Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma,Fantale volcano,Ethiopia

To determine the pre-eruptive composition of peralkaline magma at Frantale volcano, Ethiopia, we have studied glass inclusions in phenocrysts from a lateceupting, glassy pantelleritic lava flow. Matrix glass and crystal-free glass inclusions in quartz were analyzed for all major and most minor elements by electron microprobe and for H₂O and 15 lithophile trace elements by ion microprobe (SIMS). Compositions of inclusions may have been slightly modified by post-trapping quartz crystallization, the average concentrations of all constituents but silica may be artificially high by 10% relative. Glass inclusions contain extreme enrichments in H₂O (mean of 4.6 to 4.9 wt%) and several lithophile trace elements, which suggest that the lava erupted from a highly evolved, water-rich fraction of magma. The pre-eruptive concentration of water was much higher than that generally considered to occur in pantellerite magmas. Trends observed for lithophile elements in whole-rock samples from pre-,syn-and post-caldera eruptive units are mimicked in glass inclusions from the studied pantellerite lava; concentrations of Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, and Ce±Cl increase with progressive differentiation. With the exception of Cl and H₂O contents, the composition of matrix glass is similar to that of glass inclusions suggesting: that few constituents exsolved from magma or cooling glass; eruption and quench of the lava occurred rapidly; and the matrix glass is, largely, compositionally representative of melt. Higher average abundances of Cl and H₂O in glass inclusions suggest that these volatiles exsolved after melt entrapment; degassing could have occurred as either an equilibrium or disequilibrium process.     

Geochemical evolution of a shallow magma plumbing system during the last 500 years, Miyakejima volcano, Japan: Constraints from U-Th-Ra systematics

In order to unravel magma processes and the geochemical evolution of shallow plumbing systems beneath active volcanoes, we investigated U-series disequilibria of rocks erupted over the past 500 years (1469-2000 AD) from Miyakejima volcano, Izu arc, Japan. Miyakejima volcanic rocks show ²³⁸U-²³⁰Th-²²⁶Ra disequilibria with excess ²³⁸U and ²²⁶Ra, due to the addition of slab-derived fluids to the mantle wedge. Basaltic bombs of the 2000 AD eruption have the lowest (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) ratio compared to older Miyakejima eruptives, yielding the youngest ²³⁸U-²³⁰Th model age of 2 kyr. This reinforces our previous model that fluid release from the slab and subsequent magma generation in the mantle wedge beneath Miyakejima occur episodically on a several-kyr timescale. In the last 500 years, Miyakejima eruptives show: (1) a vertical trend in a (²³⁰Th/²³²Th)-(²³⁸U/²³²Th) diagram and (2) a positive linear correlation in a (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th)₀ − 1/²³⁰Th diagram, which is also observed in lavas from some of the single eruptions (e.g., 1940, 1962, and 1983 AD). The variations cannot be produced by simple fractional crystallization in a magma chamber with radioactive decay of ²³⁰Th and ²²⁶Ra, but it is possibly produced by synchronous generation of melts in the mantle wedge with different upwelling rate or addition of multiple slab-derived fluids. A much more favorable scenario is that some basaltic magmas were intermittently supplied from deep in the mantle and injected into the crust, subsequently modifying the original magma composition and producing variations in (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) and (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th)₀ ratios via assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC). The assimilant of the AFC process would be a volcanic edifice of previous Miyakejima magmatism. Due to the relatively short timescales involved, the interaction between the assimilant and recent Miyakejima magmatism has not been recorded by the Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systems. In such cases, Th isotopes and (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th) ratio are excellent geochemical tracers of magmatic evolution.     

加勒比海小安德列斯岛弧Kick’emJenny海底火山岩的斜长石成分环带:示踪大洋岛弧岩浆房的演化

我们对采自于加勒比海地区小安德列斯岛弧(Lesser Antilles Arc)Kick’em Jenny(KEJ)海底火山玄武岩中的斜长石斑晶进行了矿物形态和成分分析。利用电子探针(EMPA)和LA-ICP-MS测定了具有环带结构的斜长石斑晶中主量元素的空间分布,同时也利用LA-ICP-MS分析了斜长石中Sr的分布。结果表明,在不同的矿物斑晶中,元素含量均表现出和环带结构相联系的空间分布变化。斜长石斑晶中最主要的结构为韵律环带以及熔蚀结构,所测定的矿物边缘都存在An值从由内向外迅速降低的致密韵律环带,可能反映了快速结晶时的不平衡;而晶体内部的稀疏韵律环带结构是由岩浆填充或对流活动导致的。部分斜长石的熔蚀层An值由内向外升高,反映了高Ca岩浆填充的过程。这说明斜长石斑晶的矿物形态和元素环带可以用来制约俯冲带海底火山岩浆从源区上升到岩浆房再到喷发的复杂过程,包括岩浆演化、熔体多次填充、熔体与结晶矿物之间的反应、以及矿物再熔融等。这对于理解海底火山的喷发以及岛弧岩浆岩的演化有重要意义。     

