不同海洋微藻对石油污染的响应差异

微藻对油污染物的不同响应,势必造成其群落种类组成和结构的变化,进一步影响海洋生态系统的变迁。由于油污染对于浮游植物的影响具有污染源及生物响应的多样性、多维度性和复杂性,产生影响的时效长但可显示度低等特点,造成该研究领域的极大限制。作者以石油标准品20-3和3种石油化学品(双酚、对苯二甲酸、对二甲苯)作为油污染源,利用多孔板高通量检测方法及大数据处理分析软件Simca-P,对中国沿海常见单种微型藻类的种群消长受油污染影响进行了研究。以石油标准品20-3为油污染源,分析了31株微藻增殖对不同油标浓度的不同响应;利用Simca-P软件对3种不同浓度的石油化学品对4种典型微藻(柔弱角刺藻(Chaetoceros debilis)、球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、剧毒卡罗藻(Karlodinum veneficum))增殖的影响进行了比较分析。研究结果显示:不同种类微藻因油污种类及其浓度不同,其响应存在显著差异。利用多孔板以及微藻的吸光特征,可以高通量快速筛查不同微藻对不同油污及其不同浓度的响应差异,并利用计算机软件对大数据的分析能力,挖掘和比较不同微藻与不同油污之间的相互关系,从而就油污染对微藻影响这种多维度复杂关系进行研究。     

Organic pollution of an inland marine cave from Bermuda

Inland marine caves have served as biological refugia and, as such, frequently contain unique assemblages of taxonomically significant relict populations known only from a single cave or cave system. However, the absence of photosynthesis in this totally lightless environment and the presence of a highly stratified water column and long residence times for cave waters, characteristically result in depleted dissolved oxygen levels. Under such circumstances, organic pollution, even at low levels, can produce anoxic conditions and may consequently result in the extinction of entire species of cavernicolous fauna. We here present data on the normal environment of marine caves in Bermuda and cite as an example a cave which has become grossly polluted as a result of indiscriminate dumping.     

A Canadian policy framework to mitigate plastic marine pollution

Marine pollution from plastic debris is a global problem causing negative impacts in the marine environment. Plastic marine debris as a contaminant is increasing, especially in Canada. While the impacts of macroplastics are well known in the literature, there are relatively few policy studies related to mitigating microplastic toxicity in the environment. Despite overwhelming evidence of the threat of plastic in the marine environment, there remains inadequate or limited policies to address their mitigation, particularly microplastic debris. Existing policies for waste management, marine debris monitoring and awareness campaigns were evaluated from other jurisdictions. Policies and recommendations were developed for the Canadian context. Recommendations include improved practices for: (1) law and waste management strategies; (2) education, outreach and awareness; (3) source identification; and (4) increased monitoring and further research.     

近岸海域污染的生态效应评价

近岸海域包括从潮间带至大陆架边缘内侧的水体和海底，生境复杂多变，其间生活的生物种类较丰富，根据其生活习性分为浮游生物、底栖生物和游泳生物三大生态类群。正常海域生态系统内部具有协调结构和功能，良性的物质循环和能量流动。由于近几十年海岸带地区经济的发展，近岸海域污染日益严重，海域生态系统受到极大的干扰，生态系统结构退化，生态系统的功能失调。生物种类和数量日趋减少，污染敏感种类消失，耐污种的数量增加，这种表现在生态系统中的响应即为污染生态效应。用各种定性和定量的方法对生态系统的响应做出评估，可以了解海     

海洋微塑料污染研究进展和问题

微塑料在海洋环境中广泛分布并不断累积,对海洋生态产生严重影响,已引起世界各国学者、管理者、非政府组织等社会各界的高度关注.海洋微塑料污染研究是近10 a来才发展起来的新兴研究领域,但却发展迅猛,已成为国际研究的热点和前沿.我国海洋微塑料污染研究发展较晚,与国际同行相比还有较大差距,系统性的中文文献也相对较少.本研究在对海洋微塑料污染研究国内外进展进行总结和回顾的基础上,比较分析了我国海洋微塑料污染研究与世界同领域之间的差距,归纳提出海洋微塑料污染研究应从微塑料在海洋中的时空分布、微塑料理化特性以及微塑料的海洋生态效应等三大关键问题加强研究,并围绕这些关键问题在研究方法、技术手段、危害评估标准体系等方面不断规范和创新,以促进我国海洋微塑料污染研究的快速发展.     

船舶海洋气象导航的业务概况与发展现状

通过对多家船舶海洋气象导航公司和机构的介绍,概括了国内外气象导航的业务和发展。文章分析结果表明,国外气象导航业务发展历史悠久,技术储备雄厚,业务体系完善,占据了全球气象导航业务的大部分市场份额。国内气象导航的发展历程较短,技术力量薄弱,业务量相对较少。当前国内的气象导航服务正在努力开拓创新,在信息化背景下逐步开展多样化的平台建设和产品研发,并取得了良好的进展。     

微塑料污染对海洋环境的影响

塑料工业的发展在给人类社会生产、生活带来方便的同时,大量的废旧塑料垃圾也不断产生.     

