黄河内蒙古段上覆水、悬浮物和底泥重金属特征及生态风险研究

系统地采集黄河内蒙古段上覆水、悬浮物和底泥样品,分析其中重金属元素的含量。采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害系数法,研究了黄河干流内蒙古段的上覆水、悬浮物和底泥的重金属沿程分布特征、污染程度和生态风险。分析结果显示:除了As元素,悬浮物中重金属元素含量总体上高于底泥中的含量。地质累积指数法评价结果表明:悬浮物和底泥属于无污染—中度污染,悬浮物总体上比底泥污染严重;潜在生态危害系数法评价结果表明:底泥和悬浮物中重金属的生态危害总体上属轻微状态;因此,生态风险指数法和地质累积指数评价结果基本一致。     

Behavior and budget of dissolved uranium in the lower reaches of the Yellow (Huanghe) River: Impact of Water–Sediment Regulation Scheme

The Water–Sediment Regulation Scheme (WSRS) is an important water conservancy project in the Yellow River basin, which is usually operated annually from June to July to control water and sediment release from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir in the middle reaches. As a greatly concentrated period of delivering terrigenous materials from the Yellow River to the sea, the WSRS can serve as a natural laboratory to examine the geochemical behavior of elements during their transport along the river. Uranium isotopes (²³⁴U and ²³⁸U) were measured in Yellow River waters at stations Xiaolangdi (located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River) and Lijin (the last hydrologic station near the Yellow River estuary) during the WSRS 2012. Compared with station Xiaolangdi, dissolved uranium concentration at station Lijin was markedly higher, showing a significant impact from the WSRS. Budget calculation for dissolved uranium during the WSRS indicated that two major sources of new added dissolved uranium in the section of the Yellow River between Xiaolangdi and Lijin: suspended particles (46%) and porewater of bottom sediment (45%). The flux of dissolved uranium from the Yellow River to the sea was estimated to be 2.40 × 10⁷ g during the WSRS 2012.     

黄河的输沙量：过去、现在和将来——距今15万年以来的黄河泥沙收支表

黄河于150 ka BP切穿三门峡，东流入海。黄河泥沙90%来自黄土高原。黄土高原土地利用和植被的变化对黄河输沙有决定性的影响。15万年以来，黄河进入华北平原的泥沙约70 000×108 t，其中10 ka BP以前占80%。10 ka BP以后的输沙量中，最后1040年黄土高原滥垦时期占60%。黄河泥沙的归宿，建造华北大平原占73%，流入海洋占26%。现在，黄河每年流入北黄海的泥沙不足0.2×108  t，其输运主要受海洋环流系统的影响。现在黄海每年向东海输运悬浮沉积物0.2×108~0.3×108 t，主要为废黄河三角洲及水下三角洲受侵蚀再悬浮的黄河泥沙。1996—2000年黄河下游连年断流，利津站的年径流量和输沙量只有1950—1979年30年平均的19%左右。今后20~30年内，由于气候变暖、工业、城市等引黄水量增加，黄河的入海泥沙量仍将偏少。     

黄河口有机碳的时空输运特征及其影响因素分析

通过2004年4月,2004年9月,2005年9月,2006年4月4个航次,结合2003年8月对河道感潮带的连续同步观测,对低流量下黄河口有机碳的输运特征进行了考察。结果发现:黄河输入至河口的悬浮物中颗粒有机碳(POC)含量约为0.51%,主要以陆源输入为主,几乎不受季节变化影响,由于大量POC含量低的陆源泥沙的稀释作用,浮游植物对总颗粒有机碳的贡献只有在悬浮物含量(TSS)<200mg/L时才能显现出来;黄河口TSS超过455mg/L时,有机碳入海以颗粒有机碳为主;反之,以溶解有机碳为主。黄河口悬浮物在低盐度区沉降作用前后的中值粒径降低,Φ>16μm的悬浮物的沉降作用比Φ<16μm的悬浮物更为剧烈,POC含量随悬浮物粒径的降低而升高,黄河携带的颗粒有机碳80%以上集中在Φ<16μm的TSS中;低流量下,黄河口最大混浊带对POC的过滤效率为65%,混浊带对POC的过滤效应能造成黄河口POC的有效通量被高估;由于受黄河口沉积物向水体解析DOC的影响,在盐度小于10时,DOC几乎不受海水稀释作用的影响,但在盐度大于10的区域DOC与盐度表现出良好的负相关关系,黄河口枯、丰水期淡水端溶解有机碳的有效浓度分别高于实测最高值20%和10%左右,从而造成黄河口DOC有效通量被低估。     

