Representation of Ecological Regions by Protected Areas at the Global Scale

Over the past 30 years, conservationists have sought ways to assess the quality of coverage provided by protected areas and to guide future site selection. One scheme among these addresses the degree to which areas protected for environmental conservation are representative of the ecological regions of a specified area. This has already been attempted at the scale of countries and regions. With the recent publication of the World Database of Protected Areas, quantitative analysis of representativeness at the global scale is finally feasible. We use GIS technology to overlay a map of ecological regions with a map of protected areas in order to identify biomes and geographic realms that are "under-represented" and "well represented" by protected areas. The results confirm an overemphasis on marginal land and dramatic landscapes, and the relative neglect of biomes with strong, alternative economic uses. Smaller biomes are typically better protected, as are those that have been targeted by conservation campaigns. Industrialized lifestyles and population pressure also appear to act as stimuli to protection. Our discussion suggests that analyses of patterns of representation are critical, but "over-representing" certain ecosystems—particularly those that contain high levels of biodiversity or are most threatened—should not be discounted as a conservation strategy.     

北京市平谷区不同区域农村居民点内部结构差异分析

本文以北京市平谷区2006 年集体土地调查的数据为基础, 运用景观生态学的研究方法, 对不同区域条件 下农村居民点用地内部结构特征进行分析, 进而揭示农村居民点用地内部结构的地域分异规律, 研究结果表明: 生 产力水平的不同使农村居民点用地内部结构形成不同的地域特点, 就内部结构多样性指数而言, 半山区>平原区> 山区, 就集中性指数而言, 山区>平原区>半山区。同时, 各区域农村居民点内部不同用地类型的区位意义指数也在 发生规律性变化: 就宅基地而言, 山区>平原区>半山区, 就企业用地而言, 半山区>山区>平原区, 就公共管理与公共 服务用地而言, 半山区>山区>平原区, 就空闲地而言, 平原区>山区>半山区。今后新农村建设过程中, 要从各区域社 会经济发展的实际情况出发统筹城乡发展, 着力于合理安排城乡产业用地布局, 并体现土地集约利用的方向; 同 时, 还应根据区域特点的不同采取不同村镇规模控制标准, 提出各自农村居民点用地的调整模式与途径。     

Transmogrifying Regions

Abstract

Teacher Education Models in Geography: An International Comparison by William Marsden, ed. Kalamazoo, Ml: Commission on Geographical Education, 1984. v and 155 pp., figs., tables, and refs. NP

Principles of Thematic Map Design by D.B. Dent Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984. xv and 398 pp., figs., tables, photos, maps, refs., and index. $29.95 cloth.

Health Care in Developing Countries by Wilbert M. Gesler Resource Publication in Geography, edited by C.G. Knight. Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers, 1984.88 pp., figs., graphs, tables, maps, and biblio. $5.00 paper.

Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture 1865–1980 by Gilbert C. Fite Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1984. xiv and 273 pp., tables, photos, app., refs., and index. $28.00 cloth; $10.00 paper.

Population: Patterns, Dynamics, and Prospects by James Newman and Gordon Matzke Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984. xi and 306 pp., figs., graphs, tables, maps, biblio., and index. $27.95 cloth.     

Dairying Regions Compared

WISCONSIN AND THE WAIKATO: A COMPARISON OF DAIRY FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES AND NEW ZEALAND: Gordon R. Lewthwaite, Annals of the Association of American Geographers , Vol. 54, No. 1, March 1964, pp. 59–87.     

Regions and western europe

Abstract

Regional geography is undergoing important changes in its method of study in order to achieve a greater degree of relevancy in the context of a dynamic global system. Effective knowledge of regional identities can no longer be confined to facts that establish patterns, it also demands a critical appreciation of processes and spatial interrelationships. Western Europe is taken as a case study to reflect this new approach to regional geography, Despite the complexity of this major world region, two basic models are proposed as a basis on which to develop detailed study. Essential patterns of Western Europe are established through six generalizations: location; quality of the environment; industrialization; urban development and trade; population and culture; and the European Community/European Union. Processes and interrelations are reviewed through a core-periphery model. Changing regional patterns are highlighted which suggest a movement away from a national focus for regional study to one which is more international.     

The Manufacturing Regions of Norway

The Traveller, casually observing the Norwegian countryside from a train window, might readily conclude that Norway is not an industrial nation. He would find only a few areas in which the concentration of manufacturing plants would suffice to create the impression of an industrial district: parts of Greater Oslo, the lower Glomma riverside from Sarpsborg to Fredrikstad, and the Drammen valley.     

基于产业协调的"双转移"战略背景下广东欠发达山区劳动力转移分析——以梅州市为例

运用产业结构偏离度和协同系数分析方法,以梅州市为例,从产业协调发展角度,分析"双转移"战略背景下欠发达山区劳动力转移特征.分析认为:欠发达山区实施"双转移"战略必须坚持承接产业转移与劳动力转移同步,并加速劳动力转移,"异地迁移、本地转移、异地回流"是产业转移背景下的欠发达山区劳动力转移新模式.提高劳动力转移能力、增强劳...     

Urban industrial Areas

Andersen. Hans Thor: Urban industrial Areas. Geografisk Tidsskrift 84: 50–52. Copenhagen, January 1984.

The development of the large cities has been closely connected with industrialization. However, the decentralization of industry and manufacturing jobs has accelerated from 1970. This process has left a huge stock of old. derelict industrial buildings and a pool of unemployed workes.     

Studying Regions by Studying Firms*

This paper presents a method for inferring regional economic structure and prospects from key informant interviews. It describes assumptions which must be made and steps to be taken in moving from individuals to establishment, firm, and industry aggregations. A technique is offered for mapping core relationships among firms and other regional and external actors, and for aggregating firm-centered maps into industrial and regional maps. The mapping technique can be expanded to incorporate historicity and dynamic change.