基于旅游开发影响的五台山植被景观特征分析

以往旅游对植被影响的评价成果较多,但是旅游影响下植被景观与地理因子之间的关系报道较少。本文利用多种数量生态学方法探讨了五台山旅游开发与植被景观之间的生态关系。结果表明：① 旅游开发影响下五台山植被景观可分为单优乔木区、草本区、差级乔草区、中级乔草区、中级灌草区、良级灌草区、良级乔灌草区、优级乔灌草区、以及寺庙区、商业区或居民区9种类型。② 在除趋势对应分析中,第一轴与所有因子的相关性都较大,第二轴与旅游干扰度和海拔呈显著的负相关性。各植被景观类型的空间分布在一定程度上取决于关键性指标的空间格局。③ 除趋势典范对应分析方法能够大大提高植被景观特征与地理因子间的相关性,并将其直观地表达于排序图中。在植被景观特征与地理因子的关系上,第一轴上的相关系数是0.858_DCCA>0.828_DCA,第二轴上的相关系数是0.583_DCCA>0.501_DCA,这说明除趋势典范对应分析方法更优。     

三江源区MODIS植被指数时空分布特征

利用16天合成的250m分辨率的MODIS数据,对三江源区NDVI和EVI植被指数时空分布特征进行了系统性的研究。结果表明：NDVI和EVI空间分布呈现出由东南向西北逐步下降的趋势。植被指数随季节呈现出规律变化,最高值出现在8月。不同海拔高度两种植被指数对植被覆盖情况的指示作用比较一致。植被类型的NDVI与EVI的差异...     

基于遥感的安顺夜郎湖植被干旱响应特征

根据多年的气象资料和K干旱指数,分析了夜郎湖区域气候变化特征及其干旱背景,运用干旱年份（2009年11月—2010年3月）的4景Landsat卫星遥感数据计算了区域的归一化植被指数（NDVI）和修正的归一化水体指数（MNDWI）,重点分析了夜郎湖植被对干旱事件的响应特征,并探讨了极端干旱事件对湖泊生态系统的影响。结果表明：（1）夜郎湖水库及其周边地区表现出变冷变干的气候特征,1995—2012年间气温呈显著变冷的趋势（R²=0.54,P<0.05）,而年降水量表现出波动下降的趋势（R²=0.42,P<0.05）。2009年是夜郎湖自1995年以来降水相对稀少,同时也是干旱最为严重的年份（K<0.6）。（2）当水库的K干旱指数小于0.4（特旱）时,NDVI和植被面积呈显著下降的趋势即表现出大范围的缺水性死亡,干旱开始时水库对周边植被具有一定的调节作用,基本维持原有水平,之后水库调节能力下降,植被生长受到极度抑制,出现大范围的死亡。而水库水面因受到蒸发量增大与降水量减少的影响,水分逐渐丧失,面积呈逐渐递减的特征。（3）湖泊生态系统在面对特大干旱时植被的应对能力相对较差,地表水极其缺乏,植物根系无法获得维持其生存的水分,随着干旱程度的加深而大面积死亡。     

Fe、Mn、Cu在锡林河流域温带草原植被中的含量特征

本文研究了Fe、Mn、Cu三个同周期的植物营养元素在内蒙古锡林河流域三个主要草原群落植被中的含量特征,研究表明:三个元素在凋落物及根系中的含量较高,在立枯中较低,在活体中最低;沿降水、气温和海拔梯度,活体、凋落物中的含量按贝加尔针茅草原、羊草草原、大针茅草原递减,Cu例外,在植物生长末期是递增的;立枯中的元素含量在生长初期递增,在后期递减,Cu也例外,初期和后期都是递增的;在植物系统各组成部分中,生长初期三个元素的含量要高于生长后期;地上部植物体分解程度越高,三个元素的含量也越高;Cu强烈富集于根系中;土壤及降水分别是影响植物元素含量及植物分解的重要因子;三个元素在各草原群落地上部活体中的含量都能够满足牲畜的需要。     

基于植被覆盖与生产力视角的亚喀斯特区域生态环境特征研究——以黔中部分地区为例

为了研究亚喀斯特区域的生态环境特征,以黔中部分地区为研究区,利用2010年的TM影像数据和MODIS-NPP影像数据,通过NDVI像元二分模型法和格网计算法,对比分析亚喀斯特与喀斯特区域的植被覆盖和净第一生产力,探讨不同区域的植被状况、土地承载力等生态特征.研究发现亚喀斯特区域有着不同于传统喀斯特区域的生态特征,在相同的土地利用类型条件下,前者具有更好的植被覆盖水平和净第一生产力,但其生态环境更易受到人类活动的干扰.因此区域的生态环境问题需要引起关注,并应采取针对性措施进行生态恢复和保护,提出生态发展策略,旨在对区域的生态环境研究更加深入,促进人地和谐发展.     