黄河水及其悬浮物硅同位素组成的变化特征及其地质环境意义

2005年7月沿黄河干流及4条主要支流系统采集了28个水样,对水及悬浮物的化学组成、矿物组成、水化学成分和硅同位素组成进行了综合分析.黄河水中悬浮物在不同站点的浓度差异悬殊,由8.8～302120mg/L不等,与黄河两岸人类活动(水库、牧场、农田)和自然环境变化(流域岩性、植被覆盖程度)关系密切.悬浮物中SiO2含量介...     

我国古代黄河水利工程活动对环境的影响

历代治理黄河的工程活动,都着眼于治水,而忽视了治沙,以致黄河逐渐成为地上悬河和黄淮海平原的分水岭。这既改变了我国第一大平原的原生地质环境,又在近800余年来建造了面积达10000km2以上的渤海、黄海三角洲和苏北滨海平原的新的地质环境。此文根据历史事实,建议改变传统的治黄观念,应该重视黄河泥沙这一宝贵财富,有目的、有计划地,而不是任其自然地将黄河泥沙引到适宜的地区填海造陆。黄土高原水土流失,泥沙无穷,黄河搬运日久天长,较之挖山填海,优越无比。该文认为黄河泥沙造陆的理想地区是苏北的黄海之滨,而不是渤海。渤海面积狭小,又是我国的内海。以黄河泥沙填于渤海指日可待,而渤海变陆,对华北、东北的气候、水文、环境等都十分不利。     

榆林黄河中游粗泥沙区生态问题与生态格局构建

黄河中游粗泥沙是黄河下游地上悬河形成的最重要组成物质,从源头遏制粗泥沙入黄是保障黄河长久安澜的根本之策。笔者采用从大尺度向小尺度梯度分析、生态问题识别诊断与综合评判等方法,确定了陕西省榆林市北部7个黄河一级支流区为粗泥沙主要来源区,并在识别出粗泥沙主要来源区生态问题及其之间关联性、紧迫度、优先度的基础上,提出了榆林黄河中游粗沙区生态保护修复的系统性对策。即围绕2个核心目标、3个关键问题,将研究区划分为10个保护修复单元,提出布局7类工程和29个子项目,构建“1廊2带3区多点” 的人与自然和谐共生的生态安全格局,从而达到提升粗泥沙集中来源区生态系统稳定性和韧性,实现从源头遏制粗泥沙入黄,缓解拦沙坝、水库和“地上悬河”泥沙淤积压力的目标。研究成果对于保障中国北方生态安全和能源资源安全等具有极为重要的意义。     

黄河下游洪水冲淤相对平衡的分组含沙量阈值探讨

河床冲淤相对平衡下的洪水分组含沙量阈值是多泥沙河流水沙调控的重要参数.基于河床演变学的原理,根据黄河下游200余场次洪水实测资料,探讨了洪水分组含沙量阈值和分组来沙系数阈值.研究表明,黄河下游洪水过程中,在一定的分组含沙量及来沙系数条件下,可以使得河床冲淤达到相对平衡.对于悬沙以细泥沙为主的洪水,其河槽冲淤临界含沙量与主槽单宽流量、最大日均流量、花园口以下河段最小平滩流量、床沙中值粒径大于0.05 mm的沙重百分数有关;对于悬沙以中粗泥沙为主的临界含沙量则与粒径大于0.05 mm的沙重百分数无关;对于悬沙以粗泥沙为主的临界含沙量除与细泥沙临界含沙量的因素有关外,还与悬沙中值粒径小于0.025 mm、大于0.05 mm的沙重百分数有关.对于含沙量级相近的洪水,若流量级不同,同样可以产生不同的冲淤结果,即存在着分组来沙系数临界值.     

