceanographic characteristics affecting the movement and spreading of oil spill in the Gulf are reviewed. It is concluded that evaporation, wind-driven currents, and sandfall are important as weathering processes, while tidal currents cause lateral spreading of the slick. Oil spill modelling has shown some usefulness in estimating the trajectories of few major spills illustrated by reference to three models developed for the Gulf. The performance of these models, their capabilities and limitations are reviewed. Recommendations are made to gather more data on the behavior of oil spills in this particular environment. 相似文献