Model parameters for simulating fate and transport of on-site wastewater nutrients

This paper presents a critical review of model-input parameters for transport of on-site wastewater treatment system (OWS) pollutants. Approximately 25% of the U.S. population relies on soil-based OWS for effective treatment and protection of public health and environmental quality. Mathematical models are useful tools for understanding and predicting the transport and fate of wastewater pollutants and for addressing water-budget issues related to wastewater reclamation from site to watershed scales. However, input parameters for models that simulate fate and transport of OWS pollutants are not readily obtained. The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate an objective, statistically supported method for choosing model-input parameters related to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Data were gathered from existing studies reported in the literature. Cumulative frequency distributions (CFDs) are provided for OWS effluent concentrations of N and P, nitrification and denitrification rates, and linear sorption isotherm constants for P. When CFDs are not presented, ranges and median values are provided. Median values for model-input parameters are as follows: total N concentration (44 mg/L), nitrate-N (0.2 mg/L), ammonium (60 mg/L), phosphate-P (9 mg/L), organic N (14 mg/L), zero-order nitrification rate (264 mg/L/d), first-order nitrification (2.9/d), first-order dentrification (0.025/d), maximum soil capacity for P uptake (237 mg/kg), linear sorption isotherm constant for P (15.1 L/kg), and OWS effluent flow rates (260 L/person/d).     

The performance of constructed wetlands for,wastewater treatment: a case study of Splash wetland in Nairobi Kenya

The performance of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment was examined for four months (December 1995 to March 1996). The study area, hereby referred to as the Splash wetland, is approximately 0·5 ha, and is located in the southern part of Nairobi city. Splash wetland continuously receives domestic sewage from two busy restaurants. Treated wastewater is recycled for re‐use for various purposes in the restaurants. Both wet and dry season data were analysed with a view of determining the impact of seasonal variation on the system performance. The physical and chemical properties of water were measured at a common intake and at series of seven other points established along the wetland gradient and at the outlet where the water is collected and pumped for re‐use at the restaurants. The physico‐chemical characteristics of the wastewater changed significantly as the wastewater flowed through the respective wetland cells. A comparison of wastewater influent versus the effluent from the wetland revealed the system's apparent success in water treatment, especially in pH modification, removal of suspended solids, organic load and nutrients mean influent pH = 5·7 ± 0·5, mean effluent pH 7·7 ± 0·3; mean influent BOD₅ = 1603·0 ± 397·6 mg/l, mean effluent BOD₅ = 15·1 ± 2·5 mg/l; mean influent COD = 3749·8 ± 206·8 mg/l, mean effluent COD = 95·6 ± 7·2 mg/l; mean influent TSS = 195·4 ± 58·7 mg/l, mean effluent TSS = 4·7 ± 1·9 mg/l. As the wastewater flowed through the wetland system dissolved free and saline ammonia, NH₄⁺, decreased from 14·6 ± 4·1 mg/l to undetectable levels at the outlet. Dissolved oxygen increased progressively through the wetland system. Analysis of the data available did not reveal temporal variation in the system's performance. However, significant spatial variation was evident as the wetland removed most of the common pollutants and considerably improved the quality of the water, making it safe for re‐use at the restaurants. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太湖流域上游平原河网区水质空间差异与季节变化特征

在太湖流域上游的宜溧—洮滆水系主要河道设置67个监测点,分别于2014年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)进行水质监测,采用多元统计方法分析了水质的空间差异性和季节性变化,并利用水质标识指数法对水环境质量进行评价.结果表明,宜溧—洮滆水系污染程度较严重,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)浓度年均值分别为4.93、0.26和7.63 mg/L;单因素多元方差分析和聚类分析显示污染物浓度具有显著时空差异性,时间上冬、春季污染程度较高而夏、秋季较低,空间上无锡和常州氮、磷污染较为严重,宜兴和溧阳市有机污染程度较高;水质标识评价结果显示流域内水质基本为IV类或V类,其中TN、TP及CODMn是关键污染指标.     

