基于特低渗砂岩覆压试验渗透率方向性特征分析

由于地质成因的不同,岩石渗透率往往具有不同程度的大小和方向性差异,即呈各向异性的特点。目前,岩石渗透率方向性特征的理论和试验研究仍然不足,缺乏岩石渗透率各向异性量化评估。基于国内CCUS场地储层砂岩,沿正交方向钻取岩芯试件若干,完成瞬态法覆压渗透率测试。试验结果表明,特低渗砂岩正交方向渗透率随围压（上覆岩层压力）加载呈幂律函数递减,当围压加载至20 MPa以后,正交方向渗透率差异性逐步降低,即渗透率由各向异性逐步向各向同性过渡,且储层砂岩竖向渗透率压力敏感系数普遍低于水平侧向。通过建立一种空间坐标系下渗透率计算模型,将岩石内部渗流规律等效为空间正交方向渗透率模型,并借用统计学标准差定义提出渗透率各向异性系数?k,将不同岩性储层岩石渗透率不均匀性作归一化处理,定量地描述了覆压试验过程中试件渗透率各向异性的变化规律。     

油藏精细地质模型网格粗化算法及其效果

在前人研究基础上, 根据DP(Dykstra-Parsons)系数能定量评价储层非均质性, 微网格块的渗透率值粗化后, 其等效渗透率的上、下限(C_min、C_max)能反映渗透率的各向异性的特点, 提出了一种运算速度快和相对有效的网格粗化算法。该算法能考虑到储层非均质性对不同方向渗透率值的影响, 且求解过程相对简单。应用该方法对鄂尔多斯盆地中部某油藏的陆相储层的精细地质模型进行了网格粗化计算, 然后在粗化后的模型上进行油藏数值模拟研究, 同时针对研究区地质背景和产出流体微可压缩的物性特征, 首次利用流线模拟器对精细地质模型进行了油藏数值模拟研究, 并以此结果为标准, 对该网格粗化算法时效性进行了系统评价。分析表明, 该算法具有较快的计算速度和较高的可靠性, 是解决储层非均质强、物性差的陆相成因油藏精细油藏数值模拟的一种行之有效的手段。      

基于核磁测井的超压砾岩油层渗透率计算方法——以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组为例

超压砾岩油藏具有低孔高渗的异常特征,核磁共振测井渗透率计算的经典模型不能求准储层渗透率。通过深入分析超压储层特征和物性影响机理,明确了超压强度是渗透率的主控因素,提出了在SDR模型的基础上引入超压物性指数和孔隙结构指数,构建超压砾岩储层核磁共振渗透率处理模型的新方法。以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组为例,开展了超压砾岩油层岩石物理联测实验以模拟地层超压,研究了超压对储层孔隙度、渗透率及电阻率的影响,建立了超压砾岩储层的SDR-超压渗透率计算模型。经与岩心分析数据对比,新模型在储层渗透率计算中取得了较好的效果。     

基于不同方向模量损失率的含瓦斯煤各向异性渗透模型

煤是自然界中一种常见的沉积岩,它具有显著的各向异性特征。然而目前针对煤体渗透特性研究,多数学者为了简化问题,多假设煤体为各向同性材料,提出了相应的各向同性渗透模型。这类模型并不能完全反映含瓦斯煤气-固耦合真实工程和室内试验的实际情况。假设煤体为横观各向同性,推导出以不同方向模量损失率为关键参数的煤体各向异性渗透模型,在此基础上,推导出含瓦斯煤的气-固耦合控制方程,并植入Comsol计算平台,系统研究煤体各向异性对气体扩散和渗透的影响。理论和数值研究结果表明：不同方向的模量损失率 反映出煤体结构各向异性变化程度,若 不同,其煤体各方向渗透特性也不相同;煤体渗透率的改变主要受解吸附效应和有效应力作用双重影响, 反映了这两种效应对于渗透率的影响程度;单轴应变或位移控制边界条件下,水平方向的模量损失率 对于垂直方向的煤体渗透率改变量 的影响程度大于对水平方向的煤体渗透率改变量 的影响程度,垂直方向模量损失率 对 的影响则弱于对于 的影响。     