The scientific basis of marine pollution control

The author examines the scientific basis of the work of the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP). Problems of definition and methodology are discussed, and the work of GESAMP working groups on, among others, Marine Waste Disposal, Coastal Water Quality Criteria and the Impact of Oil on the Marine Environment are reported. The author concludes that marine pollution control at the international level has not been able to make much practical headway because political expectations have outstripped scientific and administrative possibilities.     

Integrated marine pollution management: A new model of marine pollution prevention and control in Kaohsiung,Taiwan

In a small island country like Taiwan, where the coastal zones have been heavily utilized, it is critical for the government to protect the health of near shore aquatic environment by enforcing the Marine Pollution Control Act (MPCA). However, the implementation of an effective plan based on MPCA is challenging local area. This is particular the case in the local level when the cross linkage among all related agencies is generally lacking. In 2004, the Kaohsiung city was aware of the shortfalls and then implemented an integrated marine pollution management system. The new system was adopted an action plan, that integrates all agencies with a strong communication mechanism. The encouraging results have shown substantial resource savings and a great improvement in water quality in the Kaohsiung marine environment. The success of this case reflects the needs for the concept of the integrated coastal zone management when dealing with marine affairs.     

指示生物在海洋污染监测中的应用

伴随着社会经济和工业的快速发展,人口的不断增长,在生产和生活过程中产生的废弃物也越来越多,这些废弃物的绝大部分最终直接或间接地进入海洋.当这些废物和污水的排放量达到一定的限度,海洋便受到了污染.污染海洋的物质众多,按污染物的性质和毒性,以及对海洋环境危害方式,大体可以把污染物分成以下几类:一是营养盐类和有机物质,如工业排出的无机氮、磷酸盐等,生活污水中的粪便、洗涤剂等;二是重金属和酸碱类物质如汞、铜、锌、镉等重金属,以及砷、硫、磷等非金属和各种酸碱;三是有毒化学制品,主要是化肥和农药的残留物[1,2].     

Bacterial response to presence of eukaryote inhibitors in water from a coastal marine environment

A method involving chemical (cycloheximide, thiram) inhibition of protozoan bacterivores was applied in an attempt to estimate marine bacterioplanktonic growth rates. The inhibitors were capable of preventing growth of marine protozoan bacterivores at concentrations which did not inhibit growth of marine bacterial assemblages. Use of the predator-inhibition method with incubated water samples from a nearshore marine environment indicated that protozoan grazing control of the size of bacterial standing crop was quite variable with time and site. The apparent degree of control ranged from non-existent to complete. As a means of estimating bacterial generation times, the predator-inhibition method gave results more closely aligned with those of a dividing-cells technique than a [³H]thymidine technique.     

The regional approach to management of marine pollution in the South Pacific

Marine pollution does not recognise maritime boundaries. Consequently, protection of the marine environment from pollution must involve an international cooperative effort, with near neighbours, in particular, working together to protect coastal and ocean areas close to their political boundaries. This paper describes a regional approach adopted from 1988 to 1994 in the South Pacific Region to address marine pollution problems. Some 25 countries and territories lie within the region. Apart from Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea, the countries of the region consist basically of a large number of small islands separated by substantial stretches of ocean. Growing populations and demands for better living standards are exerting increasing pressures on coastal and marine resources, leading in some cases to significant marine pollution. The Region has limited financial and technical resources to address such problems and countries have therefore determined to assess and control them through a concerted regional approach. This paper reviews aspects of this effort, outlining the methods adopted, describing the outcomes and discussing the problems and lessons learned.     

海洋微塑料污染现状及其对鱼类的生态毒理效应

海洋微塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题,鉴于微塑料特殊的理化性质,其对海洋生物和海洋生态系统的生态效应愈发受到关注。本文在综述海洋微塑料来源、类型和分布状况的基础上,探讨了鱼类摄入微塑料的途径及其生态毒理学效应。研究表明,全球近岸、大洋和极地海域均有微塑料分布,我国微塑料污染亦较为严重。微塑料会对包括鱼类在内的海洋生物生存造成威胁,其被鱼类摄入的主要途径是经口误食,微塑料进入鱼体后可在不同组织和器官中迁移,消化道是主要蓄积器官。微塑料对海洋鱼类的生态毒理效应主要包括:（1）影响生殖与精卵发生;（2）降低存活率;（3）影响生长发育;（4）扰乱行为;（5）导致组织病变与炎症反应;（6）导致代谢紊乱;（7）干扰神经系统;（8）导致氧化应激;（9）干扰内分泌等。未来研究应重点关注微塑料在海洋生态系统中的迁移扩散过程、不同浓度和粒径微塑料对鱼类的生态毒理效应及致毒机制研究、微塑料和其他典型海洋污染物对鱼类的联合毒性效应,以及微塑料与海洋酸化、缺氧、升温等全球环境问题的叠加效应等。     