城市地域地表温度-植被覆盖定量关系分析--以深圳市为例

地表温度-植被覆盖间的关系一直是城市热岛研究的热点之一,两者均为描述生态系统特征的重要参数。本文利用深圳市2004年的ETM+影像,基于遥感技术提取相关的下垫面类型、地表温度和植被覆盖等信息,探讨不同下垫面类型对地表温度-植被覆盖关系的影响,并结合分形维度计算方法,比较不同分辨率下地表温度、植被覆盖及其相关关系的变化。研究结果表明,植被覆盖程度与地表温度之间存在明显的负相关,并且在不同的植被覆盖程度下,地表温度-植被覆盖关系呈现分段线性关系。下垫面类型及其组合主要通过植被覆盖的分布对地表温度产生影响。而在不同空间分辨率下(30m至960m),地表温度和植被覆盖的空间变异程度均表现为先升后降,在120m的分辨率下,两者的相关程度达到最高。结果证实区域植被覆盖状况可直接影响辐射、热动力以及土壤水分等多种地表特征,从而导致地表温度分异等。     

新疆西天山野樱桃李植物群落类型(群系)及物种多样性分析

在采用样方法调查的基础上,分析了位于新疆西天山樱桃李植物群落(群系)的组成结构和物种多样性特征。研究结果表明,群落中野樱桃李(Prunus divaricata)、准噶尔山楂(Gratae-gus chlorcarpa)、杏(Arm eniaca vulgaris)、新疆野苹果(Malus siev ersii)等多为建群种或共建种,其植株高大,优势地位突出,样方群落分别归属于4种群落亚群系:(1)野樱桃李为主与野山楂、野杏、野苹果共建的落叶阔叶林亚群系;(2)野杏为主与野樱桃李、野山楂、野苹果共建的落叶阔叶林亚群系;(3)野山楂为主与野樱桃李、野杏、野苹果共建的落叶阔叶林亚群系;(4)野苹果为主与野山楂、野樱桃李共建的落叶阔叶林亚群系。新疆霍城县大、小西沟的野果林群落,是我国野樱桃李植物群系的唯一分布区,野樱桃李的重要值(IV)为138.08~275.64,群落的Simpson多样性指数(HSP)为1.13~8.68,Shannon-W iener多样性指数(HSW)为0.32~11.53,基于Simpson多样性指数的物种均匀度(JSP)为0.23~2.71,基于Shannon-W iener多样性指数的物种均匀度(JSW)为0.32~3.17,由于群落处于顶极阶段,群落的多样性指数较低,均匀度较高,群落具有极高的保护价值和科研价值。     

Effects of cattle trampling on vegetation, infiltration, and erosion in a tropical rangeland

Cattle trampling without forage consumption at stocking densities of 0.03-1.4 cows ha⁻¹ was simulated on two dry-season rangelands in Kenya. Experiments under artificial rainfall documented the response of plant cover and production, infiltration, and erosion on a Luvisol and a Vertisol. Trampling reduced plant cover, biomass, and, at the highest rate, regeneration in the ensuing wet season. Infiltration was reduced on the Vertisol but not the Luvisol, although increases in runoff due to trampling were slight. Trampling increased soil loss partly by reducing vegetation cover but mainly by disrupting surface layers of sand on the Luvisol and of clay aggregates on the Vertisol. Soil loss normalized by runoff and rainfall energy declined in a sequence of erosive rainstorms as the sandy surface layer became re-established, but before vegetation recovered. Establishment of a sandy armor layer during runoff events and its disruption by dry-season trampling thus strongly affect soil-loss rates. Trampling limits plant recovery in the ensuing wet season only at intensities typical of settlement and watering centers. The experimental results, generalized with a spatial model of stock density, can be used to estimate the contribution of trampling to forage production and erosion as herding patterns change in response to sedenterization and water development.     

植被恢复工程对黄河中游12个典型流域水热平衡的影响研究

中国已成为全球植被迅速变绿贡献最大的国家,但植被变绿对水量平衡和能量收支平衡影响的相关研究有待加强。本文以植被恢复典型区域黄河中游12个流域为例,利用遥感植被指数NDVI和常规气象数据,基于布迪克假设和水热平衡指数（Water-Energy Ratio, WER）,分析了植被变绿的时空变化格局及其对水热平衡的影响。结果表明：① 傅抱璞模型中反映流域属性的参数w在12个流域的平均值为2.9,略大于模型的缺省值2.6。参数w与NDVI拟合的Pearson相关系数介于0.31~0.75,拟合性能较好。② 1982—2016年NDVI在12个流域均呈现显著增加趋势,尤其以植被恢复工程实施后更为显著（p<0.001）。相对1982—1999年,2000—2016年NDVI相对变化率在9.1%~17.5%之间,均值为12.9%,显著植被变绿已导致水热平衡向可利用水分减少、可利用能量增加方向转化。③ NDVI对WER变化的绝对贡献率达到77.5%,植被变绿已经成为黄河中游12个流域水热平衡变化的主导因素,其次为气候要素。植被的持续变绿带来了一些不利影响,植被恢复工程的生态效应研究有待进一步深入研究。     

