考虑激电效应的二维大地电磁测深正演

通常情况下地下岩矿石在通电的情况下,不仅表现出电磁效应,还表现出激电效应,在激电效应强烈的地区两者难以分离。笔者通过对均匀半空间中两种极化体的正演模拟,分析Cole--Cole模型参数对极化体的影响规律。模型正演结果表明:激电效应的存在会使视电阻率值增大,不同激电参数对视电阻率产生的影响不同,其中极化率对视电阻率的影响最大;极化率越大,视电阻率越大。     

基于瞬变冲激时刻的地?井TEM快速定量解释方法

地?井瞬变电磁法响应规律复杂,现有解释方法以定性分析和半定量解释应用最为广泛,不能直接获取大地电阻率参数。针对这一问题,提出一种基于瞬变冲激时刻的快速定量解释方法。首先给出均匀半空间地?井瞬变电磁响应的表达式,分析地?井瞬变电磁响应的冲激时刻特征。结果表明,接收点深度越大、大地电导率越高,则瞬变冲激时刻越晚。结合已有的研究成果,推导冲激时刻与大地电导率和深度的函数关系,依据反函数理论进行大地视电阻率定义。以获取真实大地电阻率为目标,研究基于地下电磁场扩散速度的改进大地电阻率恢复算法。采用所提出的算法,根据实际常用工作方式,分别设计均匀半空间、二层模型和三层模型进行模拟计算。模型算例和实测数据试算结果表明:基于冲激时刻的视电阻率定义方法能够较好地反映大地电阻率的变化趋势,但具有较强的体积效应;基于电磁场扩散速度的改进算法能够有效地削弱体积效应的影响,更加准确地恢复大地电阻率值和反映电性界面。该算法无需进行复杂模型的迭代正演计算,具有较高的计算效率,能够定量恢复大地电阻率值,适用于地?井瞬变电磁法的快速初步定量解释。但在实际资料解释应用中,还需考虑视电阻率的“overshoot”和“undershoot”现象,避免造成错误解释。      

关于可控源音频大地电磁法探测深度的探讨

分析了水平电偶极子源均匀半空间电磁场表达式特征,进而推广到双极源电磁场。基于双极源一维模拟结果,研究了可控源音频大地电磁法探测深度与频率、电距、收发距、覆盖层电阻率的关系。结果表明:在保证一定信噪比的前提下,决定可控源音频大地电磁法最大探测深度的是收发距和电阻率综合作用下进入过渡区及近区场时对应的频率,并不是简单的频率越小,探测深度越大。进入近区场,可控源音频大地电磁法不再具有测深能力。最后统计得到电磁场由远区进入过渡区时的|kr|值约为4.789,由过渡区进入近区时的|kr|值约为0.106,进而得到卡尼亚视电阻率的最大探测深度约为0.3倍的收发距,全区视电阻率的最大探测深度为3.7倍的收发距。在某多金属矿上的勘探实例印证了上述认识。     

基于探地雷达的实验室水合物物理模型制备与电磁特性研究

探地雷达是探测水合物的一项有效技术手段。通过模拟试验研究实验室水合物电磁特性与水合物饱和度等因素的关系,对陆域冻土区水合物勘探及储量估算具有重要的意义。通过实验室制样获得以均匀天然石英砂颗粒为骨架的含四氢呋喃水合物土样并对其介电常数进行研究,发现在1.5G高频雷达测试下,纯冰模型与四氢呋喃水合物具有明显的电磁特性差异;当四氢呋喃水合物模型饱和度大于35%时,水合物模型介电常数随水合物体积增大而增大,雷达波在模型中传播速度逐渐减小;四氢呋喃水合物在10℃室温及常压下可以保持近1 h的模型稳定性,当模型孔隙中水合物和液态四氢呋喃共存时,合成试样的四氢呋喃体积分数越大,孔隙中液态四氢呋喃越多,水合物模型的介电常数也随之增大。     

瞬变电磁法全期视电阻率视深度求解方法与应用

早期道的瞬变电磁结果、视电阻率计算是通过样条函数ｆｃ（τ）获得的，提出了全期视电阻率ρｓ＝Ｕ·Ｌ／４πｆｃ（τ）式的实用计算方法，以揭阳机场地基工程为例进行了应用计算；视深度计算采用均匀半空间模型法和层状模型法，以荡坪钨矿实例，阐述其视深度计算求解方法的原理及误差影响因素。为瞬变电磁法（ＴＥＭ）成图方式提供了直观的新方法。     