基于矢量波场分离的TI介质逆时偏移

基于两步法分离各向异性矢量波波场,第一步,将各向异性波动方程进行相似变换(使其具有明确直观的运动学和动力学特征),使其投影在各向同性方向上;第二步,各向异性介质传播算子波场分离基础上的波形校正,将投影于各向同性方向上的波场校正回各向异性方向上,最终达到各向异性波场分离的结果。笔者首先对VTI介质进行试算,以证明其可行性;此外,将地表数据进行分解,即所采集到的多分量地震数据在进行偏移成像之前先进行数据分解,得到纯净的q P波数据、q SV波数据以及q SH波数据,通过地表数据的分解将成像过程变成一个可控过程,通过对地表数据输入的控制得到我们所希望的成像结果分量,可以减少无谓的计算;对Hess模型正演炮记录进行了数据分解,并对其进行了逆时偏移成像以验证理论的可行性。     

基于广义RQDt的岩石质量空间分布规律研究

自然界中的岩石通常含有大量复杂交错的结构面,造成岩石质量在三维空间中存在明显的各向异性。作为评价岩石质量的重要参数,岩石质量指标(广义RQDt)被广泛应用于岩体工程。结合三维裂隙网络模拟法和测线法,对岩体质量在三维空间不同方向上的分布规律进行研究:首先根据研究域岩体的裂隙统计参数及分布规律,利用Monte-Carlo法生成三维随机裂隙网络;然后通过在研究域内布置监测点和测线的方式来计算监测点处RQDt值随空间方位的变化,得到岩石质量空间分布图,以此来直观描述岩体质量沿空间不同方向的分布。将该法应用于某工程坝区岩体质量评估,表明该方法简单且具有较强的实用价值,可较全面描述岩体质量在空间方向上的分布规律。     

文13西块油藏岩石形变对采收率影响研究

低渗透、异常高压油藏弹性能量充足,储层欠压实,岩石易发生弹塑性变形。根据这些油藏特性,从达西定律的角度推导出了室内一维岩芯中最终采出程度与岩石物性变化的近似关系式,并引入渗透率变化因子分析采收率的影响因素,进而以文13西块油藏岩石为例,通过不同流体介质的渗透率压敏性试验,以及不同加压方式下渗透率变化试验,结合降压弹性开采试验和水驱物理模拟试验,以渗透率变化因子为基础,分析并讨论该类油藏的开采方法。结果表明：该类油藏在保持较慢降压速度、较高孔隙压力水平时,能够获得较高的油藏采收率。     

裂隙岩体岩石质量指标(RQD)的空间变化特征

岩石质量指标(RQD)是评价岩体破碎程度的一个重要参数,但在RQD的应用过程中往往忽略测线长度和测线方向的影响,给岩体质量的评价造成一定的误差。笔者通过从野外岩石露头这个二维平面上得到的RQD或节理参数,推导得到在三维空间中任意方向测线的RQD,进而研究RQD随测线方向的变化规律。结果表明,RQD不但在平面上具有各向异性,在空间也具有各向异性。笔者提出了假定测线起于节理的N-A RQD计算模型,使理论论证更加严密。此外,利用蒙特卡罗模拟产生随机值代表节理间距,随机值服从负指数分布的参数不同代表节理发育的密集程度不同,通过T-T、N-A、A-A和A-A-S 4种RQD计算模型来研究RQD均值及标准差随测线长度的变化规律,可以得出：测线越长,所得RQD值越精确;测线较短时,A-A-S模型所得的RQD值与其他3种模型相比更精确;布置较长的测线在节理较发育的地方可获得更可信的RQD值。     

岩石弹脆性分维损伤本构模型

本文定义岩石构元中破裂面的分维值为各向同性损伤变量,而各个方向上裂纹面的累加量定义为各向异性损伤变量,并根据裂纹发育特征提出了损伤变量演化方程,从而建立起岩石脆性变形破坏过程的分维损伤本构模型。最后,利用该模型对大理岩单轴压缩应力应变曲线进行了模拟,结果说明本文提出的模型是较为合理的。     

复合渗透率测井评价方法在砂砾岩稠油油藏的应用——以克拉玛依油田某区八道湾组为例

砂砾岩储层孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强,在渗透率计算方面传统的测井解释方法误差较大,目前还没有经典的计算砂砾岩渗透率的测井解释模型。以克拉玛依油田某区八道湾组砂砾岩稠油油藏为例,首先在微观层面上分析了渗透率的主控因素。其次根据本地区的实际情况建立了3套渗透率测井解释方法:一是在前人研究基础上改进了多元回归模型;二是在岩性识别的基础上分不同岩性建立了渗透率模型;三是利用BP神经网络进行了渗透率的预测。最后对传统的经验公式与文中的3种方法进行检验。结果表明,比起传统的经验公式和多元回归模型,基于不同岩性的渗透率模型与BP神经网络在实际应用中效果更好,较大幅度地提高了测井解释精度,在非均质性强的砂砾岩油藏中具有更好的应用前景。     