Influence of oxygen fugacity on mineral compositions in peralkaline melts: The Katzenbuckel volcano, Southwest Germany

The igneous rocks of the Katzenbuckel, Southwest Germany, represent a unique and unusual alkaline to peralkaline association within the European Volcanic Province. The magmatic activity can be subdivided into two main phases. Phase I comprises the main rock bodies of phonolite and nepheline syenite, which were later intruded by different peralkaline dyke rocks (tinguaites and alkali feldspar syenite dykes) of phase II. The dyke assemblage was accompanied by magnetite and apatite veins and was followed by a late-stage pneumatolytic activity causing autometasomatic alterations.

As is typical for alkaline to peralkaline igneous rocks, early mafic minerals of phase I rocks comprise olivine, augite and Fe–Ti oxides, which are substituted in the course of fractionation by Na-amphibole and Na-pyroxene. For the early magmatic stage, calculated temperatures range between 880 and 780 °C with low silica activities (0.4 to 0.6) but high relative oxygen fugacities between 0.5 and 1.9 log units above the FMQ buffer. Even higher oxygen fugacities (above the HM buffer) are indicated for the autometasomatic alteration, which occurred at temperatures between 585 and 780 °C and resulted in the formation of pseudobrookite and hematite.

The unusually high oxygen fugacities (even during the early magmatic stage) are recorded by the major element compositions of the mafic minerals (forsterite content in olivine between 68 and 78 mol%, up to 6.2 wt.% ZrO₂ and 8.5 wt.% TiO₂ in clinopyroxene), the unusual mineral assemblages (pseudobrookite, freudenbergite) and by the enrichment of Fe³⁺ in the felsic minerals (up to 2.8 wt.% Fe₂O₃ in alkali feldspar and up to 2.6 wt.% Fe₂O₃ in nepheline). These observations point to a metasomatically enriched and highly oxidized lithospheric mantle as a major source for the Katzenbuckel melts.     

The primitive lavas of Roccamonfina volcano,Roman region,Italy: new constraints on melting processes and source mineralogy

Within a large collection of lavas from the Roccamonfina volcano are rocks which represent the most mafic samples yet recorded from Roccamonfina and which are amongst the least differentiated lavas found in the Roman co-magmatic region as a whole. These rocks extend both high-K and low-K series to more primitive values. However, petrographic and geochemical considerations rule out a primary origin, and even these mafic samples appear to record the effects of repeated episodes of fractional crystallization and hybridization. Relatively potassic samples from the low-K series are apparently transitional between low-K and high-K series, as previously delineated. However, these intermediate-K samples are not transitional in their Sr isotopic composition, suggesting that there is no continuum between low-K and high-K magma source regions. Rather, the compositional range within the low-K series appears predominantly to reflect variation in the degree of melting of a common mantle source. Analysis of the low-K series data, using an inverse method suggests a source containing amphibole and garnet, and indicates that these phases were consumed during the melting processes responsible for the low-K series magmas. The role of amphibole is further indicated by the association of low K₂O with elevated Rb concentration and, for example, higher Ce/Yb. Such variations are taken to reflect the consumption of high K/Rb amphibole during the initial phase of partial melting.     

Minor- and trace-element zoning in plagioclase: implications for magma chamber processes at Parinacota volcano, northern Chile

Textural and compositional zoning in plagioclase phenocrysts in a sample from Parinacota volcano (Chile) was investigated using backscattered electron images and electron microprobe analysis of major and trace elements. Large (2 mm) oscillatory zoned crystals (type I) with resorption surfaces of moderate An discontinuities (Ⲓ% An) and decreasing trace-element contents (Sr, Mg, Ti) towards the rim reflect melt differentiation and turbulent convection in the main magma body. Early recharge with a low-Sr mafic magma is seen in the core. Small-scale Sr variations in the core indicate limited diffusion and thus residence and differentiation times of the magma shorter than a few thousand years. Smaller crystals (type II) with low trace-element/An ratio reflect the influence of an H₂O-rich melt probably from a differentiated boundary layer. Closed-system in-situ crystallisation, mafic magma recharge and the role of a water-rich differentiated boundary layer can be distinguished from the An-trace element relationships. Crystals apparently move relatively freely between different parts and regimes in the magma chamber, evidence for "convective crystal dispersion". High-Sr type II crystals indicate an earlier input of Sr-rich mafic magma. Recharge of two distinct mafic magma types is thus identified (high-Sr and low-Sr), which must have been present - at increasing recharge rates with time - in the plumbing system throughout the volcano's history.     

