Palaeomagnetism of late Cretaceous sediments from southern Tibet: Evidence for the consistent palaeolatitudes of the southern margin of Eurasia prior to the collision with India

Twenty sites were drilled in the late Cretaceous Shexing Formation for palaeomagnetic studies in the Lhasa terrane near the locality of Maxiang (29.9°N/90.7°E). The stepwise thermal demagnetizations successfully isolated high unblocking temperature characteristic directions. The tilt-corrected mean direction is D/I = 350.8°/32.1° with α₉₅ = 8.1° and N = 20 sites, corresponding to a paleopole at 75.0°N, 306.7°E with A₉₅ = 6.8°. Positive fold tests indicate a primary origin for the characteristic remanence. Based on previous Cretaceous data mainly from the Takena Formation and Paleocene data from the Linzizong volcanic rocks near the city of Lhasa, the latitude of the southern margin of Asia is located at about 15°N, and yields a stable position of the Lhasa terrane during Cretaceous and Paleocene. Compared with expected paleomagnetic directions from the stable India and Eurasia blocks, the collision palaeolatitude further implies the total latitudinal convergence was accommodated by 1700 ± 800 km (16.2 ± 7.6°) between southern Tibet and stable Eurasia and 1500 ± 830 km (14.4 ± 7.9°) between southern Tibet and stable India since the collision of India and Eurasia. A collision age between c. 54 and 47 Ma was determined using the results for the southern margin of Eurasia according to our new data and the extent of ‘Greater India’.     

西藏拉萨地块南缘晚白垩世镁铁质岩浆作用的年代学、地球化学及意义

镁铁质岩石所反映出的壳幔作用信息可以为地壳增生发生的时间和方式提供可靠的证据。本文报道了南部拉萨地块东段朗县至米林之间晚白垩世镁铁质岩石的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素数据。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,角闪辉长岩侵位于98~88Ma,高Al₂O₃(17.25%~19.46%),低MgO含量(3.89%~5.07%)及Mg^#(44~50),与高铝玄武岩特征相似,属于中钾钙碱性岩石,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)、亏损高场强元素(HFSE),铕异常不明显(δEu=0.82~1.06),(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值为0.70427,ε_Nd(t)值为3.0,具有高且正的锆石ε_Hf(t)值(+11.8~+17.2)。这些晚白垩世镁铁质岩石可能是来自俯冲板片的沉积物熔体交代地幔楔物质发生部分熔融并经历一定程度镁铁质矿物分离结晶作用产物。     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Subduction-related Rocks with High Sr/Y Ratios in the Zedong Area: Implications for the Magmatism in Southern Lhasa Terrane during Late Cretaceous

The southern Lhasa Terrane is famous for its huge magmatic belt which records the magmatism during Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Although the Mesozoic continental-margin setting in the southern Lhasa Terrane has been identified,details of this tectonic setting and the evolution history during the Late Cretaceous remain unclear. To further constrain these issues,we present zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb,Hf isotopic and geochemical data of the Gongbari dacites(of the Sangri Group) which intruded by Paleocene granodiorites from the eastern part of the southern Lhasa Terrane,Tibet. New age data indicate that the dacites were generated at ~95.4 Ma,which suggests the Sangri Group volcanism may last to Late Cretaceous. The Gongbari dacites are characterized by high Sr(428–758 ppm) contents,low concentration of heavy rare earth elements and Y(e.g. Yb=0.78–1.14 ppm; Y=8.85–11.4 ppm) with high Sr/Y(41.91–67.59) and La/Yb(22.64–30.64) ratios,similar to those of adakite. The rocks are calc-alkaline,metaluminous,enriched in LILEs,depleted in HFSEs,and have positive εHf(t) values(+7.7 to +11.6). The Gongbari dacites were probably produced by partial melting of young and hot subducted Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust under amphibolite to garnet amphibolite-facies conditions. Though the Gangdese Mountains may have formed before Indo-Asian collision,the southern margin of Lhasa Terrane might not go through obviously crustal thickening during the northward subduction of NeoTethyan oceanic lithosphere.     

