North American Periglacial Geomorphology as a Branch of Geocryology: A Brief History

Permafrost studies first developed as part of the science of geocryology in Russia in the early part of the 20th century. Periglacial geomorphology emerged in the 1950s as a branch of a European-dominated climatic geomorphology. Since then, periglacial geomorphology in North America has become increasingly concerned with permafrost-related process studies and is now viewed by some as a branch of geocryology. The recent development of North American cryostratigraphy allows inferences to be made regarding paleoenvironmental conditions while traditional Pleistocene-oriented periglacial geomorphology has been largely replaced by Quaternary science. The danger exists that North American periglacial geomorphology will cease to be a recognizable sub-branch of geomorphology.     

美国工业化阶段的历史评估

工业化是通向现代化社会的基本途径。美国是人类历史上最大的工业化国家,曾拥有最为完整的工业体系和最为规范的工业化路径,其工业化经验对同为大国的中国具有一定的借鉴意义。本文依据发展经济学结构学派的工业化阶段理论,主要采用部门结构和人均收入的动态指标,对美国工业化过程的起讫时间进行了界定,然后将该过程划分为轻工业化、重工业化和技术集约化三个基本阶段,并根据产业重心不同将重工业化阶段分解为前后两个半段,并给出了每一阶段的具体时间范围。这种研究有助于从整体上把握美国工业化的全貌,并展现出美国经济崛起的历史轨迹。     

Heading Households and Heading Businesses: Rural Kenyan Women in the Informal Sector

The dynamics of intra-household economics among sedentary farmers in rural Kenya suggest that women, whether or not they have a male household head, are responsible for providing basic resources to insure the daily survival of household members. Many rural Kenyan women operate small businesses in rural market centers in order to meet these obligations, and many of these women are also heads of their households. This paper examines women's resource bases for establishing and maintaining small-scale businesses. Compared to women who are associated with male-headed households, women who head households have fewer resources for establishing businesses which in turn generate lower earnings. At the same time, these women are almost completely dependent on their businesses for meeting the household's needs.     

美国露营活动流行原因分析及对我国的启示

一项旅游活动的发展与流行需要多种内部和外部条件的支撑。中国的露营活动还处于发展的初期,目前还没有成体系的露营地建设,也没有相应的发展和管理措施。自发的露营活动很不规范,容易带来一系列社会问题。为了促进我国露营活动的健康发展,露营地的成体系和规范建设,论文从多个方面分析了美国露营活动流行的原因,及其对我国露营活动开展的启示。首先分析美国的早期移民从东海岸向西海岸探险过程中,对露营活动的形成和促进作用;在露营活动过程中,参与者如何从活动中获得休闲娱乐、磨炼意志、知识学习、生存经验积累等多方面的收益,特别是对青少年的教育和锻炼作用。其次分析美国露营地建设种类和各种基础设施建设,以及露营者行为管理、露营地管理等各种管理措施对有序开展露营活动的支撑作用。再次从多种外部因素分析露营活动流行的原因,主要包括:地理气候等自然因素,高速公路系统、信息发布、生活品供应等各种基础设施因素,假期制度、生活与传统习惯和公共道德等各种社会文化因素等。最后在综合分析美国露营活动流行原因的基础上,提出我国如何结合自身国情开展露营活动。     

La Frontera and Beyond: Geography and Demography in Mexican American History*

The recent publication of an expansive national dataset, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample, allows for new analyses of the historical geography and settlement of various immigrant and ethnic groups in the United States. The present research explores the growth, development, and geographic dispersion of the ethnic Mexican population, and outlines some of the demographic and social characteristics within significant clusters of this population in the United States across the first half of the twentieth century. The analysis does not attempt to overturn other geographies and ethnographies in Mexican American history, but through its ability to elucidate broad, national patterns it is able to create a more dynamic view of settlement, demonstrating the role of immigrants and of women immigrants in particular. Results indicate that place matters: the geographical context of arrival and settlement were key factors in differentiating communities and the lives of those who lived in them.     

Teaching American Indian Geography and History with New Perspectives: The Lodge Pole River Project Example

Abstract

A three-year institute called “The Lodge Pole River Project” was designed to change educator perceptions of American Indian historical geography and encourage the creation of balanced and culturally sensitive American Indian K-12 curriculum. This project offered unique opportunities to assess a geography institute's impact upon teacher knowledge and perceptions towards Native people and pedagogical approaches to teaching about American Indians and their landscapes. The assessment suggests that three weeks of field work, archival research, and curriculum writing increased participant knowledge of American Indian history and culture, solidified sympathetic perceptions and attitudes towards Native people, and strengthened the ability of educators to offer different interpretations of American Indian geography and history to their students.     

American viticultural areas: A problem in regional geography

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine a particular type of formal geographic region—the viticultural region—to promote an understanding of the geographical bases of wine production. The authors have found that the viticultural area is an excellent vehicle for teaching students how geographers construct and analyze regions. Although the wine industry in the United States is concentrated overwhelmingly in California and secondarily in a belt running from New York across Pennsylvania and into Ohio, most of the lower 48 states have at least one officially recognized viticultural area. The following problem has been developed to be used “as is” or to be modified for any state or region in the country. By the end of the problem, students have gained hands-on experience in defining regions, correlating physical geography with human activities, and thinking about the importance of place names and scale.     

地理教学:必须由封闭走向开放

本文从我国现阶段的教育状况和教育方针出发,根据地理学科的特点和新的研究方式,阐明了本学科的教学必须由封闭走向开放的必要性和迫切性.并以此为基础,进一步论述了如何从内容、思维、形式、时空、评价等全方位地进行开放式地理教学.     

Out of the Rat Race

After the social policy reforms of 1991 important changes in internal migration in New Zealand occurred. These resulted in changing housing costs and falling incomes which led to the movement of low income households, particularly beneficiaries and state house tenants, from urban to rural areas and small towns. A survey of 404 people who moved to the Southern Wairarapa towns of Carterton, Martinborough and Featherston from New Zealand urban areas since 1985 shows that a proportional increase in beneficiary movement occurred after 1991. Housing costs, relative to income, are important factors in the decision to move for a range of migrants. This pattern of migration has important regional development ramifications.