Ecosystem response to regulatory and management actions: The southern California experience in long-term monitoring

Billions of dollars have been invested over the past 35 years in reducing pollutant emissions to coastal environments. Evaluation of the effectiveness of this investment is hampered by the lack of long-term consistent data. A rare opportunity exists in southern California to evaluate the effectiveness of management actions by analyzing long-term monitoring of effluent, sediment, benthos, and fish and comparing this trend data to periodic regional surveys of environmental condition. In this paper, we ask the question “have improvements in effluent quality in response to environmental regulation translated into improvements in the receiving environment?” Results indicate that management actions directed at reducing mass emissions from wastewater treatment plants (POTWs) have resulted in substantial improvement in aquatic communities. However, the magnitude and timing of response varies by indicator suggesting that use of multiple assessment endpoints is necessary to adequately interpret trends. Reductions in the effect of POTW effluent have allowed managers to shift resources to address other contaminant sources such as stormwater and resuspension of legacy pollutants.     

Geochemical modelling and speciation studies of metal pollutants present in selected water systems in South Africa

Metal pollutants in water poses great threats to living beings and hence requires to be monitored regularly to avoid loss of lives. Various analytical methods are available to monitor these pollutants in water and can be improved with time. Modelling of metal pollutants in any water system helps chemists, engineers and environmentalists to greatly understand the various chemical processes in such systems. Water samples were collected from waste water treatment plant and river from highlands close to its source all the way to the ocean as it passing through areas with high anthropogenic activities. Pre-concentration of pollutants in the samples was done through acid digestion and metal pollutants were analysed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectra (ICP-OES) to determine the concentration levels. Metal concentrations ranged between 0.1356–0.4658 mg/L for Al; 0.0031–0.0050 mg/L for Co, 0.0019–0.0956 mg/L for Cr; 0.0028–0.3484 mg/L for Cu; 0.0489–0.3474 mg/L for Fe; 0.0033–0.0285 mg/L for Mn; 0.0056–0.0222 mg/L for Ni; 0.0265–0.4753 mg/L for Pb and 0.0052–0.5594 mg/L for Zn. Modelling work was performed using PHREEQC couple with Geochemist’s workbench (GWB) to determine speciation dynamics and bioavailability of these pollutants. Modelling thus adds value to analytical methods and hence a better complementary tool to laboratory-based experimental studies.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of the water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir,China

Abstract

The three-route South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), transferring water from the water-rich Yangtze River and its tributaries to the much drier area of North China for irrigation, industrial and domestic use, has been implemented in China since 2002. Thus, water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, the water source area of the SNWDP's Middle Route, is of great concern. We investigate its water quality from 2004 to 2006 by monitoring some important physical (T, turbidity and SPM) and chemical (DO, pH, alkalinity, TDS, SpCond, ORP, COD_Mn and BOD) parameters and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) contents. Consequently, their spatial and temporal patterns in the reservoir were examined. The results indicate that the water of the reservoir is of a Ca and HCO₃ type, and the major pollutants are nitrogen and COD_Mn. Comparisons among the sampling sites show that water quality increases downstream, implying the self-purification capacity of the reservoir. The reservoir in general has better water quality in the dry season than in the wet season. Integrated basin management would be critical of the water quality in the Danjingkou Reservoir for the interbasin water transfer project.     

Removal of COD from Industrial Effluent Containing Indigo Dye Using Adsorption Method by Activated Carbon Cloth: Optimization,Kinetic, and Isotherm Studies

The pollution of underground and surface water streams is a tremendous environmental problem. Adsorption, in which activated carbon (AC) is used as an adsorbent, is one of efficient procedures to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewaters. Activated carbon fiber (ACF), a newly developed form of AC, has high adsorption rate and surface area and can be used for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. In this work, ACF was prepared by physicochemical activation method from kenaf and we studied its ability in the treatment of indigo‐containing wastewater produced from a dying factory. The filtered wastewater was treated via adsorption by ACF, and response surface experimental design method was used to study the effect of ACF dosage, contact time, temperature, and pH of the wastewater on the removal process. ACF dosage of 0.256 g, temperature of 12.5°C, pH 8.5, and contact time of 125 min were optimum treatment conditions. The adsorption process obeys pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models.     