Chemical and thermal zonation in a mildly alkaline magma system Infiernito Caldera,Trans-Pecos Texas

Postcollapse lavas of the Infiernito caldera grade stratigraphically upward from nearly aphyric, high-silica rhyolite (76% SiO₂) to highly prophyritic trachyte (62% SiO₂). Plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite occur as phenocrysts throughout the sequence. Sanidine, biotite, and zircon are present in rocks with more than about 67% SiO₂. Major and trace elements show continuous variations from 62 to 76% SiO₂. Modeling supports fractional crystallization of the observed phenocrysts as the dominant process in generating the chemical variation.Temperatures calculated from coexisting feldspars, pyroxenes, and Fe-Ti oxides agree and indicate crystallization from slightly more than 1100° C in the most mafic trachyte to 800° C in high-silica rhyolite. The compositional zonation probably arose through crystallization against the chilled margin of the magma chamber and consequent rise of more evolved and therefore less dense liquid.Mineral compositions vary regularly with rock composition, but also suggest minor mixing and assimilation of wall rock or fluids derived from wall rock. Mixing between liquids of slightly different compositions is indicated by different compositions of individual pyroxene phenocrysts in single samples. Liquid-solid mixing is indicated by mineral compositions of glomerocrysts and some phenocrysts that apparently crystallized in generally more evolved liquids at lower temperature and higher oxygen fugacity than represented by the rocks in which they now reside. Glomerocrysts probably crystallized against the chilled margin of the magma chamber and were torn from the wall as the liquid rose during progressive stages of eruption. Assimilation is indicated by rise of oxygen fugacity relative to a buffer from more mafic to more silicic rocks.Calculation of density and viscosity from the compositional and mineralogical data indicates that the magma chamber was stably stratified; lower temperature but more evolved, thus less dense, rhyolite overlay higher temperature, less evolved, and therefore more dense, progressively more mafic liquids. The continuity in rock and mineral compositions and calculated temperature, viscosity, and density indicate that compositional gradation in the magma chamber was smoothly continuous; any compositional gaps must have been no greater than about 2% SiO₂.     

Experimental constraints on storage conditions in the chemically zoned phonolitic magma chamber of the Laacher See volcano

Phase relations of three samples of the Laacher See Tephra (LST) have been determined experimentally as a function of temperature (760 to 880 °C), pressure (200, 300 and 400 MPa), water content of the melt and oxygen fugacity (ƒO₂). The crystallization experiments were carried out at ƒO₂=NNO buffer and at NNO=+ 2.3 log units. The melt water contents varied between 6 and more than 8 wt% H₂O, corresponding to water-undersaturated and water saturated conditions respectively. The synthetic products are compared to the natural phases to constrain pre-eruptive conditions in the Laacher See magma chamber. The major phases occurring in the LST have been reproduced. The stability of hauyne is favoured at high ƒO₂ (≈NNO + 2.3). The CaO contents in melt and plagioclase synthesized under water-saturated conditions are significantly higher than in the natural phases, implying that most of the differentiation of the phonolites took place under water-undersaturated conditions. However, this does not exclude the presence of a S-, Cl- and CO₂-rich fluid phase in the upper parts of the magma chamber. The phase relationships and the TiO₂ contents of melts show that the temperature was lower than 760 °C in the upper part of the magma column (probably down to 720 °C in the most differentiated levels) and that temperatures above 840–860 °C prevailed in the lower part. The variation of the X _Mg of ferromagnesian minerals observed in both natural and experimental phases reflects the strong variations in ƒO₂ in the lower magma chamber just prior to eruption (probably variation of about 2 log units). The most probable explanation for these ƒO₂ variations is the injection of an oxidized alkali-rich magma, containing Mg-rich phenocrysts, at the base of a chemically zoned and more reduced magma column prior to eruption. Although the amount of injected magma may not have been very important, it was sufficient to change the ƒO₂ conditions locally, explaining the heterogeneous X _Mg of ferromagnesian minerals and the formation of hauyne at the base of the chamber. Received: 30 May 2000 / Accepted: 12 August 2000     