各向异性低渗透油藏菱形反九点井网压裂裂缝优化

在低渗透油藏开发中普遍采用菱形反九点井网,但采油井等缝长压裂将导致非均匀驱替,当油藏物性各向异性时,非均匀驱替现象更加明显。以往针对菱形反九点井网的研究主要基于等缝长压裂,未考虑利用不等缝长设计改善开发效果。根据某各向异性低渗透油藏基本参数建立数值模型,进行不等缝长设计,分析油藏渗透性各向异性及油水井压裂情况对菱形反九点井网水驱效果的影响。随着储层Kx∶Ky的增加,角井裂缝优化穿透比减小,而边井裂缝优化穿透比增大。在相等Kx∶Ky条件下,注水井是否压裂对角井裂缝优化穿透比影响较小,对边井裂缝优化穿透比影响较大。数值模拟结果表明,在各向异性低渗透油藏中进行不等缝长优化设计,能有效改善菱形反九点井网的开发效果,优化结果对于各向异性低渗透油藏的水力压裂设计以及井网布置具有一定的指导意义。     

晚更新世黄土渗透性的各向异性及其机制研究

非饱和黄土的渗透性是非饱和黄土性质的重要组成部分。研究黄土不同方向的渗透性对确定其湿陷范围和由于水的渗透引起的黄土滑坡具有很重要的理论意义。研究了黄土渗透性的各向异性特征及其机制。以具有明显各向异性的西安Q3原状黄土为研究对象,用TEN型张力计测量了黄土试样不同方向的、不同含水率下的吸力;用变水头渗透试验测量了黄土竖直和水平方向的饱和渗透系数。结果表明,当体积含水率在23%～41%时,张力计沿不同方向插入土样所测吸力相差不大;竖直方向的饱和渗透系数是水平方向的4.02倍。在吸力测量的基础上,根据土-水特征曲线,确定了竖直和水平方向的非饱和黄土的渗透系数。得出在黄土不同方向,随着吸力的增大或减小,渗透系数减小或增大;竖直方向的渗透系数普遍地大于水平方向的渗透系数;当吸力小于57 kPa时,随着吸力的增大,竖向渗透系数与水平向渗透系数的差值减小。通过观测黄土的结构,得出黄土结构对其渗透性有重要影响。     

Wave velocities in a pre-stressed anisotropic elastic medium

Modified Christoffel equations are derived for three-dimensional wave propagation in a general anisotropic medium under initial stress. The three roots of a cubic equation define the phase velocities of three quasi-waves in the medium. Analytical expressions are used to calculate the directional derivatives of phase velocities. These derivatives are, further, used to calculate the group velocities and ray directions of the three quasi-waves in a pre-stressed anisotropic medium. Effect of initial stress on wave propagation is observed through the deviations in phase velocity, group velocity and ray direction for each of the quasi-waves. The variations of these deviations with the phase direction are plotted for a numerical model of general anisotropic medium with triclinic/ monoclinic/orthorhombic symmetry     

Modeling semi-steady state near-well flow performance for horizontal wells in anisotropic reservoirs

This paper presents a novel methodology to model semi-steady state horizontal well flow performance in an anisotropic reservoir taking into account flow in the near-well region for an arbitrary well trajectory. It is based on an analytical productivity model describing coupled axial reservoir flow and radial well inflow. In order to apply this model in an anisotropic reservoir, the permeability field relative to the radial direction perpendicular to the well trajectory and the axial direction along the well trajectory must first be determined. A classical space transformation is used in concert with rotational transforms to obtain a virtual isotropic model. The transformation preserves the volumes and pressures. It is not a novel concept, but different from previous approaches in the sense that it is only applied in the near-well domain to formulate an equally isotropic media. As a result, the use of this virtual isotropic model requires the Dietz shape factor for an ellipse, transformed from the original cylindrical near-well domain. The Dietz shape factors are determined numerically in this research. The semi-steady state well/near-well model is implemented in a numerical simulator incorporating formation anisotropy and wellbore hydraulics. The specific productivity index along the well trajectory is generated using the virtual configuration. Numerical results for different anisotropy ratios and also incorporating frictional losses in the well are presented. Furthermore, the well/near-well model is applied in coupling with streamline reservoir model for a water flooding case. This appears to be the first coupling of a well hydraulics model and a streamline simulator. It presents the application of the well/near-well model in integrated reservoir simulation in an efficient and accurate manner. The results demonstrate that the coupling approach with a streamline reservoir model and the well/near-well is of great potential for advanced well simulation efficiently.     