官厅水库水体营养状况分析

2001-2002年的调研结果显示,官厅水库为富营养型湖泊.初级生产力为浮游藻类与大型水生高等植物混合型.浮游藻类细胞密度为1126.54×104cells/L,其中蓝藻占53.4%,绿藻占32.1%.优势种为水华微囊藻(Microcystisflos-aquae)和铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa).7-10月库区水体出现大面积的微囊藻水华.TN、TP分别为1.182mg/L和0.045mg/L,水体已达富营养.官厅水库TN和TP的质量浓度比大于7,Chla与TP存在显著的正相关.磷是水体中初级生产力增长的限制性营养盐.官厅水库的污染物主要来自点源,其次是面源和内源.应以点源为主进行综合防治,恢复其饮用水源地功能,以缓解北京市淡水资源的紧缺状态.     

Using Na/K Ratios to Identify the Potential Impacts of Sewage Effluent on Groundwater Quality in Sohag,Egypt

Improper disposal of wastewater is an important source of groundwater contamination, as it poses serious threats to the environment and human health. In this case study, 18 groundwater and 3 sewage effluent samples were collected from the area adjacent to a wastewater treatment plant in Sohag, Egypt. These samples were subjected to detailed chemical and bacteriological analyses to quantify the potential impact of sewage effluent on the groundwater quality using geochemical indicators. The groundwater aquifer in the study area is represented by the highly permeable Qena Sands that are composed of sands and gravels. The bacteriological analyses indicated the presence of fecal coliform in groundwater at wells nearby the wastewater ponds and farm lands. NH₄ concentration of the contaminated groundwater samples ranged from 0.36 to 5.70 mg/L (78% of the samples > 1.20 mg/L) and the NH₄ in the non‐impacted samples ranged from 0.40 to 2.23 mg/L (22% > 1.20 mg/L). Variations in NH₄ concentrations are due to the transformation processes occurring in the aquifer. The groundwater samples were categorized based on the Na/K ratio into two classes. The first class shows the Na/K ratios vary from 2.52 to 12.19 for sewage effluent and contaminated samples, while in the second class they range from 12.85 to 31.60 for non‐impacted samples. As a result, the Na/K ratio in combination with other chemical and microbiological indicators is a useful screening tool for assessing possible sewage influence on shallow groundwater from shallow wells.     

Integrating water management,habitat modelling and water quality at the basin scale and environmental flow assessment: case study of the Tormes River,Spain

Abstract

Multidisciplinary models are useful for integrating different disciplines when addressing water planning and management problems. We combine water resources management, water quality and habitat analysis tools that were developed with the decision support system AQUATOOL at the basin scale. The water management model solves the allocation problem through network flow optimization and considers the environmental flows in some river stretches. Once volumes and flows are estimated, the water quality model is applied. Furthermore, the flows are evaluated from an ecological perspective using time series of aquatic species habitat indicators. This approach was applied in the Tormes River Water System, where agricultural demands jeopardize the environmental needs of the river ecosystem. Additionally, water quality problems in the lower part of the river result from wastewater loading and agricultural pollution. Our methodological framework can be used to define water management rules that maintain water supply, aquatic ecosystem and legal standards of water quality. The integration of ecological and water management criteria in a software platform with objective criteria and heuristic optimization procedures allows realistic assessment and application of environmental flows to be made. Here, we improve the general methodological framework by assessing the hydrological alteration of selected environmental flow regime scenarios.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor M. Acreman

Citation Paredes-Arquiola, J., Solera, A., Martinez-Capel, F., Momblanch, A., and Andreu, J., 2014. Integrating water management, habitat modelling and water quality at the basin scale and environmental flow assessment: case study of the Tormes River, Spain. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 878–889.     