西准噶尔地区最晚期岩浆侵入活动——来自早二叠世-早三叠世接特布调岩体的证据

西准噶尔地区晚古生代构造运动复杂,岩浆侵入活动强烈,地壳生长显著,处在洋陆构造转换的关键时期。接特布调岩体位于连接西准噶尔地区、天山造山带和准噶尔盆地的重要位置,岩石类型以碱长花岗岩、二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩为主。碱长花岗岩矿物组成以碱性长石(55%～60%)、斜长石(15%～20%)和石英(23%～25%)为主,几乎不含暗色矿物,岩石内部无暗色微粒包体;二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩矿物组成以斜长石(30%～40%和～16%)、碱性长石(30%～40%和～50%)和石英(20%～25%和～18%)为主,含少量黑云母和角闪石,内部存在不同数量和规模的暗色微粒包体。通过高精度锆石U-Pb定年,将接特布调岩体的成岩年龄限定为287～250 Ma,岩体内早三叠世(250.4Ma)二长花岗岩是迄今为止在整个西准噶尔地区发现的最年轻的侵入岩,该期花岗岩的就位标志着西准噶尔地区深成岩浆侵入活动的终结。接特布调岩体整体具有高硅(SiO₂=67.04%～77.01%)、富碱(K₂O=3.45%～4.63%,Na₂O=3.62%～4.18%),贫钙...     

Geochemical and isotopic variations in the calc-alkaline rocks of Aeolian arc,southern Tyrrhenian Sea,Italy: constraints on magma genesis

New geochemical and isotopic data are reported for calc-alkaline (CA) volcanics of the Aeolian arc. Three main groups are recognized: the Alicudi and Filicudi volcanics in the western part of the arc; the Panarea, Salina and Lipari (henceforth termed PSL) volcanics in the central part of the arc and the Stromboli suite which makes up the eastern part of the arc. Each group is characterized by distinctive isotopic ratios and incompatible element contents and ratios. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (0.70352–0.70538) increase from west to northeast, and are well correlated with ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (Nd from +4.8 to -1.5). Pb isotope ratios are fairly high (6/4=19.15–19.54; 7/4=15.61–15.71; 8/4=38.97–39.36), with a general increase of 7/4 and 8/4 values from Alicudi to PSL islands and Stromboli. LILE contents and some incompatible element ratios (e.g. Ba/La, La/Nb, Zr/Nb, Rb/Sr) increase from the western to the central part of the arc, whereas HFSE and REE abundances decrease. Opposite variations are often observed in the volcanics toward the north-east from PSL islands. To account for these features and the decoupling observed between isotopic compositions and incompatible element abundances and ratios, it is suggested that a mantle source with affinities to the MORB source is metasomatized by slab-derived, crustal components. The proportion of crustal material entrained in the mantle source increases from Alicudi to Stromboli, according to the Sr and Nd isotope variations. It is also proposed that slab derived hydrous fluids play an important role, but which is variable in different sectors of the arc. This is attributed to the metasomatizing agent having variable fluid/melt ratios, reflecting different types of mass transfer from the subducted contaminant (probably pelagic sediments) to the mantle wedge. Thus, it is suggested that the slab derived end-member has a high hydrous fluid/melt ratio in the PSL mantle source and a correspondingly lower ratio in the Alicudi and Stromboli sources.     

Experimental constraints on crystallization differentiation in a deep magma ocean