西藏拉萨地体南缘汤白地区始新世辉绿岩脉——新特提斯洋壳断离的证据

拉萨地体南缘汤白地区广泛分布新生代的辉绿岩脉。为探讨该辉绿岩脉形成时代、岩石成因和地质意义,对其开展了详细的岩相学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示辉绿岩脉的结晶年龄为(54±1)Ma,表明其形成于早始新世。微量元素地球化学特征显示富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs:如Rb、Sr和Ba),亏损高场强元素(HFSEs:如Nb、Ta和Ti)。与典型的弧岩浆岩、区域上叶巴组和桑日岩群中的玄武岩相比具有较高的Nb、TiO_2和Zr含量,在微量元素构造环境判别图解中显示出板内玄武岩地球化学属性。微量元素地球化学特征结合锆石Hf同位素表明岩浆源区除被俯冲板片释放的流体交代的岩石圈富集地幔外,还有软流圈亏损地幔物质加入。汤白辉绿岩脉侵入年龄与区域上林子宗群火山活动峰期接近(52 Ma)。同时结合岩石成因及构造背景,作者认为汤白辉绿岩脉是54～52 Ma新特提斯洋壳断离诱发岩浆作用的产物。根据最新大陆碰撞及板片断离的三维数值模型,暗示了印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞的起始时间为65 Ma或者更早。     

西藏林周地区始新世托龙I型花岗岩对印度-欧亚板块碰撞时限的制约

目前已有研究对印度-欧亚板块碰撞时限的认识存在诸多分歧。本文对西藏林周县中部出露的托龙岩体开展了锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析,以期进一步约束印度-欧亚板块的碰撞时间。托龙岩体内出露的石英二长斑岩呈岩株状侵入到帕那组中,锆石U-Pb定年结果显示该石英二长斑岩形成于始新世(50.5±0.6 Ma),锆石εHf (t)值为-0.6~-0.5。石英二长斑岩具有较低的A/CNK值、较高的K₂O含量和K₂O/Na₂O值,属于准铝质和钾玄岩系列。岩石普遍亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti和P,富集大离子亲石元素Th、U和Pb,轻、重稀土元素分异明显,(La /Yb)_N =15.3~16.3,Eu负异常较弱,δEu=0.56~0.69。托龙岩体较低的A/CNK值、P₂O₅与SiO₂的负相关性以及Y含量与Rb含量之间的正相关性,表明托龙石英二长斑岩为I型花岗岩。综合岩体的地球化学特征、同位素特征和前人研究成果,认为托龙石英二长斑岩可能是相对古老的变质中基性岩部分熔融的产物,形成于印度-欧亚板块碰撞引起的俯冲板片断离环境,指示了印度-亚洲大陆的碰撞应发生于50 Ma之前。     

Post-subdution evolution of the Northern Lhasa Terrane,Tibet: Constraints from geochemical anomalies,chronology and petrogeochemistry

Bangong-Nujiang collisional zone(BNCZ)is an older one in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and resulted in the famous Bangong-Nujiang metallogenic belt,which plays an important role in evaluating the formation and uplift mechanism of plateau.The northern and central Lhasa Terrane composed the southern part of the BNCZ.Since ore deposits can be used as markers of geodynamic evolution,the authors carried 1∶50000 stream sedimental geochemical exploration in the Xiongmei area in the Northern Lhasa Terrane to manifest the mineralization,and based on this mineralization with geochemical and chronological characteristics of related magmatic rocks to constrain their geodynamics and connection with the evolution of the Lhasa Terrane.The authors find Early Cretaceous magma mainly resulted in Cu,Mo mineralization,Late Cretaceous magma mainly resulted in Cu,Mo,and W mineralization in the studying area.The results suggest a southward subduction,slab rolling back and break-off,and thickened lithosphere delamination successively occurred within the Northern Lhasa Terrane.     

西藏冈底斯带东段尼木地区中二叠世和晚三叠世基性岩浆作用及其对新特提斯洋初始俯冲的约束

野外地质调查和SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学研究发现,藏南冈底斯带尼木地区出露有规模较大、原岩形成于中二叠世（~266Ma）和晚三叠世（220~219Ma）的变质基性岩,而晚三叠世变质基性岩中还存在~2.5Ga的捕获锆石。全岩地球化学分析显示,两期基性岩具有相似的地球化学特征,即：（1）相对富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素;（2）比较一致的Sr和Nd同位素比值（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr（t）=0.703225~0.703664,ε_Nd（t）=6.51~6.81）。结合拉萨地块东南缘已发表的三叠纪中-基性岩地球化学数据,发现尼木中二叠世和晚三叠世基性岩皆形成于陆缘弧环境,岩浆来源于尖晶石橄榄岩地幔2.5%~4%的部分熔融,并经历了一定程度的地壳混染。对比拉萨地块西南缘与东南缘二叠纪-三叠纪俯冲相关的岩浆记录,推断新特提斯洋向拉萨地块下的初始俯冲作用具有穿时性,东段俯冲作用在~266Ma已经开启,西段则发生在255~214Ma之间。