Modelling of anisotropic coal swelling and its impact on permeability behaviour for primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery

Coal swelling/shrinkage during gas adsorption/desorption is a well-known phenomenon. For some coals the swelling/shrinkage shows strong anisotropy, with more swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding than that parallel to the bedding. Experimental measurements performed in this work on an Australian coal found strong anisotropic swelling behaviour in gases including nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide, with swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding almost double that parallel to the bedding. It is proposed here that this anisotropy is caused by anisotropy in the coal's mechanical properties and matrix structure. The Pan and Connell coal swelling model, which applies an energy balance approach where the surface energy change caused by adsorption is equal to the elastic energy change of the coal solid, is further developed to describe the anisotropic swelling behaviour incorporating coal property and structure anisotropy. The developed anisotropic swelling model is able to accurately describe the experimental data mentioned above, with one set of parameters to describe the coal's properties and matrix structure and three gas adsorption isotherms. This developed model is also applied to describe anisotropic swelling measurements from the literature where the model was found to provide excellent agreement with the measurement. The anisotropic coal swelling model is also applied to an anisotropic permeability model to describe permeability behaviour for primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery. It was found that the permeability calculation applying anisotropic coal swelling differs significantly to the permeability calculated using isotropic volumetric coal swelling strain. This demonstrates that for coals with strong anisotropic swelling, anisotropic swelling and permeability models should be applied to more accurately describe coal permeability behaviour for both primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery processes.     

从各向异性的角度解释和模拟土的非共轴特性

从发挥面的角度出发,分析论证各向异性是引起岩土材料出现非共轴现象的根本原因,得到与材料力学一致的结论。当共轭的两发挥面与沉积面的夹角不相等时,主应力面上将出现塑性应变增量的切向分量,所以塑性应变增量的主方向与应力的主方向非共轴。按照这一结论,对非共轴的数值模拟,也应当根据各向异性本构模型进行。为考虑各向异性影响新近提出的各向异性变换应力法,改变了各应力分量的相对大小,得到的各向异性变换应力张量与真实应力张量的主方向不一致,因此也能反映非共轴。利用各向异性变换应力法,能够在现有的弹塑性本构模型的框架下,描述土的非共轴现象。以各向异性UH模型为例,预测各种加载条件下的非共轴变形,验证了该方法的有效性。     

定向钻进轨迹控制误差矢量分析方法及工程应用

[摘 要] 定向钻进中,实钻轨迹与设计控制目标之间往往存在误差,误差的定量分析对轨迹调整 与精度控制至关重要。论文依据定向钻进矢量控制原理,分析研究了造斜工具实钻矢量与设计轨迹控 制矢量之间的误差,根据实际钻进轨迹参数,得出了一种误差定量化分析、产生误差综合作用方向角度 和强度的简便计算方法。如果可以确知误差产生于地层自然造斜作用,该方法还可用于地层的各向异 性分析和自然造斜作用分析。该方法在地质勘探多回次、短钻程定向钻进工程实践中取得了很好的应 用效果,在随钻测量大钻程定向钻进轨迹的快速准确调整中也具有应用价值。     

Process-Driven Direction-Dependent Asymmetry: Identification and Quantification of Directional Dependence in Spatial Fields

Natural processes generate spatial fields which reflect their specific properties. In this paper the effect of the direction of processes on the resulting spatial fields is investigated. This is done by extending the concept of reversibility used for time series to space. A novel copula based measure of asymmetry is defined which is an indicator of directional dependence. Contrary to traditional geostatistics where all points separated by a vector are considered irrespective of its sign, in this study the direction of the vector is also taken into consideration, leading to differences in the dependence corresponding to the vector \({\mathbf {h}}\) and \({-}{\mathbf {h}}\). The concept of directional dependence and the corresponding measure of asymmetry are defined using spatial copulas, and are thus independent of the scale of measurement. The result is a bivariate directional third-order moment based measure which can identify the direction in which the processes generating the spatial field acted. A statistical test to find the statistical significance of the asymmetry indicating directional dependence is presented. The methodology is tested on a number of synthetic and observed cases. Precipitation and groundwater quality parameters obtained using numerical models are first investigated. Regular dense grids obtained by numerical simulations show good correspondence between properties of the modeled processes and the new measure introduced. Measured variables observed on sparse irregular networks show similar behavior to the theoretical examples. Mean flow directions in groundwater and advection directions of precipitation fields can be detected from single snapshots. As a further example, dominant wind directions in the Sahara are found by investigating the digital terrain model.