Treatment of the seepage problems at the Kalecik Dam (Turkey)

This paper describes the seepage prevention measures at Kalecik Dam. Water leaked from the foundation of the dam after the impoundment. The dam, 77 m in height, was constructed for irrigation purposes.

The foundation consists of Mesozoic ophiolite, Paleocene allochthonous units composed of different lithologies and Miocene conglomerate. Karstified and fractured Paleocene limestone outcrops on the right bank of the dam foundation. This unit extends into, and its thickness increases within, the right abutment. The leakage occurs towards the downstream springs through the right bank limestone.

The main grout curtain is 200 m long and 60 m deep and was constructed on the right bank. After reservoir impounding, new springs were observed in the downstream area. Therefore, after the construction of the dam, remedial curtain grouting was required and carried out in three stages. Firstly, the main grout curtain was supplemented by additional grouting to seal the fractures and infill karstic cavities. The diversion tunnel was also repaired. The curtain depth was the same as the depth of the previous curtain. The second stage of additional treatment consisted of new deep grouting. Some investigation holes were also drilled along the same alignment as the main curtain to locate the seepage in the region. These holes were extended to an elevation of 442 m. The final stage of grouting measures was between the spillway and the dam body and underneath the spillway.

As a result of the additional grouting measures, the spring discharges observed downstream of the dam embankment decreased. However, the seepage paths were extended and were moved with time so that the seepage problems are still continuing.     

留家水库坝基渗漏分析

留家水库是一座中型水库，多年来一直存在着渗漏问题，根据水库大坝的勘察资料，对水库渗漏问题进行了分析，并提出截渗措施。     

Evaluation and rehabilitation of dam seepage problems. A case study: Kafrein dam

The intention of this study is to locate the probable sources of the Kafrein dam seepage problem. A methodology known as excitation-response analysis will be considered. Analytical expressions, depicting the groundwater level response in the underlying aquifer as a result of changes in the reservoir water level, were derived from a linearized groundwater flow equation for one-dimensional semi-infinite, isotropic and homogeneous porous media. The results revealed that a large proportion of the seepage water originates from a site at a distance about 1 km from the observation point M1 and streamlines along the existing faults. Emphasis in this work was also placed on controling and mitigating the seepage problem.     

Seepage problems in the karstic limestone foundation of the Kalecik Dam (south Turkey)

Seepage phenomena through the karstic limestone foundation of Kalecik Dam are investigated. The dam, designed as a rock-fill dam with a height of 77 m, is already used for irrigation. The foundation consists of Mesozoic ophiolite, Paleocene allochthonous units composed of different lithologies, and Miocene conglomerate. The conglomerate lies unconformably on the other units. Quaternary basaltic lava patchily covers the others. Seepage from upstream to downstream occurs through the allochthonous karstic limestone. This limestone, which is overlain by conglomerates, has a thickness increasing towards the right abutment.

To prevent seepage at the right abutment, a 200-m long and 60-m deep grout curtain along the dam axis was constructed. After the impoundment, some springs occurred downstream, and for this reason, extra grouting was performed. However, the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrological studies have been done. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to observe fluctuations of the groundwater level and to analyze hydrochemistry. Also, dye tracer tests have been carried out.

As a result of these hydrogeological studies, seepage paths were observed in the karstic limestone located between the dam and the spillway. As those carbonate rocks continue beneath the spillway, the seepage problems are enjected to continue.     

水布垭面板堆石坝垫层料渗透与渗透变形特性试验研究

水布垭水电站混凝土面板堆石坝高达233 m,垫层料的良好性能对于大坝的变形和渗流控制极为重要。文中介绍了基于混凝土面板堆石坝工程建设经验以及水布垭水电站可行性研究阶段试验成果确定的垫层功能要求和垫层料具体设计要求,垫层料的渗透性和渗透变形特性在设计要求中占有重要的位置,详细介绍了施工设计阶段针对垫层料进一步开展的系列渗透变形试验。水平试验取得的渗透系数、临界比降、破坏比降均有大于垂直试验值的趋势,水平试验模型更接近垫层实际填筑情况及其中的水流流态,所以水平试验成果更反映垫层的工程特性;随着垫层料级配和密度的变化,其渗透系数变化范围较大,总体上满足10-4～10-2 cm/s渗透系数的要求。但是,粗级配和低密度试样的渗透系数超越设计要求的上限值;临界比降和破坏比降随着垫层料级配和密度的变化没有呈现明显的规律变化,试样内部结构欠稳定。研究成果进一步说明,垫层料级配和填筑密度控制非常重要,垫层的渗透稳定性有赖于过渡区提供有效的反滤保护作用。     