基于RS、GIS集成技术的黄河三角洲海岸线变迁研究

海岸线变迁是黄河三角洲地区重大环境地质问题之一。本文应用RS、GIS集成技术,通过对黄河三角洲海岸线钓口段、黄河港段和河口段3个区段28年(1976—2004年)MSS和TM系列影像数据的分析研究,发现了1976年黄河人工改道后三角洲海岸线变迁的总体规律与趋势,即北部钓口地区不断侵蚀、后退,东北部黄河港地区基本稳定,南部河口地区不断淤积、前进。这一发现对该区域的资源开发、环境保护等具有重要的指导意义。     

南海湖沉积物重金属形态分布及其对水质影响的研究

通过对包头市南海湖沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的形态、AVS和SEM、上覆水、上覆过滤水及沉积物间隙水重金属的系统分析，结合南海湖为黄河新成牛轭湖的特点，与黄河进行了对比，研究了重金属在固、液两相间的迁移转化规律，结果表明南海湖与黄河沉积物中重金属的残渣态非常接近，反映了沉积的同源性，Pb和Cd次生相则明显在南海湖发生富集，上覆水中重金属81.0%以上均结合在悬浮物上，南海湖水质长期Cu超标的现象是由沉积物的释放造成的，研究证明间隙水为重金属向上覆水迁移起到桥梁通道作用；有机络合物的络合作用超过AVS的沉淀作用，是导致Cu向水相扩散迁移的主导因子。     

黄河悬河研究及其专家系统研制

本文在分析了大量研究资料的基础上,提出了一套以地壳,堤坝和地基三系统控制论为理论基础,以工程治理与环境治理,环境治理与经济发展,地质工程治理与水利工程治理相结合为治理对策的研究思路,在此基础上,利用人工智能技术,研制了黄河下游悬浮河稳定性评价专家系统（ＳＳＲＰＰ系统）,并运用该系统对黄河下游悬河郑州铁桥－彭楼集段等进行了稳定性分析,评价结果与实际情况吻合。     

全新世淮河三角洲初步研究

1128年以前淮河是位于我国东部独立入黄海的一条大河。1128年黄河下游河道决口改道,夺淮入黄海,结束了淮河三角洲的活动。尽管1855年黄河再次改道回归渤海,但是1851年洪泽湖大堤决口,此后淮河成为长江的一条支流。根据近几十年来苏北全新世沉积研究成果及淮河、江苏近岸海洋水文状况,推测7000aB.P.~1128年形成的淮河三角洲形成、演化和特征。1128年以前淮河口及其附近海域东北向和东北偏北向波浪强,在波浪和沿岸流的作用下,沉积物优势运移方向为SSE,河口南侧形成两条延伸很远的海岸砂堤(障壁坝-海滩脊),其内侧为泻湖和海岸低地,形成一个明显不对称的淮河三角洲。淮河三角洲发育历经两个阶段: 早期阶段为7000~3500aB.P. ,东岗砂堤逐渐形成,加宽; 晚期阶段3500aB.P.~1128年西岗砂堤逐渐形成,加宽。     

Behavior of Uranium in the Yellow River Plume (Yellow River Estuary)

The Yellow River (Huanghe) is the second largest river in China and is known for its high turbidity. It also has remarkably high levels of dissolved uranium (U) concentrations (up to 38 nmol 1^-1). To examine the mixing behavior of dissolved U between river water and seawater, surface water samples were collected along a salinity gradient from the Yellow River plume during September 2004 and were measured for dissolved U concentration,²³⁴U:²³⁸U activity ratio, phosphate (PO₄ ^3–), and suspended particulate matter. Laboratory experiments were also conducted to simulate the mixing process in the Yellow River plume using unfiltered Yellow River water and filtered seawater. The results showed a nonconservative behavior for dissolved U at salinities < 20 with an addition of U to the plume waters estimated at about 1.4 X 10⁵ mol yr^–1. A similarity between variations in dissolved U and PO₄ ^3– with salinity was also found. There are two major mechanisms, desorption from suspended sediments and diffusion from interstitial waters of bottom sediments, that may cause the elevated concentrations of dissolved U and PO₄ ^3– in mid-salinity waters. Mixing experiments indicate that desorption seems more responsible for the elevated dissolved U concentrations, whereas diffusion influences more the enrichment of PO₄ ^3–.     