Major and trace element mineral/melt partition coefficients are presented for phases on the liquidus of fertile peridotite at 23-23.5 GPa and 2300 °C. Partitioning models, based on lattice-strain theory, are developed for cations in the ‘8-fold’ sites of majorite and Mg-perovskite. Composition-dependant partitioning models are made for cations in the 12-fold site of Ca-perovskite based on previously published data. D^min/melt is extremely variable for many elements in Ca-perovskite and highly correlated with certain melt compositional parameters (e.g. CaO and Al₂O₃ contents). The 8-fold sites in Mg-perovskite and majorite generally have ideal site radii between 0.8 and 0.9 Å for trivalent cations, such that among rare-earth-elements (REE) D^min/melt is maximum for Lu. Lighter REE become increasingly incompatible with increasing ionic radii. The 12-fold site in Ca-perovskite is larger and has an ideal trivalent site radius of ∼1.05 Å, such that the middle REE has the maximum D^min/melt. Trivalent cations are generally compatible to highly compatible in Ca-perovskite giving it considerable leverage in crystallization models. Geochemical models based on these phase relations and partitioning results are used to test for evidence in mantle peridotite of preserved signals of crystal differentiation in a deep, Hadean magma ocean.Model compositions for bulk silicate Earth and convecting mantle are constructed and evaluated. The model compositions for primitive convecting mantle yield superchondritic Mg/Si and Ca/Al ratios, although many refractory lithophile element ratios are near chondritic. Major element mass balance calculations effectively preclude a CI-chondritic bulk silicate Earth composition, and the super-chondritic Mg/Si ratio of the mantle is apparently a primary feature. Mass balance calculations indicate that 10-15% crystal fractionation of an assemblage dominated by Mg-perovskite, but with minor amounts of Ca-perovskite and ferropericlase, from a magma ocean with model peridotite-based bulk silicate Earth composition produces a residual magma that resembles closely the convecting mantle.Partition coefficient based crystal fractionation models are developed that track changes in refractory lithophile major and trace element ratios in the residual magma (e.g. convecting mantle). Monomineralic crystallization of majorite or Mg-perovskite is limited to less than 5% before certain ratios fractionate beyond convecting mantle values. Only trace amounts of Ca-perovskite can be tolerated in isolation due to its remarkable ability to fractionate lithophile elements. Indeed, Ca-perovskite is limited to only a few percent in a deep mantle crystal assemblage. Removal from a magma ocean of approximately 13% of a deep mantle assemblage comprised of Mg-perovskite, Ca-perovskite and ferropericlase in the proportions 93:3:4 produces a residual magma with a superchondritic Ca/Al ratio matching that of the model convecting mantle. This amount of crystal separation generates fractionations in other refractory lithophile elements ratios that generally mimic those observed in the convecting mantle. Further, the residual magma is expected to have subchondritic Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios. Modeling shows that up to 15% crystal separation of the deep mantle assemblage from an early magma ocean could have yielded a convecting mantle reservoir with ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf isotopic compositions that remain internal to the array observed for modern oceanic volcanic rocks. If kept in isolation, the residual magma and deep crystal piles would grow model isotopic compositions that are akin to enriched mantle 1 (EM1) and HIMU reservoirs, respectively, in Nd-Hf isotopic space.     

Mineralogical and geochemical study of granular xenoliths from the Alban Hills volcano,Central Italy: bearing on evolutionary processes in potassic magma chambers

Granular xenoliths (ejecta) from pyroclastic deposits emplaced during the latest stages of activity of the Alban Hills volcano range from ultramafic to salic. Ultramafic types consist of various proportions of olivine, spinel, clinopyroxene and phlogopite. They show low SiO₂, alkalies and incompatible element abundances and very high MgO. However, Cr, Co and Sc are anomalously low, at a few ppm level. Olivine is highly magnesian (up to Fo%=96) and has rather high CaO (1% Ca) and very low Ni (around a few tens ppm) contents. These characteristics indicate a genesis of ultramafic ejecta by thermal metamorphism of a siliceous dolomitic limestone, probably with input of chemical components from potassic magma. The other xenoliths have textures and compositional characteristics which indicate that they represent either intrusive equivalents of lavas or cumulates crystallized from variably evolved ultrapotassic magmas. One sample of the former group has major element composition resembling ultrapotassic rocks with kamafugitic affinity. Some cumulitic rocks have exceedingly high abundances of Th (81–84 ppm) and light rare-earth elements (LREE) (La+Ce=421–498 ppm) and extreme REE fractionation (La/Yb=288–1393), not justified by their modal mineralogy which is dominated by sanidine, leucite and nepheline. Finegrained phases are dispersed through the fractures and within the interstices of the main minerals. Semiquantitative EDS analyses show that Th and LREE occur at concentration levels of several tens of percent in these phases, indicating that their presence is responsible for the high concentration of incompatible trace elements in the whole rocks. The interstitial position of these phases and their association with fluorite support a secondary origin by deposition from fluorine-rich fluids separated from a highly evolved potassic liquid. The Nd isotopic ratios of the cjecta range from 0.51182 to 0.51217. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios range from 0.70900 to 0.71036. With the exception of one sample, these values are lower than those of the outcropping lavas, which cluster around 0.7105±3. This indicates either the occurrence of several isotopically distinct potassic magmas or a variable interaction between magmas and wall rocks. However, this latter hypothesis requires selective assimilation of host rocks in order to explain isotopic and geochemical characteristics of lavas and xenoliths. The new data indicate that the evolutionary processes in the potassic magmas of the Alban Hills were much more complex than envisaged by previous studies. Interaction of magmas with wall rocks may be an important process during magmatic evolution. Element migration by gaseous transfer, often invoked but rarely constrained by sound data, is shown to have occurred during the latest stages of magmatic evolution. Such a process was able to produce selective enrichment of Th, U, LREE and, to a minor degree, Ta and Hf in the wall rocks of potassic magma chamber. Finally, the occurrence of xenoliths with kamafugitic composition points to the existence of this type of ultrapotassic magma at the Alban Hills.     