Hydrogeochemical modeling of the water seepages through Tannur Dam,southern Jordan

This paper reveals the geochemical processes of dissolution, precipitation and cation exchange that took place during water–rock interaction between water seepages through the Tannur Dam. The Schoeller diagram indicates that there are three major water types originating during water–rock interaction. The first water type is characterized by low salinity that ranges from 1,300 to 2,800 µs/cm, which represents the reservoir water and the water in the right side of the central gallery. The second water type is in the left side of the central gallery, which exhibits medium salinity that reaches about 4,400 µs/cm. The third water type is characterized by very high salinity that reaches a value of around 8,500 µs/cm and represents the water in the right existing adit. The increase of salinity can be explained due to the dissolution of carbonate and sulfate minerals that form the matrix of the foundation and the abutment rocks, and the dissolution of the grout curtain, which is composed of cement and bentonite. Hydrogeochemical modeling, using a computer code PHREEQC, was used to obtain the saturation indices of specific mineral phases, which might be related to interaction with water seepages, and to identify the chemical species of the dissolved ions. The thermodynamic calculations indicate that most of the water samples were undersaturated with respect to gypsum, anhydrite and halite, and were saturated and/or supersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite. Ca(HCO₃)₂ is the primary water type, as a result of dissolution of carbonate minerals such as calcite and dolomite prevailing at the dam site. However, cation-exchange processes are responsible for the formation of the Na₂SO₄ water type from the CaSO₄ type that formed due to the dissolution of gypsum.     

Seepage problems in the right abutment of the Shahid Abbaspour dam, southern Iran

In this study, seepage phenomena through the right abutment of Shahid Abbaspour dam are investigated. The Shahid Abbaspour dam is a 200 m high arch dam, which regulates the waters of the Karun River, serves power generation, and flood control and irrigation needs. The dam site lies in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. This region presents continuous series of mainly of karstic limestone, marl, shale and gypsum ranging in age from Jurassic to Pliocene. The region has subsequently been folded and faulted. Seepage from the Shahid Abbaspour reservoir occurs mainly through the karstic limestone.The basic foundation treatment of the dam consisted of consolidation grouting, a high-pressure grout curtain and a drainage curtain. Moreover, a 144 m high and 30 m wide concrete cutoff wall was built to prevent reservoir seepage through a clay-filled fracture zone in the right abutment. The grout curtain penetrates the “Principal Vuggy Zone” only beneath the central portion of the dam and below the cutoff wall. In the right abutment fan curtains were constructed to reduce drainage flows, but the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrogeological studies have been carried out. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to monitor fluctuations in groundwater level. Besides these, water chemistry, dye tracer, pinhole and XRF tests have been carried out. As a result of these studies, seepage paths have been identified in the karstic limestone in the right abutment of the dam.     

糯扎渡水电站坝址区地下水水质及其成因分析

分析了糯扎渡水电站坝址区地下水化学成分、水质特征和形成机制，并应用图示法和聚类分析法，探讨了坝区地下水化学特征及其规律。认为坝址区各水体有一定的水力联系。     

面向对象自适应渗流有限元分析软件的研究和实现

采用面向对象技术,应用C++研制了一个自适应渗流有限元分析系统。该软件系统的前处理过程用对象化建模,具有实现方便,界面友好的优点。自适应有限元模块的引入使该系统具有规范性和客观性,计算结果不会因人而异,且后处理界面形象直观。笔者还给出了一个土坝渗流的实例,验证了该软件的可用性和优点。     

裂隙网络无压渗流分析的初流量法

借鉴初流量法的思想,引入初流速来抵消在裂隙网络干区实际不存在的流速,将Darcy定理扩展到整个区域,定义了在整个区域上的非线性边值问题,并将潜在溢出面边界条件归纳为Signorini型边界条件,建律了等价的变分不等式提法。通过结合连续型的Heaviside函数,给出了基于变分不等式的初流量有限元迭代算法,研制开发了相应的计算程序,通过两个典型算例验证了本文算法在求解复杂裂隙网络渗流自由面的有效性和鲁棒性。     