地面核磁共振响应数值模拟研究

模型响应的数值计算是地面核磁共振勘探的一个重要组成部分，作者在本文中给出了地面核磁共振数值计算方法。在文中，作者借助直接数值积分方法，对回线源产生的磁场轴向和垂向分量进行计算，并采用不等间距空间坐标剖分技术，对地面核磁共振积分方程进行数值积分。利用这些计算方法，计算了在均匀导电半空间中的某一深度上，磁场的垂向分量沿轴向变化曲线，并给出了两层导电模型中存在一层含水层的地电模型的地面模磁共振响应的数值模拟结果。采用在本文中介绍的数值计算技术，可成功地进行一维含水模型地面核磁共振信号的数值计算。     

印模法在AMT数据处理中的改进与应用

在AMT数据处理中,反演模型的构建决定了最终的反演结果,不合理的反演模型直接导致反演结果的偏差。利用前人提出的印模法思想,对该方法进行了一些改进:以一维TM模式平均电阻率为均匀半空间模型电阻率进行二维反演,并以此反演结果作为元模型,全区一维平均电阻率为辅模型,理论探测深度为印模深度,构建新的反演模型。通过实例对比,认为采用该方法建立的模型能够较好地反映相应的地电结构,达到全区的平衡和统一,具有较好的应用效果。     

CSAMT中E_x视电阻率与E_x/H_y比值视电阻率的对比

常规CSAMT勘探是利用电场与磁场的比值来计算卡尼亚视电阻率。通过均匀半空间及层状介质模型,对CSAMT各场分量进行了计算,对视电阻率定义方式进行了分析。研究结果表明:采用电场Ex单分量定义的视电阻率,可以减轻比值视电阻率近区畸变严重的问题。实测资料分析结果进一步验证了Ex分量视电阻率的这一优点。在野外CSAMT资料采集时不必拘泥比值视电阻率这一种定义方式,可以根据野外实际条件灵活地调整采集方式,提高工作质量和效率。     

不同噪声水平高密度电法的分辨率和勘探深度研究

电位噪声是影响高密度数据采集质量进而影响反演成像解释可靠性的重要因素。通过模拟四种不同水平电位噪声并获得噪声数据,对比分析四种装置(温纳装置、三极装置、偶极装置、温纳-施伦贝谢装置),在噪声条件下的反演模型电阻率差异,并评估各装置对噪声响应的灵敏程度以及不同噪声水平对反演模型分辨率和各装置的勘探深度的影响。将反演模型分辨率和各装置勘探深度进行了量化,定量分析模型分辨率和不同装置勘探深度在各噪声水平下的变化规律,综合评估噪声对四种装置反演模型分辨率和勘探深度的影响得出:①偶极和三极装置对噪声灵敏程度较高,而温纳和温施装置对噪声灵敏程度相对较低;②噪声对深层地电模型分辨率影响较大,在有效分辨地电模型的深度范围内,温纳和温施装置的模型分辨率降低2/5,三极装置降低一半,偶极装置降低3/5左右;③勘探深度在噪声影响下均有所减小,温纳和温施装置减小约1/4,偶极和三极装置减小约1/3。     

三维井地电阻率有限元数值模拟及反演

油气资源和矿产资源勘探中,常需要较大的勘探深度和高的深部分辨能力,充分利用现有钻孔的三维井地电阻率成像技术能够适应于这种要求。通过设计一个高阻水平板状体模型,利用Ansys有限元软件对模型进行三维井地电阻率法有限元正演计算,并将模拟的响应视电阻率作为反演的输入,结合平滑约束最小二乘反演,分析了异常特征和分布规律,其结论和认识具有一定实用价值。     

Dielectric properties and structure of water at room temperature. New experimental data in 5 Hz–13 Mhz frequency range

The dielectric permittivity of destilled water was measured in the frequency range of 5 Hz to 13 MHz with different thicknesses of the sample and for various oscillator levels. The two electrode method was used with plate condenser. A simple model, composed of a dipole liquid with domain structure is described. Basing on the model, we show possible ways of polarization. The present conclusions relate dielectric properties of water which result from the model. We propose a new conductivity model for dipole liquid with domain structure. Measurements of dielectric permittivity are consistent with the model. It is shown that experimental dielectric permittivity curves are a superposition two Debye's curves with different relaxation times and two different values of static dielectric constant. Debye's resonance for lower frequency is associated with oxygen's domain structure and for higher frequency with hydrogen's domain structure. We observe an increase of dielectric permittivity with time associated with ordering of the structure after filling. For thin samples we can observe damping of the Debye's resonance and interaction of the domains' structures.     

