21世纪青藏高原可能的气候变化

利用1980～1999年CRU温度和降水资料,结合柯本气候分类,模拟了20世纪末期青藏高原气候分布,模拟结果与FAO结果吻合较好.基于A1B情景下的高分辨率动力降尺度资料,分析了21世纪中期、末期青藏高原温度和降水变化趋势.在此基础上,模拟了21世纪青藏高原可能的气候带分布,分析其可能变化趋势.分析结果显示,21世纪青藏高原的气候类型向着更暖湿的方向发展,月平均温度和月累积降水量都有增加的趋势,并且在21世纪中期达到了最大值.     

近千年青藏高原的温度变化

通过对昌都树轮d13C、达索普冰芯d18O和先前重建的整个高原温度序列的分析,以及与其他气候代用记录的比较,揭示了青藏高原近1000 a来的温度变化特征。依据昌都树轮d13C年表,指出青藏高原的中世纪暖期发生于1200-1400 AD,该时期的夏季温度比长期平均值或现代（20世纪,下同）约高1.2℃,小冰期（1400-1700 AD）的夏季温度比长期平均值或现代约低0.5℃。近1000 a最暖的时期是13世纪,而最冷的时期是1000-1200 AD,温度比现代约低0.9℃。20世纪的气候变暖主要表现在冬季温度的升高,同期的夏季温度呈微弱的下降趋势。     

青藏高原气候由暖干到暖湿时期的年代际变化特征研究

利用1961~1998年青藏高原123个气象台站常规地面观测资料，对近40年青藏高原地区的气候年代际变化特征进行分析。分析结果表明:20世纪80年代中后期青藏高原经历了一次气温、降水量、相对湿度显著增加的气候突变。以突变点为界，可以划分为两个时期，即从20世纪60年代初到80年代中后期，青藏高原为相对暖干时期，从20世纪80年代后期开始，青藏高原进入相对暖湿时期。由此，从气温、降水量、相对湿度的变化特征和突变理论上可以初步判断，20世纪80年代中后期青藏高原气候年代际变化实现了由暖干型向暖湿型的突变。青藏高原气温和降水突变早于相对湿度突变；青藏高原的增温、增湿现象主要发生在冬季；春季亦增温、增湿，但增幅小于冬季；夏季出现增温和略减湿现象；秋季为明显增温，但湿度无明显变化。     

1980—2009水文年青藏高原积雪物候时空变化遥感分析

以青藏高原积雪为研究对象,首先对长时间序列逐日雪深被动微波遥感数据进行预处理,获得青藏高原1980—2009水文年逐日雪深数据,然后逐像元计算出每个水文年平均积雪深度、开始日期(SCS)和结束日期(SCE),利用GIS空间分析和地学统计方法系统分析20世纪80年代、90年代和21世纪初青藏高原积雪物候变化特征和异常分布。结果表明：青藏高原积雪深度在20世纪80年代呈递减趋势,20世纪90年代后开始呈现递增趋势。20世纪80年代青藏高原除阿尔金山和昆仑山以外的高海拔山区SCS呈提前趋势,青藏高原高海拔地区SCE呈推迟趋势;20世纪90年代青藏高原高海拔地区的SCS提前趋势减弱,而高原中部腹地SCS出现显著的提前趋势,高原高海拔地区SCE呈提前趋势,高原中部腹地SCE呈推迟趋势;进入21世纪初后帕米尔高原、念青唐古拉山和横断山脉SCS呈推迟趋势,横断山、念青唐古拉、巴颜喀拉山SCE呈提前趋势。总体上,青藏高原积雪物候变化存在明显的空间差异和不同演变规律。     

气候和气候变化领域的研究进展

该文回顾了过去几十年来中国气象科学研究院在气候和气候变化研究方面的成果, 主要包括对我国历史气候资料的恢复、重建和整理, 气候区划, 对我国气温和降水的研究, 对青藏高原温度和降水、近地层与边界层地-气过程, 大气热源特征和臭氧变化的研究, 古气候模拟, 对气候变化的预测理论和方法以及气候和气候变化对我国社会、经济的影响等方面的研究。近50年中国气象科学研究院收集大量气候资料并整理出版了《中国近五百年旱涝分布图集》; 对风能等资源进行了气候区划; 明确了近几十年中国地区在20世纪40年代和90年代出现了两个暖期, 20世纪50—60年代出现了相对冷期; 在全球变暖的背景下, 以四川为中心的西南地区自20世纪50年代到80年代一直在变冷; 20世纪80年代以后, 多雨带由华北南移到长江中下游地区; 提出青藏高原近地层与边界层地-气过程的综合物理图像; 发现青藏高原夏季臭氧低值中心; 模拟出青藏高原隆起过程中中国气候变化特征; 揭示出东亚季风环流系统及其成员; 设计了多种预报方法; 还将气候和气候变化研究成果向国家经济转化。     