The Aurora volcanic field,California-Nevada: oxygen fugacity constraints on the development of andesitic magma

 The Aurora volcanic field, located along the northeastern margin of Mono Lake in the Western Great Basin, has erupted a diverse suite of high-K and shoshonitic lava types, with 48 to 76 wt% SiO₂, over the last 3.6 million years. There is no correlation between the age and composition of the lavas. Three-quarters of the volcanic field consists of evolved (<4 wt% MgO) basaltic andesite and andesite lava cones and flows, the majority of which contain sparse, euhedral phenocrysts that are normally zoned; there is no evidence of mixed, hybrid magmas. The average eruption rate over this time period was ∼200 m³/km²/year, which is typical of continental arcs and an order of magnitude lower than that for the slow-spreading mid-Atlantic ridge. All of the Aurora lavas display a trace-element signature common to subduction-related magmas, as exemplified by Ba/Nb ratios between 52 and 151. Pre-eruptive water contents ranged from 1.5 wt% in plagioclase-rich two-pyroxene andesites to ∼6 wt% in a single hornblende lamprophyre and several biotite-hornblende andesites. Calculated oxygen fugacities fall within –0.4 and +2.4 log units of the Ni-NiO buffer. The Aurora potassic suite follows a classic, calc-alkaline trend in a plot of FeO^T/MgO vs SiO₂ and displays linear decreasing trends in FeO^T and TiO₂ with SiO₂ content, suggesting a prominent role for Fe-Ti oxides during differentiation. However, development of the calc-alkaline trend through fractional crystallization of titanomagnetite would have caused the residual liquid to become so depleted in ferric iron that its oxygen fugacity would have fallen several log units below that of the Ni-NiO buffer. Nor can fractionation of hornblende be invoked, since it has the same effect as titanomagnetite in depleting the residual liquid in ferric iron, together with a thermal stability limit that is lower than the eruption temperatures of several andesites (∼1040–1080°C; derived from two-pyroxene thermometry). Unless some progressive oxidation process occurs, fractionation of titanomagnetite or hornblende cannot explain a calc-alkaline trend in which all erupted lavas have oxygen fugacites ≥ the Ni-NiO buffer. In contrast to fractional crystallization, closed-system equilibrium crystallization will produce residual liquids with an oxygen fugacity that is similar to that of the initial melt. However, the eruption of nearly aphryic lavas argues against tapping from a magma chamber during equilibrium crystallization, a process that requires crystals to remain in contact with the liquid. A preferred model involves the accumulation of basaltic magmas at the mantle-crust interface, which solidify and are later remelted during repeated intrusion of basalt. As an end-member case, closed-system equilibrium crystallization of a basalt, followed by equilibrium partial melting of the gabbro will produce a calc-alkaline evolved liquid (namely, high SiO₂ and low FeO^T/MgO) with a relative f _{O 2} (corrected for the effect of changing temperature) that is similar to that of the initial basalt. Differentiation of the Aurora magmas by repeated partial melting of previous underplates in the lower crust rather than by crystal fractionation in large, stable magma chambers is consistent with the low eruption rate at the Aurora volcanic field. Received: 7 July 1995 / Accepted: 19 April 1996     

Geochemical variations in lavas from Kahoolawe volcano,Hawaii: evidence for open system evolution of plume-derived magmas

The Kahoolawe shield volcano produced precaldera and caldera-filling tholeiites and mildly alkalic post-caldera lavas that petrographically and compositionally resemble such lavas from other Hawaiian shield volcanoes. However, Kahoolawe tholeiites display wide ranges in incompatible trace element ratios (e.g., Nb/Th=9–24, Th/Ta=0.6–1.3), ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70379–0.70440), ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51273–0.51298), and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (17.92–18.37). The isotopic variation exceeds that at any other Hawaiian shield volcano, and spans about half the range for all Hawaiian tholeiites. Quasi-cyclic temporal evolution of Kahoolawe tholeiites is consistent with combined fractional crystallization and periodic recharge by primitive magmas. Ratios of highly incompatible trace elements and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios from coherent sub-trends that reflect recurrent interactions between variably evolved magmas and two other mantle components whose compositions are constrained by intersections between these trends. The most MgO-rich Kahoolawe tholeiites are partial melts of a high Nb/Th (23.5) ascending plume, possibly comprising ancient subducted oceanic lithosphere. Slightly evolved tholeiites experienced combined crystal fractionation and assimilation (AFC) of material derived from a distinct reservoir (Nb/Th 9) of asthenospheric derivation. The most evolved tholeiites display compositional shifts toward a third component, having mid ocean ridge basalt-like isotopic ratios but enriched OIB-like trace element ratios, representing part of the lithospheric mantle (or melts thereof). Periodic recurrence of all three magma variants suggests that eruptions may have tapped coeval reservoirs distributed over a large depth range. Kahoolawe provides new evidence concerning the nature of the Hawaiian plume, the distribution of compositional heterogeneities in the suboeanic mantle, and the processes by which Hawaiian tholeiites form and evolve.     