水中电偶极子空中磁场响应的一维频率域分析

海洋电磁中浅海作业由于受到空气波的干扰而难于进行,而如果于空中接收电偶极子的磁场响应则可避免空气波的干扰,是一种新的海洋电磁勘探思路。用一维频率域程序,对水中电偶极子在空中的磁场响应进行了计算分析,比较了海底有高阻异常层和低阻异常层时空中磁场响应的变化规律。分别计算测线布置、发射信号频、海水深度、异常储层埋深、异常储层厚度、储层电阻率、空中测量高度等多种因素对空中磁场响应的影响,结果表明,海底有低阻层时空中磁场有更强的响应,归一化幅度异常变化约为10%~60%,而海底有高阻异常储层时响应较弱,归一化异幅度常变化约为2%~8%。因此海洋电磁勘探中于空中接收磁场的模式,更适合浅海区低阻矿产资源的大面积调查。     

EH-4电磁系统用于金矿找矿的效果——以山东山后和甘肃阳山矿区为例

Stratagem EH-4电磁系统是通过同时测量天然场源和人工场源激发的电场和磁场来计算电阻率，测量深度与不同频带相对应。频率较高的数据反映浅部地质特征，频率较低则反映较深地层的信息。该系统能在各种地形上测量获得电阻率二维断面。通过在山东山后、甘肃阳山金矿区的方法试验，证明了该系统具有探测构造深度大、分辨率高的特点。     

冻结土壤介电常数混合模型机理研究

介电常数是微波辐射传输理论所需的最重要、最基本的参数。通过研究平均温度低于-4℃,组分中含有冰的土壤——冻结土壤,建立了一种适用于微波波段冻结土壤的介电常数混合模型。该模型考虑了土壤温度、微波频率、土壤质地以及其中未冻水含量的影响。模型使用一点法计算未冻水含量,引入Stern双电层理论计算冻结土壤未冻水的介电常数,引入Maxwell-Garnett介电常数混合理论、介电常数容积混合理论构建冻结土壤介电常数混合模型。模型计算结果与实测资料进行了详细的对比分析,冻结土壤介电常数混合模型给出的介电常数实部、虚部的曲率与实验结果很好吻合,模型结果比较满意,对比分析证实了模型的可靠性。     

Dielectric relaxation in oil-bearing clayey rocks

The dielectric properties of the bentonite–oil–salt solution mixtures with different water and oil saturation were experimentally studied in the frequency range of 10 kHz to 4 GHz at 25–60 °C. It has been established that besides the region of the Debye water relaxation, there are two more relaxation regions resulting from the interfacial interaction of the mixture components in this frequency range. To describe the dielectric permittivity and equivalent conductivity of the mixture, a spectroscopic model taking into account the multifrequency relaxation is proposed. The dependence of the model parameters on the water saturation and temperatures of the samples has been determined. The experimental data are compared with the modeling results, and the error of prediction for the dielectric permittivity and conductivity of mixture is estimated using the proposed model.     

Effects of galvanic distortions on magnetotelluric data: Interpretation and its correction using deep electrical data

The non-inductive galvanic disturbances due to surficial bodies, lying smaller than high frequency skin depth, cause serious interpretational errors in magnetotelluric data. These frequency independent distortions result in a quasi-static shift between the apparent resistivity curves known as static shift. Two-dimensional modelling studies, for the effects of surficial bodies on magnetotelluric interpretation, show that the transverse electric (TE) mode apparent resistivity curves are hardly affected compared to the transverse magnetic (TM) mode curves, facilitating the correction by using a curve shifting method to match low frequency asymptotes. But in the case of field data the problem is rather complicated because of the random distribution of geometry and conductivity of near surface inhomogeneities. Here we present the use of deep resistivity sounding (DRS) data to constrain MT static shift. Direct current sensitivity studies show that the behaviour of MT static shift can be estimated using DC resistivity measurements close to the MT sounding station to appreciable depths. The distorted data set is corrected using the MT response for DRS model and further subject to joint inversion with DRS data. Joint inversion leads to better estimation of MT parameters compared to the separate inversion of data sets.     