     

The first discovery of Xinlong epithermal gold deposit in southern margin of the Bangonghu-Nujiang metallogenic belt: A new expansion of gold prospecting in Northern Tibet

The Xinlong gold deposit is located in Niyma County, Naqu area of Tibet and was discovered by the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences through the 1∶50000 mineral geological survey. The ore bodies occur in the Zenong Group volcanic rocks in the middle section of the central Lhasa subterrane and are structurally controlled by the NNW-striking faults. Four ore bodies have been found, exhibiting cloddy, dense-sparse, disseminated, and breccia structures. The ore minerals are mainly tetrahedrite group minerals, and other ore minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, nevskite, bornite, anglesite, native gold, and silver-gold bearing selenide, etc. The types of alteration are dominated by silicification, as well as middle- and high-graded argillization. The alteration mineral assemblages contain quzrtz, pyrophyllite, and kaolinite. The Zaliela Formation volcanic rocks of Zenong Group are silicified by later hydrothermal fluid with vuggy quartz in some fractured zones. The middle- and high-graded argillization are characterized by pyrophyllitization and kaolinization. The Xinlong gold deposit shows great metallogenetic potentiality and has been revealed by 1∶10000 geological mapping, IP sounding, and trial trenching in the mining area. Combined with the regional metallogenic geological setting, we suppose that a potential epithermal gold belt probably exists in the middle of the Lhasa terrane. The discovery of the Xinlong gold deposit opens a new chapter for the gold prospecting in Northern Tibet.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

大陆碰撞过程的火山岩响应：以西藏林周林子宗火山岩为例

印度-亚洲大陆碰撞伴生有大量火山活动,其中,林子宗火山岩发育最广,遍布碰撞带北侧的冈底斯带,形成长逾1200 km的火山岩带。林周地区作为林子宗火山岩的命名地,该套火山岩发育相对齐全,为安山岩、流纹岩及相应的火山碎屑岩夹沉积碎屑岩组合,顶部发育巨厚流纹质凝灰岩,可以划分出三个火山旋回,其生成时代介于63.89~48.73 Ma。岩石学和地球化学资料显示,林子宗火山岩自下而上SiO₂和K₂O含量以及Al₂O₃饱和度增加,其岩浆从早到晚由中性、中钾和准铝质变化到酸性、高钾和过铝质,晚期喷发巨厚的火山灰流,反映区域地壳明显的加厚,由早期的30~40 km变化到晚期的50~60 km。火山岩相对富集Cs、Rb、K、U,亏损Ta、Nb、Ti、Sr、Ba、P,早期与桑日组安山岩地球化学特征相近,而中—晚期与乌郁、扎嘎等地渐新世高钾火山岩相似,表明早期岩浆具有新特提斯洋俯冲板片印迹,而中—晚期具有后碰撞作用特点。林子宗火山岩作为印度-亚洲大陆碰撞过程的响应,记录着古新世至始新世（64~48 Ma）印度-亚洲大陆之间的碰撞向碰撞后演化过程。     

Petrology,geochemistry and Ar-Ar geochronology of eclogites in Jinshajiang orogenic belt,Gonjo area,eastern Tibet and restriction on Paleo-Tethyan evolution

As one of the important Paleo-Tethys suture zones in eastern Tibet, the Jinshajiang orogenic belt is of great significance to study the tectonic evolution of the main suture zone of Paleo-Tethys. In this paper, eclogites developed in the Jinshajiang suture zone in Gonjo area, eastern Tibet, are selected as specific research objects, and petrological, geochemical and Ar-Ar geochronological analyses are carried out. The major element data of the whole rock reveals that the eclogite samples have the characteristics of picritic basalt-basalt and belong to the oceanic low potassium tholeiites. The results of rare earth elements and trace elements of the samples show that the protoliths of eclogites have characteristics similar to oceanic island basalt (OIB) or normal mid ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB). Muscovite (phengite) from two eclogite samples yield the Ar-Ar plateau ages of 247±2 Ma and 248±2 Ma respectively, representing the peak metamorphic age of eclogite facies and the timing of complete closure of the Jinshajiang Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Muscovite and biotite selected from the hosting rocks of eclogite yield the Ar-Ar plateau ages are 238±2 Ma and 225±2 Ma respectively, reflecting the exhumation age of eclogites and their hosting rocks. Combined with the zircon U-Pb dating data (244 Ma) of eclogites obtained in previous work, it can be concluded that the Jinshajiang Paleo-Tethys ocean was completely closed and arc-continent collision was initiated at about 248–244 Ma (T₂¹). Subsequently, due to the large-scale arc (continent)-collision orogeney between Deqin-Weixi continental margin arc and Zhongza block (T₃¹–T₃²), the eclogites were rapidly uplifted to the shallow crust.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