Crustal contamination and crystal entrapment during polybaric magma evolution at Mt. Somma–Vesuvius volcano, Italy: Geochemical and Sr isotope evidence

New major and trace element analyses and Sr-isotope determinations of rocks from Mt. Somma–Vesuvius volcano produced from 25 ky BP to 1944 AD are part of an extensive database documenting the geochemical evolution of this classic region. Volcanic rocks include silica undersaturated, potassic and ultrapotassic lavas and tephras characterized by variable mineralogy and different crystal abundance, as well as by wide ranges of trace element contents and a wide span of initial Sr-isotopic compositions. Both the degree of undersaturation in silica and the crystal content increase through time, being higher in rocks produced after the eruption at 472 AD (Pollena eruption). Compositional variations have been generally thought to reflect contributions from diverse types of mantle and crust. Magma mixing is commonly invoked as a fundamental process affecting the magmas, in addition to crystal fractionation. Our assessment of geochemical and Sr-isotopic data indicates that compositional variability also reflects the influence of crustal contamination during magma evolution during upward migration to shallow crustal levels and/or by entrapment of crystal mush generated during previous magma storage in the crust. Using a variant of the assimilation fractional crystallization model (Energy Conservation–Assimilation Fractional Crystallization; [Spera and Bohrson, 2001. Energy-constrained open-system magmatic processes I: General model and energy-constrained assimilation and fractional crystallization (EC–AFC) formulation. J. Petrol. 999–1018]; [Bohrson, W.A. and Spera, F.J., 2001. Energy-constrained open-system magmatic process II: application of energy-constrained assimilation–fractional crystallization (EC–AFC) model to magmatic systems. J. Petrol. 1019–1041]) we estimated the contributions from the crust and suggest that contamination by carbonate rocks that underlie the volcano (2 km down to 9–10 km) is a fundamental process controlling magma compositions at Mt. Somma–Vesuvius in the last 8 ky BP. Contamination in the mid- to upper crust occurred repeatedly, after the magma chamber waxed with influx of new mantle- and crustal-derived magmas and fluids, and waned as a result of magma withdrawal and production of large and energetic plinian and subplinian eruptions.     

Geochemical investigation of a semi-continuous extrusive basaltic section from the Deccan Volcanic Province, India: implications for the mantle and magma chamber processes

Spatial and temporal variations in the geochemistry of an extrusive basaltic section of Deccan traps record progressive changes in mantle melting and crustal filtration and are relevant to understand continental flood basalt (CFB) magmatism. In the present work we have carried out detailed field, petrographic, density and magnetic susceptibility, and geochemical investigations on a small, semi-continuous extrusive section in the eastern Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) to understand the role of shallow magma chambers in CFB magmatism. Four formations, Ajanta, Chikhli, Buldhana and Karanja crop out in the Gangakhed–Ambajogai area with increasing elevation. Our studies indicate that: (1) the Karanja Formation represents a major magma addition, as indicated by abrupt change in texture, increases in MgO, CaO, Ni, Cr, and Sr, and drastic decreases in Al₂O₃, Na₂O, K₂O, Rb, Ba, REE, bulk-rock density and magnetic susceptibility; (2) assimilation fractional crystallization, crystal-laden magmas, and accessory cumulus phases influence the trace element chemistry of Deccan basalts; (3) the predicted cumulate sequence of olivine gabbro–leucogabbro–oxide-apatite gabbro is supported by the observed layered series in a shallow magma chamber within the DVP; (4) the initial magma was saturated with olivine, plagioclase, and augite, and final the pressure of equilibration for the Gangakhed–Ambajogai section basalts is ~2 kbar (~6 km depth); (5) petrophysical parameters act as proxies for magmatic processes; (6) a small layer of oxide-rich basalts may represent the latest erupted pulse in a given magmatic cycle in the DVP; (7) parental basalts to some of the red boles, considered as formation boundaries, might represent small degree partial melts of the mantle; (8) SW Deccan basaltic-types continue into the eastern DVP; and (9) in addition to the magma chamber processes, dynamic melting of the mantle may have controlled DVP geochemistry. The present study underscores the importance of mapping specific stratigraphic intervals in limited areas to understand mantle and magma chamber processes relevant to CFB magmatism.     