Surveillance of Invasive Bacterial Pathogens and Human Enteric Viruses in Wastewater Final Effluents and Receiving Water Bodies – a Case Study from Durban,South Africa

The physico‐chemical characteristics and microbial composition of the final effluents of two municipal wastewater treatment plants in South Africa were assessed between July and September 2009. The impact of the treated final effluents on the receiving water bodies was also evaluated. The temperature across all sampling points ranged between 14 and 22°C, while pH varied from 6.9 to 7.6. High levels of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and orthophosphate (PO₄) were observed in many cases. Turbidity of the samples was in the range of 2.2–288.6 NTU. The concentrations (mg/L) of other physico‐chemical parameters are as follows: COD (9.33–289); ammonia (0.000340–45.4); nitrate (0.062–539); nitrite (0.021–22.6); PO₄ (5.3–33.2). The microbial quality of the effluents discharged from the plants did not comply with the limits set by the South African guidelines with respect to pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, total coliform, faecal coliform, enterococci, faecal streptococci, and viral particles for effluents intended for discharge into receiving watersheds. This study revealed an undesirable impact on the physico‐chemical and microbial qualities of the receiving water bodies as a result of the discharge of inadequately treated effluents from the wastewater treatment facilities. This poses a health risk to several rural communities which rely on the receiving water bodies primarily as their sources of domestic water and recreational purposes. There is therefore a need for the intervention of appropriate regulatory agencies in South Africa to ensure compliance of treatment facilities with wastewater effluent quality standards.     

我国南方桉树(Eucalyptus)人工林区水库突发性泛黑形成机理初探

桉树(Eucalyptus)在我国南方大规模种植,最快两三年成材,经济价值高,但近来却被认为是"抽水机"、"绿色沙漠",甚至传言"有毒".特别是近年来桉树人工林区水库出现的"泛黑"现象——水体呈现黑褐色并伴有涩味,给种植地附近居民造成了很大的恐慌.并且其黑水形成机理、物质来源及触发条件等尚不清楚.基于此,本文选取我国南方桉树人工林区典型水库,开展了水体"泛黑"现象成因研究:于2015年8月2016年4月对广西南宁市那降水库、天雹水库、百合水库分别进行了4次水体垂直分层采样,测定其理化指标,并结合当地水库管理站提供的水文数据进行综合分析.结果表明,桉树人工林区水库泛黑与特定季节及特殊气候条件有关,水体温度分层结构失稳是黑水物质运移的主要动力因素;夏季水库水温分层结构稳定,限制了底层致黑物质向上迁移,溶解氧等水质指标分层明显,秋冬季节分层消失,水体发生垂直交换,给底层致黑物质提供了上翻的作用力,导致"泛黑"现象发生.硫化物、单宁酸、铁、锰等物质季节性及空间分异特征与水温季节性分层特性密切相关.桉树林区水库水体铁和锰浓度最高可达2.93和3.46 mg/L,桉树茎、叶在水体中浸出大量单宁酸,在硫化物、单宁酸、铁、锰同时存在的条件下,发生铁、锰与硫化物,硫化物与单宁酸,铁、锰与单宁酸等一系列反应,生成黑色络合物,导致水库泛黑.研究结果可为保障桉树人工林区饮用水源地安全提供指导,并为桉树人工林区水库黑水深入研究奠定基础,引领更多学者进行深入研究.     

Evaluation of chemical composition changes of surface water in Boguchan Reservoir (Siberia,Russia)

Abstract

Mathematical transformation models of TDS (total dissolved salts) and organic substance concentration as BOD₅ (biochemical oxygen demand) in water of the Angara River and the proposed Boguchan Reservoir have been developed. Having filled the reservoir to a water level of 208 m, in an average year it is shown that increase in surface water mineralization is expected in the cross-section of Boguchan Hydroelectric Power Station giving TDS of up to 20–40 mg/dm³, and values of BOD₅ will increase to 2.0–3.9 mgO₂/dm³. In a low-water year the value of BOD₅ may be as great as 5 mgO₂/dm³; mineralization, in contrast, decreases. Several years after reservoir filling, the values of BOD₅ would decrease, but water quality of the upper part of the reservoir would still depend on the degree of treatment of wastewater discharged to it.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Savichev, O.G. and Matveenko, I.A., 2013. Evaluation of chemical composition changes of surface water in Boguchan Reservoir (Siberia, Russia). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (3), 706–715.     