Hydroelastic response of marine risers subjected to internal slug-flow

It is the purpose of this study to investigate the dynamic behaviour of catenary pipelines for marine applications, assuming the combined effect of harmonic motions imposed at the top, and the internal slug-flow. The analysis is based on the assumption of a steady slug-flow inside the pipe that results in a relatively simplified model for the formulation of the internal flow. The slug-flow model is described using several assumptions and empirical correlations which attempt to reveal the ill-understood and concealed properties of the slug-flow. The pipeline dynamics are investigated in the two dimensional space omitting the out-of-plane vibrations. The system of differential equations is generic and accounts for the steady effect of the internal liquid as is conveyed through the structure.The two models, those of the internal slug-flow and the pipeline’s dynamical model, are properly combined through the internal flow terms of the dynamic equilibrium system. The solution provided is achieved using a frequency domain technique which is applied to the linearized governing set. The effect of the slug-flow is assessed through comparative computations with and without internal flow effects. The conclusions are drawn having the structure excited under axial and normal motions paying particular attention to the variation of the dynamic components along the complete length of the pipeline.     

海洋污染监测在海洋环境保护中的地位与作用

近20年来,海洋经济已经从传统的海洋捕捞、晒盐、航运逐步发展成为包括旅游、海水增养殖、海洋生物工程、海洋油气开采、盐化工、港口建设在内的新兴海洋产业体系。但一些不合理的开发也使海洋资源和环境遭到严重破坏,直接损害了海洋经济的可持续发展。因此,新修订的《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》(以下简称《海洋环境保护法》)加强了海洋环境保护管理,而作为海洋环境保护管理组成部分的海洋污染监测也将发挥更大的作用。     

Persistent threats need persistent counteraction: Responding to PCB pollution in marine mammals

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a type of persistent organic pollutant (POP) that continues to pose a significant environmental threat to humans and wildlife. Recent scientific evidence shows that very high PCB concentrations are still major causes of contemporary declines in European cetacean populations, and potentially other marine apex predators globally. Currently, controls on PCBs are insufficient, on their own, to fully protect human health or to conserve wildlife. Although the Stockholm Convention provides a global framework to address PCBs, there appears to be a systemic shortfall of many parties of the Convention to provide sufficient prioritisation and resources for effective implementation. A 2015 United Nations Environment Programme assessment estimates that the vast majority of PCB-contaminated equipment and materials, around 14 million tonnes, still requires elimination. At present rates of PCB elimination or mitigation, many countries, including some European countries, will not achieve the 2025 and 2028 targets of the Stockholm Convention. It is imperative that the Conference of the Parties for the Stockholm Convention conclude article 17 negotiations on a compliance mechanism for the Convention as soon as possible. To help mobilise global efforts towards eliminating the threat from PCBs, an enforceable, effective and robust compliance mechanism should be established, along with capacity building support for developing countries. In Europe, renewed action is needed to reduce PCB contamination, in order to prevent some killer whale (Orcinus orca) and other dolphin populations from continuing to slowly decline, potentially towards extinction.     

Ballasting outside port to prevent spread of butyltin from merchant ships

Most international discussions on ballast water management onboard ships have been virtually on the prevention of the transport of biotic alien species. This study focuses on how to improve this limited knowledge regarding the transport of butyltin compounds via ballasting. Butyltin compounds in ballast water, extracted from three sea-going merchant ships with similar voyage routes and berth ports but with different ballasting practices, were determined. Only monobutyltin (8–57 ng l^?1) and dibutyltin (10–32 ng l^?1) onboard two general cargo ships were detected in the ballast water taken outside the ports. In contrast, significant tributyltin (23–93 ng l^?1) was detected onboard the container ship in the ballast water pumped inside the loading/unloading ports. The comparison results from this study indicate that the risk of tributyltin transfer may be effectively prevented by ballasting outside the ports.     

船舶受冲击力作用时的水动力试验研究

根据冲量相似的要求进行船舶在冲击作用下的模型试验，并将模型试验结果与理论计算及实际试验进行了对比和分析。     

气候-海洋变动的生态响应研究进展

以对太平洋与大西洋现象的观察和分析为主线,论述了年际与年代际变动及其可能的机制,综述了气候-海洋变动生态响应国际、国内的研究现状。在太平洋和大西洋都出现了类似的浮游动物、鱼类群落组成和丰度的年际及年代际变动的现象,并发现了直接与某些强E lN in~o事件对应的从营养盐到叶绿素含量变动的信号,虽然目前尚缺乏物理-化学-生物过程上长期、有力的观测证据,但是海流的强弱变动很可能是导致这种生态响应的关键驱动力。国内在该领域的研究相对比较薄弱,未来需要着力解决该领域中存在的生态响应机制、区域响应形态不清等关键的科学问题。