Impact of human activity and climate change on suspended sediment load: the upper Yellow River, China

Fluvial suspended sediment has multi-fold environmental implications and the study of the variation in suspended sediment load (SSL) of rivers is important both in environmental earth sciences and in river environmental management. Based on data collected for the upper Yellow River of China in the past 50–60 years, the purpose of this study is to elucidate the impact of human activity and climate change on SSL, thereby to provide some knowledge for the improvement of the drainage basin management. The results show that the SSL of the upper Yellow River exhibited a remarkable decreasing trend. A number of reservoirs trapped a considerable amount of sediment, resulting in a reduction in SSL at Toudaoguai station, the most downstream station of the upper Yellow River. The analyses based on Mann–Kendall’U and double-mass plot indicate some turning points, which were caused by the Liujiaxia and Longyangxia Reservoirs, two major reservoirs on the upper Yellow River. The implementation of soil and water conservation measures reduced the runoff coefficient, and therefore, the intensity of soil erosion. The climate change also played a role in reducing sediment yield. The increase in air temperature enhanced the evapo-transpiration and reduced the runoff, by which the SSL decreased. The decreased frequency of sand-dust storms reduced the amount of wind-blown, sand and dust to the river reaches located in desert, also reducing the SSL. Seven influencing variables are selected to describe the changing human activity and climate. As some of the influencing variables are strongly inter-correlated, the principle component regression was used to establish the relationship between SSL and the influencing variables. The squared multiple correlation coefficient is R ² = 0.823. Some further research is suggested with the minerals and pollutants related with the SSL.     

基于泥沙中碳含量的变化表征黄河调水调沙入海泥沙的扩散范围

主要通过黄河口悬浮物中有机碳和无机碳的含量,表征黄河调水调沙入海的泥沙在黄河口外近海的扩散范围。结果表明:黄河口入海前泥沙中的颗粒无机碳(PIC),颗粒有机碳(POC)具有稳定性,分别为(1.75×0.28)%和(0.51×0.08)%;在悬浮物含量约为30 mg/L时,黄河口临近海区悬浮物中的PIC、POC含量分别出现突跃性降低和升高趋势,叶绿素分析表明,POC含量的升高是由于浮游植物对颗粒有机碳贡献的结果,同时正构烷烃轻重比值ΣC₂₀-/ΣC₂₀+和碳优势指数(CPI)值也分别增加和降低;X衍射发现悬浮物浓度低于30 mg/L时,黄河泥沙在悬浮物中所占比例迅速下降,从而造成悬浮物中PIC突跃性下降;因此,黄河口近海悬浮物含量30 mg/L可以被认为是陆源和海源颗粒物对黄河口近海区悬浮物贡献的有效分界线。调水调沙入海的泥沙在黄河口外近海表层主要扩散到河口以南海域,而底层扩散范围主要集中在河口以北和河口以南海域,这些泥沙最终可能停留在莱州湾中部。     

黄河包头段颗粒物中轻稀土元素的分布特征

干流表层沉积物和悬浮物中各轻稀土元素的总量、非稳定态及非稳定态之和的横向分布特征,以及稀土元素的配分模式和地球化学特征参数均揭示,来自包头市工业废水的外源轻稀土元素对黄河包头段干流具有一定的迭加作用;柱状沉积物中各轻稀土元素的含量、非稳定态及其非稳定态之和的纵向变化规律则揭示,这种迭加作用呈逐年递减之势,但又由于支流柱状沉积物中非稳定态稀土元素的含量较高,从而仍有对干流产生进一步迭加的潜势。     

