密云水库水体的地球化学特征

研究了密云水库在2001年一个完整水文年的水体地球化学特征。结果表明：该水库水质清澈，透明度平均为2．54m，pH平均值为8．81；水中溶解氧丰富，平均为6．98mg／L；有机物耗氧量平均为2．07mg／L；平均矿化度为246．97mg／L，水型属重碳酸盐类、钙组Ⅱ型水(CⅡ^Ca)。水体中的主要生物营养元素氮含量较高，总氮平均为0．96mg／L，磷含量较低，总磷平均为0．025mg／L。水库氮、磷浓度比为38．4：1，显示磷为该水体生物生产力的主要限制性营养元素。水体中重金属铬、镍的含量变化特征反映了原始老变质基岩成分的有关特点；而重金属铁、杨、铅、汞、砷的含量变化规律则显示密云水库水体已受到上游流域工业活动的影响。     

南水北调来水对密云水库水质及水生生物的影响

2015年9月11日,南水北调水正式进入密云水库,源水区丹江口水库水与密云水库水进行水质汇兑,由于两种水源水质化学特征存在差异,汇兑之后,密云水库水生态存在重构风险。因此,南水入库后,进行汇水区及整个库区的水质、水生态调查监测,明确水库水环境变化,对指导密云水库水质安全管理调度具有重要意义。通过南水入库对密云水库水质、浮游藻类、大型水生植物影响的分析,可以看出：南水入库调水初期,密云水库各水质指标(除pH外)均有所升高;pH呈先下降再升高的趋势,最低达8.2,到2020年恢复到南水入库前水平;2015-2020年密云水库各监测富营养化状态指数值在36～43之间,均为中营养水平,富营养化状态呈逐年改善趋势。库东、金沟浅水区域发生水华的概率大于深水区域;南水入库前后,密云水库浮游植物种类数量变化不大,但优势藻种构成季节变化显著;南水入库后,库区岸边带的沉水植物、挺水植物以及陆生草本植物全部被淹没致死,目前发现潮河入库口和白河入库口存在大量的水生植物,库北岸边带有狐尾藻、大茨藻零星分布。预计库岸带水生植物的大面积恢复还需要多年时间。     

海河流域大型水库饮用水水源地水环境安全评价及应用

对水库型水源地水环境安全评价的理论和方法进行研究,构建了基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-风险模型(DPSIR)的水库型水源地水环境安全评价指标体系,综合评价指标体系包括了降水、污染物入库量、水质状态指标、水质达标率以及水华爆发影响因子5个方案,11项指标。将该指标体系应用于岳城水库水环境安全评价,其结论主要有:(1)该模型的驱动力是降水带入面源污染,压力是流域输入水库的污染负荷,状态指标是TN、TP以及COD_Mn等水质参数,影响指标是水库水质达标率,风险指标则是氮磷比、水温等;(2)岳城水库4、5、6和9月处于较安全状态,但由于受地表径流污染负荷影响,在7、8月处于预警状态。将评价结果与实际水环境安全状况进行比较,吻合程度好,因此该模型可应用于海河流域大型水库饮用水水源地水环境安全评价。     

辽河大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染入库模拟

利用输出系数法和SWAT模型,对大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染(ANSP)进行了入库模拟研究,并用2006—2009年的水文和水质监测数据对模型进行了校准和验证。研究结果表明:汇水区年均输入到水库的泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷分别为82.65×103 t、1 873.49t和81.97t;月入库泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷与径流量有着较强的相关性,ANSP的产生和迁移受降水、径流过程影响很大,每年7、8月份的氮、磷和泥沙流失量达到年内最大值,分别占全年流失总量的42.64%、44.42%和67.91%。水库汇水区各流域对水库氮、磷污染的贡献率由大到小依次为:浑河流域(清原段)、苏子河流域、社河流域和水库周边小流域。     

密云水库沉积物中磷的形态和分布特征

采用连续提取化学分析技术，对密云水库的柱状沉积物和表层沉积物样品进行了磷形态的提取分析，研究了各种形态磷在表层及垂立方向上的分布特征。分析结果表明，密云水库沉积物中以无机磷为主，有机磷次之，无机磷占总磷的76．88％。95．09％。沉积物中总磷及其不同形态无机磷在垂直方向上的分布变化规律为：总磷、可溶态磷含量随深度增加而降低，Ca—P合量随深度增加而增加，Al—P和闭蓄态磷变化幅度不大，Fe—P、有机磷的垂直方向变化情况较复杂。潮、白河流域总磷与各形态磷在表层及垂直方向上的分布差异在一定程度上反映出近年来水库所受上游流域工业活动和人为污染的影响情况。     