辽宁省大伙房水库及入库河流水质空间特征与河库水质关系

入库河流与水库存在空间上的连续性,河流污染物输入是水库水质恶化的主要原因,对大伙房水库及其入库支流61个采样点的水质状况进行调查,并运用聚类分析和主成分分析对大伙房水库及入库支流的水质空间特性和主要污染物进行分析.聚类分析显示,按照水质相似性将大伙房水库及入库支流水质可分为上游区、下游区和库区3个典型空间区域.分别对3个区域进行主成分分析,结果显示:入库支流上游区和下游区水质主要影响因素为氨氮、总氮和化学需氧量,库区影响水质的主要因素为温度、p H值、浊度、溶解氧、电导率、氨氮和总氮.对上游、下游和库区水质均有显著影响的因子为氨氮和总氮,上游区、下游区和库区氨氮浓度均值分别为0.06、0.10和0.19 mg/L,总氮浓度均值分别为0.13、0.16和0.26 mg/L.入库河流下游区对水库水质影响较大,受社河和浑河污染物输入的影响,大伙房水库水质在空间上呈现社河入库区水质优于浑河入库区水质.并且库区氨氮和总氮浓度均与距岸边距离呈负相关,溶解氧和p H值均与距入库口距离呈负相关,表明入库河流污染物输入和环库区面源污染均对大伙房水库水质产生一定影响.     

微曝气垂直流湿地处理城郊低浓度生活污水模拟实验

本文提出微曝气垂直流湿地的概念,并通过柱状模型实验模拟研究了其对云南滇池流域城郊低浓度生活污水的处理效果.测定了模型的氧利用效率,最高为14.04%.在高水力负荷15.29m3/(m2·d)、气水比1:2的条件下,BOD5和NI4-N去除率分别为74.4%和63.5%,出水平均含量分别为4.96mg/L和272mg/L.结果说明,微曝气垂直流湿地工艺能满足低浓度生活污水高水力负荷的处理要求,微曝气耗能折价O.04-0.05元/m3.     

Microbial Quality in Coastal Waters of Dardanelles in Relation to the Pollution Sources and Transport Pathways

The coastal water quality of Çanakkale Dardanelles (Turkey) was assessed based on bacteriological data and physical–chemical parameters. Total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and enterococci (ENT) bacteria along with physicochemical parameters were measured monthly up to a year at 12 different sampling sites located through both coastal lines of the strait. The fecal bacteria were abounded at several sampling sites such as B1, B3, G3, and G4 due to direct wastewater discharges and septic leakages or overloading. Storm water runoff and sediment resuspension were important pathways for the transport of coliform and ENT bacteria to the Dardanelles, as the region receives high precipitation and strong winds for most part of the year. The values of pH, temperature, and salinity were in typical ranges for the studied area. The microbiological and physicochemical data were correlated individually and in combination. The best fit correlations for bacterial data were attained between TC and FC or TC and ENT (R = 0.67 or ?0.68), while those for the combined data were obtained for TC with temperature (R = 0.94) and TC with salinity (R = ? 0.70).     

Cost-efficient management of coastal aquifers via recharge with treated wastewater and desalination of brackish groundwater: application to the Akrotiri basin and aquifer,Cyprus

Abstract

We investigate the general methodology for an intensive development of coastal aquifers, described in a companion paper, through its application to the management of the Akrotiri aquifer, Cyprus. The Zakaki area of that aquifer, adjacent to Lemessos City, is managed such that it permits a fixed annual agricultural water demand to be met, as well as and a fraction of the water demand of Lemessos, which varies according to available surface water. Effluents of the Lemessos wastewater treatment plant are injected into the aquifer to counteract the seawater intrusion resulting from the increased pumping. The locations of pumping and injection wells are optimized based on least-cost, subject to meeting the demand. This strategy controls sea intrusion so effectively that desalting of only small volumes of slightly brackish groundwater is required over short times, while ～2.3 m³ of groundwater is produced for each 1 m³ of injected treated wastewater. The cost over the 20-year period 2000–2020 of operation is ～40 M€ and the unit production cost of potable water is under 0.2 €/m³. The comparison between the deterministic and stochastic analyses of the groundwater dynamics indicates the former as conservative, i.e. yielding higher groundwater salinity at the well. The Akrotiri case study shows that the proposed aquifer management scheme yields solutions that are preferable to the widely promoted seawater desalination, also considering the revenues from using the treated wastewater for irrigation.