岩石电容——电介质电容之一

岩石是电介质之一.发现了岩石具有电容性,就应该探讨电介质是否具有电容性.本文根据岩石充放电一次电压和二次电压得到的岩石电容性给出了电介质电性模型.依据介质为电容电阻串联的新的模型,利用跨学科的前人对黄铜矿、黄铁矿、玻璃、云母、琥珀以及聚乙烯胶囊的时间域和频率域实验数据进行验证,并进一步与介电常数经典理论对比验证.验证结果表明,新模型的电性参数关系与黄铜矿、黄铁矿、玻璃、云母、琥珀及聚乙烯胶囊实测电性参数关系非常吻合;新模型适用于各种时间的弛豫以及直流和交流环境;新模型也完全能表达各种介电常数和电损耗的关系.主要结论有,介质是漏电的含有内阻的电容;它可以看作若干含内阻电容和漏电电阻的并联电路;介质的阻抗及等效电容取决于介质的电容、电容内电阻、介质电阻及频率;岩石电容是电介质电容的一种.     

Dielectric permittivity spectra of oil-water-saturated sandy-clayey rocks of different mineralogical compositions and relaxation properties of water in these rocks

Experimental measurements of the dielectric permittivity and equivalent conductivity of sandy-clayey samples (a mixture of river sand with bentonite or kaolin) saturated with salt-solution-diesel-fuel emulsions were performed in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 1 GHz at temperatures of 25-65 °C. It is shown that when the content of the salt solution in the saturating fluid does not exceed 10%, the dielectric permittivity in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 1 GHz depends little on the mineral composition of the sample and on the concentration of the saturating solution. When the portion of water is 33.3% or higher, increasing the concentration of the salt solution leads to an increase in the equivalent conductivity and the real part of the complex dielectric permittivity. Using the refractive model of the complex dielectric permittivity, we have estimated the dielectric properties of bound water, which depend on temperature and the type of clay (bentonite or kaolin) in the sand-clay mixture but are independent of the water saturation and the amount of clay in the sample.     

Influence of diesel fuel contamination on the electrical properties of unsaturated soil at a low frequency range of 100 Hz–10 MHz

In this study, the effect of diesel fuel contamination on the electrical properties of unsaturated soils was estimated in the low frequency ranges. For the soils having 5% water content, the electrical resistivity increased with the diesel fuel contents while the permittivity decreased at higher diesel contents. However, at 15% water content, the variation of electrical properties was not significant possibly because most of the electric currents should occur through the pore water. The linear relationship between the electrical resistivity and the diesel fuel contents in soil was developed at 5% water content, which implied that the electrical resistivity could be used to quantify the extent of diesel fuel contamination in soil. The results indicated that the electrical properties including the resistivity and the permittivity could give the reliable estimation on the diesel contamination with the low water content in soil and the frequency applied below 1 MHz.     

Geophysical anomalies associated with uranium mineralization from Beldih mine, South Purulia Shear Zone, India

Beldih mine at the central part of the South Purulia Shear Zone (SPSZ) has been reported with low grade uranium-bearing formation within quartz-magnetite-apatite host in kaolinized formation. Therefore, the present integrated geophysical study with gravity, magnetic, radiometric, very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF) and gradient resistivity profiling methods around the known mineralized zones aimed at identifying the exact geophysical signatures and lateral extent of these uranium mineralization bands. The closely spaced gravity-magnetic contours over the low to high anomaly transition zones of Bouguer, reduced-to-pole magnetic, and trend surface separated residual gravity-magnetic anomaly maps indicate the possibility of high altered zone(s) along NW-SE direction at the central part of the study area. High current density plots of VLF method and the low resistive zones in gradient resistivity study depict the coincidence with low gravity, moderately high magnetic and low resistivity anomalies at the same locations. Moderate high radioactive zones have also been observed over these locations. This also suggests the existence of radioactive mineralization over this region. Along profile P2, drilled borehole data revealed the presence of uranium mineralization at a depth of ～100 m. The vertical projection of this mineralization band also identified as low gravity, low resistivity and high magnetic anomaly zone. Thus, the application of integrated geophysical techniques supported by geological information successfully recognized the nature of geophysical signatures associated with the uranium mineralization of this region. This enhances the scope of further integrated geophysical investigations in the unexplored regions of SPSZ.