豫西南石板沟金矿床成矿流体特征

豫西南的石板沟金矿床是一个与剪切带有关的脉状金矿。该矿床流体包裹体的系统分析结果表明：镜下石英中流体包裹体类型丰富多样。据室温状态下流体包裹体的相态、加热状态下流体包裹体的性状及产出特征。鉴别出原生富气包裹体、原生富液包裹体、原生舍子矿物多相包裹体、次生富液包裹体和次生纯液包裹体等五种类型。流体包裹体显微测温数据的统计结果显示均一温度(Th)在380～110℃之间，成矿流体最低捕获压力估计在13～74MPa之间：盐度估计在2．3％～43．0％NaCI之间；密度估计在0．84～1．15g／cm^3之间。流体组份属K^ -Na^ -Ca^2 -Mg^2 -HCO3^--CI^--SO4^2-体系。流体包裹体氢、氧和碳等稳定同住素测试结果显示δ^18OH2O为-2．49‰～-1．99‰，δDH2O为-24．0‰～33‰，δ^13Cco2为-11．12‰～-14．59‰。综合研究认为该矿床不同矿化类型的成矿流体性质不同，具有多来源特征，成矿与剪切带和中低温热液作用有关,可能是岩浆作用与动力变形变质作用紧密配合的结果。     

喀斯特地区水库回水区夏季水体二氧化碳分压变化特征及交换通量研究

为了解万峰湖水库回水区夏季水体溶解CO_2变化规律及水体"源/汇"特征,于2016年夏季对万峰湖回水区水体溶解CO_2分压进行走航监测,现场利用水质参数仪测定水体物化参数,其余水质参数于实验室进一步测定分析。结果表明:回水区表层水体pCO_2值变化范围在150.58~220.05Pa之间;水体剖面上,表层水体pCO_2值最低,随水体深度增加pCO_2值逐渐增大,在80 m处到达最大值;回水区不同于大部分云贵高原湖泊和水库,水体pCO_2表现为过饱和状态,经研究分析认为回水区周围环境、水体自身富氧条件与水体中大量物质分解是引起这一现象的主要原因;利用相关公式计算,回水区CO_2释放通量为27.4~44.2mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1),均值为37.1 mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1),水体表现为大气CO_2的"源"。     

柴河水库水环境评价及水污染治理措施探析

选取对水体富营养化状态影响较大的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、五日生化需氧量(BOD_5)、溶解氧(DO)和高锰酸钾指数(COD_(MN))这五项指标进行分析。对柴河水库2007-2016年水质进行评价,通过图表的形式分析变化趋势并进行了评价,结果发现:柴河水库近十年间水环境各项指标呈上升趋势,中氮磷超标现象严重,并引起了水体富营养化,水体污染严重,应通过加强水域治理、水源涵养、推广测土配方施肥技术等措施,积极保护环境,确保社会可持续发展。     

密云水库沉积物-水界面磷的地球化学作用

以密云水库为例，研究了水库沉积物中有机质的含量与有机磷的关系，表明表层沉积物中的总有机碳和有机磷的含量都明显高于底层，是由于一些以磷为营养素的富营养化指示藻类在水体中逐年增加，它们死亡后的残骸经分解-矿化后在底积物中累积的结果。沉积物和孔隙水中磷的剖面特征研究表明，表层沉积物和孔隙水中的磷都有明显上升的趋势，是由于沉积物的表层微生物和活性有机碎屑层比较丰富，有机质降解和含磷的有机化合物分解，使溶解性磷酸盐进入孔隙水。对沉积物磷形态、总有机碳及孔隙水中总磷对磷释放的影响进行了线性相关分析，结果表明上覆水中的磷主要来自沉积物的铁结合态磷、铝结合态磷、溶解态磷三种形态，孔隙水中总磷以及总有机碳含量对上覆水中总溶解磷浓度存在较大的影响，这些为研究水库沉积物作为水库内污染源对水质的影响提供了基础资料。     

淮南矿区塌陷塘水体水质的变化

结合物理、化学、生物学指标,采用Margelef多样性指数、营养状态综合指数法对淮南矿区塌陷塘水体水质进行定性分析和定量研究,发现水体受有机污染严重,BOD₅、COD_Cr、TP等指标含量较高,水质状况已趋于富营养化,其水体中氮的含量与水质变化的相关性明显大于磷,而且磷受环境因素影响较明显;Margelef多样性指数也由1986年的3.20减至2005年的2.21(小于2.5),营养状态综合指数为65.18,水质级别为中度富营养(Ⅳ)。这说明塌陷塘水体水质变化一方面受环境因素干扰较为严重,另一方面也有其内在的发展规律,和内陆湖泊相比有较明显的特殊性。      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861