西藏冈底斯矿带南缘矽卡岩型铜矿床含矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

西藏冈底斯矿带发育大量斑岩铜钼矿床及铜铅锌多金属矿床,形成斑岩铜矿带及多金属矿带。过去的工作表明,冈底斯带南部矿床同位素年龄多小于30Ma,形成于碰撞期后伸展环境。本文测定了冈底斯矿带南缘克鲁-冲木达矽卡岩型铜(金、钼)矿集区桑布加拉矽卡岩型铜(金)矿化岩体锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄及锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值。矿化岩体锆石U-Pb年龄:92.1±0.6Ma,MSWD=1.0,锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值在90～562之间,平均值为287。锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值和玉龙矿带含矿岩体锆石的比值基本一致,显示矽卡岩矿化岩体岩浆氧逸度较高。印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞时间在65～45Ma之间,桑布加拉矽卡岩型铜矿化岩体锆石U-Pb年龄表明冈底斯带不但发育碰撞期后大规模成矿作用,也发育与洋壳俯冲构造岩浆事件有关的成矿作用。这为冈底斯矿带洋壳俯冲有关矿床的寻找提供了依据。     

Paleomagnetism of the Upper Cretaceous red-beds from the eastern edge of the Lhasa Terrane: New constraints on the onset of the India-Eurasia collision and latitudinal crustal shortening in southern Eurasia

The Late Cretaceous location of the Lhasa Terrane is important for constraining the onset of India-Eurasia collision. However, the Late Cretaceous paleolatitude of the Lhasa Terrane is controversial. A primary magnetic component was isolated between 580 °C and 695 °C from Upper Cretaceous Jingzhushan Formation red-beds in the Dingqing area, in the northeastern edge of the Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau. The tilt-corrected site-mean direction is D_s/I_s = 0.9°/24.3°, k = 46.8, α₉₅ = 5.6°, corresponding to a pole of Plat./Plon. = 71.4°/273.1°, with A₉₅ = 5.2°. The anisotropy-based inclination shallowing test of Hodych and Buchan (1994) demonstrates that inclination bias is not present in the Jingzhushan Formation. The Cretaceous and Paleogene poles of the Lhasa Terrane were filtered strictly based on the inclination shallowing test of red-beds and potential remagnetization of volcanic rocks. The summarized poles show that the Lhasa Terrane was situated at a paleolatitude of 13.2° ± 8.6°N in the Early Cretaceous, 10.8° ± 6.7°N in the Late Cretaceous and 15.2° ± 5.0°N in the Paleogene (reference point: 29.0°N, 87.5°E). The Late Cretaceous paleolatitude of the Lhasa Terrane (10.8° ± 6.7°N) represented the southern margin of Eurasia prior to the collision of India-Eurasia. Comparisons with the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene poles of the Tethyan Himalaya, and the 60 Ma reference pole of East Asia indicate that the initial collision of India-Eurasia occurred at the paleolatitude of 10.8° ± 6.7°N, since 60.5 ± 1.5 Ma (reference point: 29.0°N, 87.5°E), and subsequently ~ 1300 ± 910 km post-collision latitudinal crustal convergence occurred across the Tibet. The vast majority of post-collision crustal convergence was accommodated by the Cenozoic folding and thrust faulting across south Eurasia.     

藏北班戈地区早白垩世欧特里夫期菊石的发现及其对下白垩统地层对比的约束

在藏北班戈地区多尼组中发现了早白垩世欧特里夫期菊石。这些菊石化石部分保存较完整,鉴定出2科和1种(比较种),包括多皱菊石科Polyptychitidae,新考米菊石科Neocomitidae,减退菊石比较种Lyticoceras cf.stevrecensis。对比发现,该化石组合可能具有较强的地方属性特征。其中,Lyticoceras cf.stevrecensis属于地方菊石亚科,是早欧特里夫期的典型分子,可以与特提斯域的喜马拉雅北部、巴基斯坦北部和西地中海等地区的菊石进行对比,填补了班戈地区Thurmanniceras - Sarasinella菊石组合的欧特里夫期空白,这对于该地区的下白垩统地层对比和重新认识措勤盆地的沉积构造演化可能具有重要的约束作用和指示意义。     