赤泥堆场岩溶渗漏治理

渗漏问题一直是赤泥堆场的一个难题。在岩溶地区的赤泥堆场,因岩溶裂隙管道的存在,渗漏的产生是必然的,而防渗处理又是一个比较复杂、系统的工程。而对堆存强碱性(溶液的pH值≥12)液、固体物的堆场,若发生废液外渗,其对环境的危害及影响都较大。对赤泥堆场岩溶渗漏通道采取垂直帷幕注浆、场内封堵落水洞、赤泥铺盖等综合防渗措施进行治理,通过灌浆前后地层的渗透性对比和泉点水质监测,结果表明防渗治理的效果很好。     

北江大堤石角段基岩渗漏评价及形态机理分析

本文从地下水动态异常入手，通过对地层透水性、地下水的流速流向分析，阐明了北江大堤石角段7＋140－7＋430存在基岩集中渗漏通道，并通过连通试验证实。最后分析了基岩集中渗漏通道形成的原因。     

A new parabolic variational inequality formulation of Signorini's condition for non‐steady seepage problems with complex seepage control systems

By extending Darcy's law to the dry domain above the free surface and specifying the boundary condition on the potential seepage surfaces as Signorini's type, a partial differential equation (PDE) defined in the entire domain of interest is formulated for non‐steady seepage flow problems with free surfaces. A new parabolic variational inequality (PVI) formulation equivalent to the PDE formulation is then proposed, in which the flux part of the complementary condition of Signorini's type in the PDE formulation is transformed into natural boundary condition. Consequently, the singularity at the seepage points is eliminated and the difficulty in selecting the trial functions is significantly reduced. By introducing an adaptive penalized Heaviside function in the finite element analysis, the numerical stability of the discrete PVI formulation is well guaranteed. The proposed approach is validated by the existing laboratory tests with sudden rise and dropdown of water heads, and then applied to capture the non‐steady seepage flow behaviors in a homogeneous rectangular dam with five drainage tunnels during a linear dropdown of upstream water head. The non‐steady seepage flow in the surrounding rocks of the underground powerhouse in the Shuibuya Hydropower Project is further modeled, in which a complex seepage control system is involved. Comparisons with the in situ monitoring data show that the calculation results well illustrate the non‐steady seepage flow process during impounding and the operation of the reservoir as well as the seepage control effects of the drainage hole arrays and drainage tunnels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维饱和-非饱和渗流场求解及其逸出面边界条件处理

对三维饱和-非饱和渗流场的有限单元法求解进行了详细论述,在边界条件中明确列出了非饱和渗流逸出面边界条件的数学表达式。为了理论上能够严密地给出非饱和逸出面的边界条件和数值处理,根据渗流场固有的物理特性,定义了极限含水率和非饱和渗流逸出面蒸逸系数两个渗透基本特性参数。针对渗流场饱和与非饱和逸出面分界线(逸出线)位置事先不知道的问题,提出在这种边界非线性渗流场迭代求解过程中,应根据中间解通过边界条件类型的转化来准确地甄别这一分界线,完整地获得精细地处理饱和及非饱和渗流逸出面边界条件的思路与方法。     

宽级配粗粒土渗透试验尺寸效应及边壁效应研究

尺寸效应及边壁效应是粗粒土渗透试验中的常见问题。采用一系列渗透试验,研究了粗粒料渗透试验的尺寸效应规律,提出了渗透仪尺寸的选择原则,即渗透仪直径与试验材料d85之比值不宜小于6;研究了不同的超径颗粒处理方法对渗透试验成果的影响,分析表明,对超径颗粒可以适度采用等量替代法,不宜采用相似级配法;研究了仪器护壁处理厚度对仪器边壁处理效果的影响,提出了确定护壁处理厚度的建议。     

堤防历史口门部位渗流控制研究

堤防历史口门部位是堤防的重大隐患,以黄河荆隆宫历史口门堤段为实例,通过公式解析法和有限元法进行了渗流计算,并对堤防历史口门部位的渗流控制措施进行了分析,研究结果表明,黄河荆隆宫历史口门堤段加固设计方案可选择减压井方案,为堤防加固设计提供了重要的依据。     