Citation Koussis, A. D., Georgopoulou, E., Kotronarou, A., Mazi, K., Restrepo, P., Destouni, G., Prieto, C., Rodriguez, J. J., Rodriguez-Mirasol, J., Cordero, T., Ioannou, C., Georgiou, A., Schwartz, J. & Zacharias, I. (2010) Cost-efficient management of coastal aquifers via recharge with treated wastewater and desalination of brackish groundwater: application to the Akrotiri basin and aquifer, Cyprus. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1234–1245.     

旅游酒店排污影响下的岩溶地下水水化学变化

岩溶地下水系统具有高度的开放性和脆弱性,使得地下水极易遭受污染.为探究旅游酒店排污对岩溶地下水水化学变化的影响,以金佛山世界自然遗产地水房泉流域为例,对水房泉地下水的水化学进行自动化监测,对流域内雨水、土壤水、某酒店自来水、污废水进行定期采集,结合流域硝酸盐氮氧同位素分析.结果表明,监测期间水房泉水化学变化随酒店入住游客量总体表现为3个阶段：前期受降雨影响显著,旅游高峰期间水质急剧恶化,后期水质明显好转.酒店生活污废水的排放成为水房泉水化学演变的重要因素,硝酸盐氮氧同位素表明水房泉的NO₃^-主要来自粪便、污废水以及土壤N的混合.H₂SO₄及污水中HCl、有机酸等可能参与了碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,使水房泉Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-浓度增加明显.流域岩溶管道发育,地下水流速快,使污染物质扩散迅速,故在研究期间水房泉主要离子的浓度高峰对污废水排放高峰的响应仅滞后约4 d.     

Bioindication of water and bottom sediment pollution in the Kondopozhskaya Bay of Lake Onega

The situation in the Kondopozhskaya Bay of Onega Lake, polluted by wastewater of a pulp-and-paper mill is considered. The dynamics of wastewater input over 80 years is analyzed; the rate of such input varied widely in this period because of changes in cellulose production processes. A close correlation was found to exist between the characteristics of the state of aquatic organism communities and the environmental physicochemical characteristics. The pollution indices of water mass and the bed are evaluated, including biological and physicochemical data. Those indices can be used to identify polluted zones of water and bottom sediments in Onega Lake subject to the discharge of wastewaters from pulp-and-paper mill.     

珠江三角洲湖库水体嗅味物质分布及其去除

采用固相微萃取-气质联用技术对珠江三角洲9个城市共48个湖库水体中的土臭素（GSM）、2-甲基异茨醇（MIB）和2,3,6-三氯苯甲醚（TCA）等5种嗅味物质进行检测,并探讨污水处理厂和自来水厂处理工艺中嗅味物质的浓度变化规律,同时研究强化混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果.结果表明：珠江三角洲湖库水体中嗅味问题最严重的是广州、佛山、肇庆、东莞、惠州和深圳6个城市,各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为70.93~116.61 ng/L;中山、珠海与江门3个城市的嗅味问题不明显,各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为22.78~58.82 ng/L;珠江三角洲的湖库中浓度最高的嗅味物质是MIB、TCA和GSM,这3种嗅味物质占了嗅味物质总浓度的80.18%~100.00%;污水处理厂和自来水厂中的处理工艺对嗅味物质均有一定的去除效果,嗅味物质的去除主要发生在混凝沉淀阶段;污水处理厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为53.55%、57.40%和72.90%;自来水厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为64.14%、69.63%和36.86%;强化混凝沉淀实验中,当嗅味物质初始浓度为200 ng/L时,Al₂O₃投加量为13.75 mg/L可使得混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳且保证铝盐不超标,嗅味物质浓度增大时Al₂O₃投加量也需增大;反应体系的pH值处于5~8时,混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳;混凝搅拌速率越快,嗅味物质的去除率越高且越快达到稳定.