青藏高原及铁路沿线未来50年气候变化的模拟分析

利用由IPCC数据分发中心（DDC）提供的5个全球海气耦合模式（包括海冰与陆地生态系统）（CCCma,CCSR,CSIRO,GFDL,Hadley）气温及降水的模拟结果,对温室气体排放情景SRES-A2和B2影响下,青藏高原及铁路沿线未来50年气温和降水的变化进行了分析,包括整个青藏高原地区2011-2040年,2041-2070年的温度和降水空间分布特征以及21世纪前50年温度和降水变化的线性倾向等,结果表明：在人类活动引起的温室气体不断增加的情况下,21世纪青藏高原地区的温度将继续增加,在B2排放情景下,2011～2040年年平均温度增暖在高原主体达到1．6℃;20412070年,整个青藏高原的温度将上升2．8～3．0℃,A2排放情景下的升温幅度比B2排放情景下略高。对青藏铁路沿线地区各站A2和B2两种排放情景下,每10年平均的温度分析表明,在A2排放情景下,到2050年前后青藏铁路沿线各站的温度增加将是2010年时的2～3倍左右,A2时在2．56～2．96℃之间,B2时在2．37～2．65℃之间。对21世纪前50年整个青藏高原地区温度变化的线性倾向的空间分布的分析可知,在A2排放情景下,大部分都在1.5～2．5℃／50a,冬季大部分地区的变暖倾向都在2．0℃／50a以上,有些地区达到2．5℃／50a以上,夏季在2℃／50a左右;B2时青藏高原地区温度变化倾向的分布趋势与A2时基本一致,只是变化的数值偏低约0．5℃。对21世纪青藏高原地区降水变化的预估结果表明,与温度不同,在两种不同的排放情景下,降水的变化较为复杂。总体来说,21世纪前50年青藏高原大部分地区的降水为增加趋势。     

青藏高原及铁路沿线地表温度变化趋势预测

青藏高原及其铁路沿线各站的年地表温度具有很好的互相关性,特别是各站10年滑动平均温度互相关系数达到0．92,以此建立了1961-2003年青藏铁路沿线平均地表温度序列。研究表明：青藏高原地表温度的升高是明显的,40年来升高1．1～1．5℃,其升温率为0．44℃／10a。大气CO2浓度的增加有利于青藏高原地表温度的升高,而太阳黑子周期长度（SCL）的变长则起相反作用。地表温度对人气CO2浓度和SCL的最好响应约滞后10年。若根据SCL的变化和IPCC第三次评估报告给出的新的温室气体排放情景SRES-B1预测,目前青藏高原地表温度的升温到2010年前后达到最强,此后可能会出现一个明显的降温过程,到2030年前后可能低于20世纪70～90年代的平均值。新一轮的升温开始于2040年代。若综合考虑CO2和SCL两者的共同影响预测,未来50年平均最低、最高和年地表温度与1971-2000年的平均比较,分别升高0．2,1．0和0．6℃。     

1961-2021年青藏高原前后冬强降雪特征分析

研究青藏高原冬季强降雪的气候特征对高原冬季降水预测及雪灾防御有重要意义。基于1961-2021年冬季（11月至次年2月）青藏高原99个地面气象观测站的逐日降雪资料,采用线性倾向估计、相关性分析、集合经验模态分解等方法,揭示青藏高原前、后冬强降雪时空分布特征,对比分析前、后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数差异性,探讨不同海盆海表温度、北极涛动与前、后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数的关系。结果表明：近61 a来,青藏高原前冬初期最易出现较大量级降雪过程,而后冬降雪过程多且持续时间长;前冬高原强降雪量、强降雪日数总体呈“少—多—少—多”变化特征,后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数均呈显著增加趋势;前冬强降雪量和强降雪日数的贡献率明显大于后冬;前、后冬高原中东部主体为强降雪高值区,前冬东北侧强降雪量也较大。热带印度洋、北大西洋、太平洋海表温度异常是影响青藏高原冬季强降雪的重要因子,前冬强降雪量与热带中东太平洋、热带印度洋西部海表温度呈显著正相关,后冬强降雪量与热带印度洋、西北太平洋、北大西洋海表温度的正相关最显著;自20世纪90年代中期开始印度洋偶极子与前冬强降雪量由弱正相关转为显著正相关并维持至今,北极涛动异常对后冬强...     

东亚冬季风和青藏高原气温降水的关系

文中从东亚冬季风系统特点出发,定义了能较好表征东亚冬季风环流年际变化和青藏高原温度降水变化特征的冬季风指数,并分析了冬季风指数的年际变化与青藏高原温度降水的关系。文中定义的冬季风指数既反映了冬季东亚大气环流场的变化特征,也较好地反映了青藏高原温度降水的年际变化特征,当冬季北半球500hpa高度场东亚大槽位置相对偏南偏西(20~35°N,110~130°E)时,其强度与青藏高原同期冬季温度降水、后期春、夏、秋季的温度有很好的相关关系。此外,还探讨了冬季风指数变化的先兆信号。     

三种再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原区域的适用性分析

利用气象台站观测地表温度,比较和分析了ERA-Interim、NCEP/NCAR和NCEP/DOE再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原的适用性.结果表明:三种再分析资料都揭示了青藏高原地表温度的基本特征,并较好地描述了高原地表温度的季节变化和年际变化特征;但三种再分析资料都比观测地表温度明显偏低,且对地表温度的长期变化趋势估计不足.比较而言,ERA-1nterim再分析地表温度产品在青藏高原的适用性最好,与观测地表温度的相关最显著,且能较好地反映高原地表温度的异常变化强度,可作为研究高原地表温度年际变化的代用资料;而NCEP/NCAR和NCEP/DOE 再分析地表温度产品在青藏高原的适用性不佳,其适用时段和适用区域需要进一步考察.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.