乡村人口迁出对生态脆弱地区植被覆被的影响——以内蒙古自治区为例

生态脆弱地区的生态环境状况改善和治理一直是各级政府部门和学者关注的焦点问题。过去10余年,中国城镇化进程发展迅速,生态脆弱地区乡村劳动力大量迁出。那么劳动力人口迁出会在多大程度上影响脆弱地区植被覆被状况的变化呢?本研究利用2000-2010年的NDVI数据、气象观测数据和社会经济数据,采用趋势线分析、显著性检验和多元回归分析等方法,对内蒙古地区植被覆被状况的变化进行了分析,并在县级尺度上定量评估了乡村劳动力人口迁移对区域植被覆被状况的影响。结果表明：① 2000-2010年,内蒙古自治区植被覆被总体呈上升趋势,其中超过28%的地区植被覆被状况显著改善,只有约2%的地区存在较强的退化趋势;② 植被覆被显著退化的地区呈条带状分布于内蒙古自治区中部农牧交错带北部边缘;植被覆被显著改善的地区主要位于内蒙古自治区的东南部与西部地区;③ 2000-2010年,农业劳动力对植被覆被状况的影响已经超过了气候等自然因素的作用,农业劳动力迁出对植被覆被状况提高有显著的促进作用。     

Effect of vegetation with different evolution degree on soil organic matter in a semi-arid environment (Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, SE Spain)

The organic matter of the surface horizons of soils developed below scrub vegetation in a Mediterranean semi-arid area of great environmental interest (Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, SE Spain) has been studied. The study mainly concentrates on examining the influence of two vegetation types, one evolved (according to its successional stage), and the other clearly degraded as a result of prior removal of vegetation. In spite of the homogeneity in the results obtained from the analysis of the organic matter from the soils studied, a relationship may be established between vegetation biotype and characteristics and evolution of the soil organic matter. The evolved vegetation results in the presence in the soil of a somewhat more evolved and stable organic matter (demonstrated by certain chemical and microbiological aspects), resulting in a greater degree of humification, thus favouring the protection of the soil and the ecosystem as a whole. Hence, the presence of degraded vegetation might lead to soil degradation, something that is unsustainable in semi-arid areas that are particularly fragile in nature.     

Plant community patterns in a gypsum area of NE Spain. II. Effects of ion washing on topographic distribution of vegetation

A model, based on the physico-chemical properties of gypsum, is postulated in order to interpret the regular distribution of plant communities associated with the topography and the main environmental stresses to which each vegetation type is subjected in a landscape unit.The leaf chemical composition of 28 representative plant species supports the main predictions of the model: species from low areas present large concentrations of Na, N and ash but low contents of Ca. It is demonstrated that the strong nutrient and salt downwashing in the hilly terrain is an important cause of the vegetation segregation observed on a large spatial scale.     

基于垂直带谱的南北过渡带1:5万植被类型图遥感制图研究——以太白山为例

The compilation of 1:250,000 vegetation type map in the North-South transitional zone and 1:50,000 vegetation type maps in typical mountainous areas is one of the main tasks of Integrated Scientific Investigation of the North-South Transitional Zone of China.In the past,vegetation type maps were compiled by a large number of ground field surveys.Although the field survey method is accurate,it is not only time-consuming,but also only covers a small area due to the limitations of physical environment conditions.Remote sensing data can make up for the limitation of field survey because of its full coverage.However,there are still some difficulties and bottlenecks in the extraction of remote sensing information of vegetation types,especially in the automatic extraction.As an example of the compilation of 1:50,000 vegetation type map,this paper explores and studies the remote sensing extraction and mapping methods of vegetation type with medium and large scales based on mountain altitudinal belts of Taibai Mountain,using multi-temporal high resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data,previous vegetation type map and forest survey data.The results show that:1)mountain altitudinal belts can effectively support remote sensing classification and mapping of 1:50,000 vegetation type map in mountain areas.Terrain constraint factors with mountain altitudinal belt information can be generated by mountain altitudinal belts and 1:10,000 Digital Surface Model(DSM)data of Taibai Mountain.Combining the terrain constraint factors with multi-temporal and high-resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data and previous small-scale vegetation type map data,the vegetation types at all levels can be extracted effectively.2)The basic remote sensing interpretation and mapping process for typical mountains is interpretation of vegetation type-groups→interpretation of vegetation formation groups,formations and subformations→interpretation and classification of vegetation types&subtypes,which is a combination method of top-down method and bottom-up method,not the top-down or the bottom-up classification according to the level of mapping units.The results of this study provide a demonstration and scientific basis for the compilation of large and medium scale vegetation type maps.