Baddeleyite and zircon U-Pb ages of the ultramafic rocks in Chigu Tso area,Southeastern Tibet and their constraints on the timing of Comei Large Igneous Province

A suite of ultramafic and mafic rocks developed in the Chigu Tso area, eastern Tethyan Himalaya. Baddeleyite and zircon U-Pb ages acquired by SIMS and LA-ICP-MS from olivine pyroxenite rocks in the Chigu Tso area are 138.9±3.0 Ma and 139.0±1.9 Ma, respectively. These two Early Cretaceous ages are similar with the ages of the more abundant mafic rocks in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya, indicating that this suite of ultramafic and mafic rocks in the Chigu Tso area should be included in the outcrop area of the Comei Large Igneous Province (LIP). These ultramafic rocks provide significant evidence that the involvement of mantle plume/hot spot activities in the formation of the Comei LIP. Baddeleyite U-Pb dating by SIMS is one reliable and convenient method to constrain the formation time of ultramafic rocks. The dating results of baddeleyite and zircon from the olivine pyroxenite samples in this paper are consistent with each other within analytical uncertainties, suggesting that baddeleyite and zircon were both formed during the same magmatic process. The consistency of baddeleyite U-Pb ages in the Chigu Tso area with zircon U-Pb ages for a large number of Early Cretaceous mafic rocks in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya further support that zircon grains from such mafic rocks yielding Early Cretaceous ages are also magmatic in origin.     

新疆额尔宾山花岗岩侵位年龄和成因及其对南天山洋闭合时代的限定

额尔宾山花岗岩岩体位于南天山晚古生代侵入岩带,对该花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb定年获得296.1±1.8Ma的年龄,为早二叠世。岩石主量元素分析结果表明,该花岗岩的Si O2含量为66.96%~67.3%,富碱(Na2O+K2O=7.53%~7.97%),K2O/Na2O1(1.15~1.27),属高钾钙碱性系列岩石;Al2O3为15.56%~15.62%,Al2O3K2O+Na2O+Ca O,属于过铝型。岩石稀土元素配分模式呈现轻稀土元素(LREE)富集((La/Yb)N=27.03~30.62)、重稀土元素(HREE)亏损((LREE/HREE)=18.2~20.1)、具有中等程度的负Eu异常(δEu=0.64~0.68)。微量元素判别结果显示,其具有I-A型花岗岩过渡的特征。结合区域地质背景综合分析,初步认定该岩体可能形成于南天山同碰撞向后碰撞构造体制转换时期,据此可以推测南天山洋盆闭合时限至少应该在早二叠世以前。     

Response to the Lomagundi-Jatuli Event in the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Plate: Evidence from the carbon and oxygen isotopes of the Paleoproterozoic Yongjingshao Formation

The Lomagundi-Jatuli Event (LJE) refers to the significant positive carbon isotope excursion in seawater constituents that occurred immediately after the increase in atmospheric oxygen content during the Paleoproterozoic (2.22–2.06 Ga). The δ¹³C values of 46 dolostone samples collected from the Paleoproterozoic Yongjingshao Formation varied in the range of 0.05 ‰–4.95 ‰ (V-PDB; maximum: 4.95‰) in this study, which may be related to the multicellular eukaryotes in the Liangshan Formation in the Yimen Group. They are much higher than the δ¹³C values of marine carbonates (?1.16‰ on average). The δ¹³C values of other formations in the Paleoproterozoic Yimen Group are negative. The notable positive carbon isotope anomalies of the Yongjingshao Formation indicate the response to the LJE at the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block, which is reported for the first time. Furthermore, they are comparable to the δ¹³C values of carbonates in the Dashiling Formation of the Hutuo Group in the Wutaishan area in the North China Craton, the Wuzhiling Formation of the Songshan Group in the Xiong’ er area, Henan Province, and the Dashiqiao Formation of the Liaohe Group in the Guanmenshan area, Liaoning Province. Therefore, it can be further concluded that the LJE is a global event. This study reveals that LJE occurred in Central Yunnan at 2.15–2.10 Ga, lasting for about 50 Ma. The macro-columnar, bean-shaped, and microfilament fossils and reticular ultramicrofossils of multicellular eukaryotes in this period were discovered in the Liangshan Formation of the Yimen Group. They are the direct cause for the LJE and are also the oldest paleontological fossils ever found. The major events successively occurring in the early stage of the Earth include the Great Oxygenation Event (first occurrence), the global Superior-type banded iron formations (BIFs), the Huronian glaciation, the Great Oxygenation Event (second occurrence), the explosion of multicellular eukaryotes, the positive carbon isotope excursion, and the global anoxic and selenium-rich sedimentary event. The authors think that the North China Craton and the Yangtze Craton were possibly in different tectonic locations of the same continental block during the Proterozoic.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