Geochemical processes controlling the spatial distribution of selenium in soil and water,west central South Dakota,USA

Selenium (Se) is essential in the human diet, but has a low threshold for toxic concentration. It is recommended that nutrients such as Se should be consumed through foods as part of a normal diet. Se concentrations in crops and meat depend on the amount of labile Se in the soil where crops and forage are grown. Therefore, managing agriculture for optimal Se in grain crops and forage requires an understanding of the distribution and mobility of Se. Elevated concentrations of Se occur in waters, soils, and forage 120 km west of Pierre in west central South Dakota, USA. The research site lies in an elevated, dissected plain where soils developed on gently dipping Pierre Shale. Soils were sampled along catena transects and waters collected from soil, ponds, and shallow borings in areas of known elevated forage and crop Se. Soil extracts from saturated-paste extraction and acid (aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid) extraction were analyzed. Selenate was the dominant Se species in both acid and saturated-paste extracts; selenite and organic Se were below detection (<0.2 ppb) in the same soil extracts. On average, 98% of soil Se was not water-soluble. The distribution of total Se shows much less spatial variation than water-soluble Se in the areas sampled. Se shows correlation with organic carbon in soils and waters, suggesting its association with organic carbon. Ca shows some correlation to Se in acid extracts, but not in saturated-paste extracts or in waters. Total Se shows no significant correlation to Na, Mg, and total S in the soils. Se in saturated-paste extracts and water samples shows good correlations with Na, Mg, and SO₄, suggesting that evaporitic Na–Mg–sulfate minerals may temporarily concentrate water-soluble Se in shallow soils. The dissolution and precipitation of these Na–Mg–sulfate salts together with pH and oxidation–reduction conditions apparently control water-soluble Se distribution and mobilization in shallow subsurface environments.     

西昆仑阿什库勒大黑山火山岩浆作用过程研究

西昆仑阿什库勒火山群位于青藏高原西北缘,由于环境恶劣,研究程度低。大黑山火山为该区内熔岩分布面积最广、喷发规模最大的一座火山。本次对大黑山火山岩的显微结构、斑晶类型和化学成分进行了详细的测试分析,讨论其反映的岩浆过程。大黑山火山成分具有一个较大的范围,包括玄武粗安岩、粗安岩和粗面岩,主要氧化物与Si O2含量之间呈线性关系,说明三种类型岩浆存在岩浆演化关系。熔岩主要斑晶为辉石和斜长石,大量斑晶显示熔蚀、反环带和反应边结构,指示岩浆混合特征。温压计计算得到玄武粗安岩和粗安岩平衡温度在1124~1176℃之间,平衡压力在0.55~0.81GPa之间,对应的深度约16.5~24.3km,粗面岩的平衡温度1059~1071℃,平衡压力0.39~0.59GPa,对应深度11.8~17.7km。研究显示,大黑山火山下的主岩浆经历了玄武粗安岩、粗安岩和粗面岩的演化,三种岩浆可能以分层的形式同时存在于岩浆房中,三种岩浆存在着混合作用,并与周围偏酸性岩浆发生了混合作用。     

Geochemical trends across an arc-continent collision zone: magma sources and slab-wedge transfer processes below the Pantar Strait volcanoes, Indonesia

Four volcanoes in the Pantar Strait, the westernmost part of the extinct sector of the east Sunda arc, show remarkable across-arc variation in elemental abundances (K₂O: 1.2 to 4.3%), trace element ratios (Pb/Ce: 0.4 to 0.18; Ce/Yb: 20 to 55) and isotope ratios (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd: 0.51263 to 0.51245; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr: 0.7053 to 0.7068; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 19.29 to 19.15). Pb isotopes are decoupled from Sr and Nd isotopes, with the frontal volcanoes showing the higher Nd and Pb and lower Sr isotopic ratios. The isotopic and trace element ratios of the volcanic samples are best explained by modification of a MORB-type source (with Indian Ocean island basalt-type Pb isotopic characteristics) by a fluid and a partial melt of subducted continental material (SCM). The frontal volcano contains the highest proportion of the fluid component, with a small contribution of partial melt. The source of the rear-arc volcano is strongly influenced by a partial melt of SCM that had undergone a previous dehydration event, by which it lost most of its fluid-mobile elements such as Pb. The SCM partial melt was in equilibrium with both rutile and garnet, whereas mantle melting took place in the presence of residual mica. The relatively large across-arc increase in incompatible elements can be explained by a combination of increasing addition of SCM partial melt, changing mantle wedge fertility and smaller degrees of partial melting toward the rear of the arc. Comparison with a more westerly across-arc transect shows that the relatively low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios of the frontal volcano, and the decoupling of Pb from Sr and Nd isotopes are unique to the Pantar Strait volcanoes. This is likely to reflect magma generation in a collisional environment, where the leading edge of the Australian continent, rather than subducted sediment, contributes to the magma source.