Origin of abnormal substances discharged from Baozhusi Dam Base, Sichuan, China

Baozhusi reservoir is a large-scale hydropower engineering project in Sichuan Province, China. After drainage wells were drilled in the dam base, white flocculent and black gel substances, accompanied by a rotten-egg odor, were found in some of the drainage water wells. On the basis of a brief introduction of the geological setting in Baozhusi Dam area, the origin of the abnormal substances were analyzed and discussed through the following procedures: (1) the abnormal substances were sampled and their chemical and mineral compositions were analyzed; (2) the origin of drainage waters were determined using the isotope method and well flux measurement results; (3) characteristics of chemical composition of drainage waters were discussed relative to other kinds of waters in the area; (4) process of formation of the abnormal substances were determined using hydrogeochemical methods; (5) laboratory immersion experiment was carried out to verify the conclusions. Results showed that the abnormal substances were formed by interactions between recharging water from the reservoir and dam base rock as well as dam building materials. Among these, the precipitation of calcite and dolomite, the dissolution of calcium hydroxide and anhydrite as well as the reduction of SO₄^–2 to H₂S by organic matter are the most important processes.     

Settlement and slaking problems in the world's fourth largest rock-fill dam, the Ataturk Dam in Turkey

The Ataturk Dam is the fourth largest clay cored rock-fill dam in the world. Located in southeastern Turkey, it is the centrepiece of a project called the Southeastern Anatolian Project (GAP). The construction of the dam was finished in the short time of 3 years and 8 months in August 1990. As the reservoir level started to rise, settlement problems started to occur along the crest reaching considerable levels by May 1992 and the weathered vesicular basalt used in the rock-fill section of the dam started to slake seriously. The elevation of the crest has fallen down to such an extent that now the upper part of the dam is being reconstructed to the original height of 549 m in order to maintain the 7 m freeboard and keep the dam operational. The settlement and slaking problems of the dam were investigated both in the field and the laboratory using soil and rock mechanical techniques. Standard proctor tests were run to determine the optimum moisture content at which the highest dry density (best compaction) is obtained during compaction of the impervious clay core. Consolidation tests were performed on undisturbed compacted clay core samples to determine if the field compaction of the clay core was done to the standards determined in the laboratory. Unconfined compression tests were run on the two different (sound aphanitic and weathered vesicular) basalts used in the rock-fill section of the dam to determine their unconfined compressive strengths. Slake durability tests were run on the same basalts to determine their durability under wetting and drying cycles. Petrographic and X-ray analysis were done so as to study the mineralogical contents of the two basalts and in turn, to determine the cause of rapid slaking of the vesicular textured weathered basalt. The consolidation test results show that, the field compaction of the impervious clay core of the dam was not done to the standards determined through the proctor tests in the laboratory. The unconfined compressive strength of the sound aphanitic basalt is more than ten times greater than the weathered vesicular basalt, and while the former has extremely high durability the latter only has medium durability. Because of nontronite (iron montmorillonite) and secondary calcite amygdules filling the vesicles, the weathered vesicular basalt used in the rock-fill section is slaking badly causing additional settlement and landslides both in the clay core which is already settling and the rock-fill section of the dam. With the continuing slaking, the present reconstruction of the crest up to the theoretically intended height of 549 m to maintain the 7 m freeboard and keep the dam operational seems only to be a temporary solution.     

考虑饱和-非饱和渗流作用的重庆奉节鹤峰乡场镇滑坡稳定性分析

岩土体中由于孔隙水压力的存在使得力学性状的分析变得更加复杂化,对饱和-非饱和渗流场的研究一直是岩土工程界的一大难点问题。基于三峡水库的库水位调度方案与实测月的降雨资料,分三种工况以极限平衡原理和Morgenstern-Price条分法为基础对重庆奉节鹤峰乡场镇滑坡进行了瞬态稳定性分析,研究了水分在坡体内的运移对边坡稳定性的时间影响效应。研究表明:场镇滑坡在库水位为145m与降雨耦合情况下,稳定系数1.15,不会失稳产生滑动;在降雨与库区水位175m和175m陡降至145m等因素耦合情况下失稳,稳定系数介于0.94～1.10,处于极限平衡状态及不稳定状态。