西藏中部中仓地区玄武岩锆石U-Pb年龄与岩石地球化学特征：对狮泉河-纳木错弧后洋盆演化的制约

狮泉河-纳木错混杂带的构造属性和演化时限一直存在较大的争议,其研究对认识青藏高原早期形成与演化具有重要的意义。对西藏中仓蛇绿混杂岩中发育的玄武岩端元进行了系统的岩石学、地质年代学和地球化学研究,以揭示其形成时代、岩石成因及构造意义。中仓玄武岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为115.7±2.0 Ma,与区域上辉长岩的形成时代一致。玄武岩整体具有相对平坦的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线,与洋中脊玄武岩相似,且显示Th的富集和Nb、Ta的亏损。研究认为,中仓玄武岩起源于受俯冲沉积物改造的尖晶石橄榄岩地幔部分熔融,形成于弧后扩张脊环境。结合区域上同时期辉长岩的研究结果,认为狮泉河-纳木错混杂带是中生代弧后洋盆消亡的残迹,是班公湖-怒江洋南向俯冲,引发弧后拉张的产物。     

Structural analysis of sheath folds and geochronology in the Cuonadong Dome,southern Tibet,China: New constraints on the timing of the South Tibetan detachment system and its relationship to North Himalayan Gneiss Domes

Structural analysis and new zircon U/Pb geochronology were performed in the Cuonadong Dome in order to test the hypothesis that the top‐to‐North deformation in the North Himalayan Gneiss Domes (NHGD) has been correlated with deformation along the South Tibetan detachment system (STDS). Structural analysis suggests that the X‐axes of sheath folds at the different flanks of the dome are consistent, and show average a trend and plunge of 350° and 18°. Many shear sense indicators are recorded in the ductile shear zone during the top‐to‐north deformation, including the augen structure, σ‐type and δ‐type rotating porphyroclast, S–C fabric and pressure shadow structure. The development of the sheath folds first provide a direct‐field structural evidence that represents a deeper ductile manifestation of the STDS, and further suggests that the top‐to‐north deformation in the NHGD have been correlated with deformation along the STDS. The emplacement of the synkinematic granites at ca. 32 Ma exposed at the core of the sheath folds is also interpreted as the initiation of slip along the STDS.     

准噶尔南缘前陆盆地白垩纪—新近纪构造挤压作用与储层关系的新表征:镜质体反射率与颗粒填集密度

镜质体反射率Ro是构造挤压作用对砂砾岩储集体产生热效应的重要反映,颗粒填集密度则是二者关系的具体体现。通过对准噶尔南缘白垩系—古近系样品镜质体反射率Ro的分析,结合白垩系—新近系霍001井等14口井76块样品统计颗粒填集密度分布规律与储层微观镜下研究,认为构造挤压作用对砂砾岩储集性的影响具有如下演化特征:白垩纪Ro值具有东部高、中西部低的特点,颗粒填集密度平面分布规律与其相近,表明位于前陆冲断带东部呼图壁地区储集层受构造侧向挤压影响较为强烈,西段的西湖—独山子地区储集层受构造影响弱,晚侏罗世—早白垩世博格达山隆升造成了这一结果。古近纪镜质体反射率Ro与颗粒填集密度展布与白垩纪显著不同,具有由冲断带中远端(第二、三排构造)安集海—玛纳斯—吐谷鲁背斜区向冲断带近端(第一排构造)与前渊带南北两方向降低趋势,表明古近纪储集层受构造侧向挤压影响弱,转变为主要受地层埋藏热效应影响。由于中新世以来的北天山强烈隆升,颗粒填集密度与古地温展布特点反映了储集层由古近纪主要受埋藏热效应影响,转变为受构造侧向挤压的影响。白垩系砂砾岩孔隙度与镜质体反射率Ro、颗粒填集密度呈明显负相关关系,也与成岩作用强度呈负相关关系;古近系镜质体反射率Ro、颗粒填集密度与砂砾岩孔隙度呈正相关关系,由此预测了准噶尔南缘较有利储层的分布。