Comparison of detrital mineral compositions between stream sediments of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) and the Yellow River (Huanghe) and their provenance implication

A comparative comparative study on the detrital mineral composition of stream sediments of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) and Yellow River (Huanghe) shows that, light minerals of the Yangtze River basin were mainly quartz, feldspar, and detritus, the compositional characteristics of light minerals differed among tributaries, the main stream had a generally higher maturity index than tributaries; heavy mineral content tended to decrease progressively from the upper stream to lower stream of the Yangtze River, the primary assemblage was magnetite-hornblende-augite-garnet-epidote, and diagnostic minerals of different river basins were capable of indicating the nature and distribution of the source rock. Detrital mineral assemblages in sediments of tributaries and the main stream of the Yellow River were basically similar, Primary heavy mineral assemblage was opaque mineral-garnet-epidote-carbonate mineral and alteration mineral. Variations in the contents of garnet, opaque mineral, and hornblende mainly reflected the degree of sedimentary differentiation in suspended sediment and the hydrodynamic intensity of a drainage system. The heavy mineral differentiation index F revealed sedimentary differentiation of diagnostic detrital mineral composition due to changes in regional hydrodynamic intensity and can serve as an indicator for studying the dynamic sedimentary environment of a single-provenance river and the degree of sedimentary differentiation of its detrital minerals. Changes in detrital mineral content of the Yellow River was not completely controlled by provenance but reflected gravity sorting of the detrital mineral due to variations in the ephemeral river hydrodynamic intensity and sedimentary environment, however the index changing of Yangtze River were mainly influenced by the complex sediment sources. Therefore caution must be exercised in using the detrital mineral composition of marginal sea to determine the contribution of the Yangtze River and Yellow River.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

黄河口及邻近渤海海域悬浮体和沉积物中有机碳、氮的分布特征及其影响因素

利用元素分析仪对2007年获取的黄河口及邻近渤海海域悬浮体和沉积物进行了有机碳、氮含量分析.结果表明,在同一站位有机碳大体上的分布为,表层沉积物中TOC含量≤底层悬浮体中POC含量<表层悬浮体中POC含量;依据表层沉积物中TOC、TN含量和悬浮体中POC的分布,研究区可划分为5个区,依次为莱州湾西部靠近黄河口区(Ⅰ和Ⅱ...     

黄河中游对硝基氯苯传输迁移转化模拟

进行了对硝基氯苯在黄河中游天然河道中的输送、迁移和转化的水质模拟研究。重点研究了大量泥沙对对硝基氯苯运动和归宿的影响及水质模型的率定和检验方法。模拟了在点源输入下,不同水情期,泥沙不同冲、淤格局的对硝基氯苯的输移。该水质模型由三个子模型构成,除了描述水流运动的水动力学模型外,还有描述河中可溶性有机碳沿程变化和对硝基氯苯在泥沙中的分配及其光解、挥发作用的子模型。     

3种生物聚合物改良粉土的持水特性研究

针对黄河流域水土流失防治,以往多采用水泥等灰色材料进行加固筑堤,但生态环境破坏严重。为响应黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的国家战略,采用环境友好的生物聚合物对黄河流域典型粉土进行改良,通过WP4C仪测量生物聚合物改良粉土的持水特性,并从微观角度分析了生物聚合物改良粉土持水特性的机制。研究结果表明,与未改良土相比,生物聚合物改良粉土饱和含水率增大,孔隙比增大,持水能力显著提高。黄原胶、结冷胶、瓜尔胶改良粉土的持水能力均随着掺量的增加而增加,结冷胶改良的效果优于黄原胶、瓜尔胶。其机制为生物聚合物颗粒经过水合作用形成水凝胶,填充颗粒间孔隙,增加颗粒之间的黏结性。而且黄原胶、结冷胶改良粉土中形成类似蜂巢结构的孔隙空间,为其提供储水空间,进而提高改良土的持水特性。上述研究结果可为生物聚合物安全、科学地应用于黄河流域水土流失的防治提供科学依据。