城市居民对乡村旅游影响的感知研究——以上海、南京为例

乡村旅游的发展必然会对乡村经济、社会文化和环境产生影响.以2006年9-11月在上海、南京两城市所作的700份问卷调查资料为基础,利用SPSS和Excel软件,定量分析了城市居民对乡村旅游影响的感知.结果表明:城市居民对乡村旅游影响正面感知强于负面感知;可分为中立者(37.3%)、理性支持者(37.8%)和矛盾支持者(24.9%)3类,支持者多于中立者;人口学特征不同,其感知存在一定差异.     

历史街区更新驱动下的旅游绅士化研究 ——以佛山岭南天地为例

综合采用质性和定量方法,从社会阶层、物质环境和消费方式等层面研究佛山岭南天地的旅游绅士化现象,并分析原住民在绅士化过程中的情感特征。结果发现,物质环境改造加速了地方社会阶层的更替,原住民大多被游客、中产阶级和房产投资者所替代,空间利用方式呈现出高度商业化特征。旅游绅士化虽有力地推动了地方的环境改造和经济发展,却衍生出阶层更替、社会排斥和空间隔离等副产品,使传统的本地化生活空间转变为“资本空间”与“消费空间”。城市历史街区改造不同于一般城市更新,街区更新应以地方性为落脚点,尊重原住民的情感与历史记忆,不应简单通过商业化手段推进历史街区更新。     

Residents’ Perception of the Recreational Value of Forest Parks: A Case Study in Shanghai,China

Forest parks provide important recreational and tourism bene?ts to residents, so it is essential to know what residents’ perceptions are regarding the recreational value of forest parks for participatory forest planning and management. This study investigated forest park recreational value in the physical, psychological, and social dimensions in Shanghai according to questionnaires completed by 658 respondents, and examined the relationships between recreational value and residents’ social variables by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). The results show the following: 1) The recreational value of forest parks is perceived as most important in the psychological dimension, while in the social dimension it is appreciated the least. 2) In terms of the differences in forest park recreational value in suburbs and rural areas, the social value in rural areas had significantly higher scores than in the suburbs, and the psychological value in suburbs is much higher than that in the rural areas. 3) Regarding the social variables which characterize residents in suburbs and rural areas, females and younger groups tended to assign higher scores to recreational value than males and older groups. Moreover, citizens with low education or low income also assigned higher scores to recreational value compared to more educated or higher-income residents. The results of this study reveal the recreational value characteristics of Shanghai forest parks in the three dimensions, which can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of urban forest resources and contribute to reasonable planning and management.     

Exploring the differential impacts of urban transit system on the spatial distribution of local and floating population in Beijing

The floating population has become the main driver of urban population excessive growth in China’s mega cities. Urban transit system (UTS) is a significant factor in population spatial distributions within urban areas, especially rapid and high-capacity transit systems. This paper analyzes the causal effects of the extension of expressways and subways between 2000 and 2010 in the Beijing Metropolitan Area (BMA), focusing on the group differences between the local residents and the floating population. Due to the endogeneity of transportation improvements and population growth, Instrumental Variable (IV) regression model is applied to avoid this problem. The results show the local residents increased in the inner suburbs but decreased in the city center, while the floating population increased in the majority areas. IV regression results show that the extension of urban transit systems had statistically significant impacts on population growth across the BMA. The results also show that the extension of urban subway system had more effects on the floating population than the local residents across the BMA. It is mainly caused by the rather low fare of urban subway system. This implies that the excessive subsidy on urban subway system could result in excessive floating population growth and residential differentiation, even residential segregation. Hence, it is necessary to plan and design reasonable and scientific urban transit systems in order to advance reasonable population size and promote residential integration. Moreover, the regional analysis shows that the effects of urban transportation improvements on the local residents are not statistically significant in the inner suburbs. It implies that urban transportation improvements had limited effects on inducing people to move to suburban areas and controlling center city’s population in Beijing. Therefore, it should be stressed the differentiated effects of urban transportation improvements on population distribution in the process of urban planning and population control.     

Monuments and their functions in urban public space

ABSTRACT

The aim of the article is to present and discuss functions of public monuments in relation to different dimensions of geographical space. The authors discuss public spaces, monuments, public art, based on a mixed-method approach and an analysis of scientific literature as the main research method. The theoretical discussion is supplemented with the results of Internet searches and an analysis of media supplements, and specific examples are given, including some from Poland. An additional method was autoethnography, which involved an analysis of cultural phenomena based on the authors’ experience. The analysis revealed that monuments were part of public art and thus enriched public spaces in cities. They fulfilled different important functions: artistic, symbolic, commemorative, political, social, religious, marketing, and mixed. Additionally, the monuments reflected the contemporary transformation of ideas and social orders and therefore also reflected contemporary urban debates. They were products of social relations, powers, ideas, identities, and the collective memory reflected in the urban spatial structure of cities. The authors conclude that the examples presented in the demonstrate that monuments perform various functions in urban public spaces. From a spatial perspective, the role of monuments depends on their different impacts on people’s perceptions and interpretations of space.     

From green spaces to vital places: connection and expression in urban greening

ABSTRACT

Urban greening, the improvement or increase of green spaces in cities, has purported environmental, individual, social and cultural benefits. The extent and qualities of urban green spaces, and our opportunities to engage with them, reflect and shape human responses to those spaces. Planning scholars recognise the traditional role and obligation of planning to help reduce social problems and see the potential for the public to be leaders in defining responses. However, use of technical, scientific and economic approaches by urban land managers can limit recognition of diverse connections to urban green and advance narrow conceptions of nature. We sample people’s responses to different forms of urban green and greening in three case studies from Melbourne, Australia. We show that modern connections and expressions are personal, social and dynamic. Human experiences are embedded in nature and connections develop from interactions with and about nature, in formal and informal spaces. Diverse connections prompt responses to nature, and actions affecting nature itself. Accordingly, we propose ways to develop more receptive, responsive, inclusive and connected forms of urban greening. These include recognising diverse connections and expressions, encouraging dynamic relationships with nature, and providing varied ways of engaging with urban green spaces that foster stewardship.     

地方因素对流动人口城市融入的影响研究

利用东部和中部地区9个城市的流动人口问卷调查,采用多水平回归模型,分析了城市差异对流动人口城市融入的影响机制。研究发现：流动人口城市融入过程存在南北差异,并呈相同地域较接近的特征。城市区位、经济发展水平、以房租为代表的物价水平、以方言为主的地域文化、流动人口占比,社会保障的落实程度等地方因素,对流动人口城市融入产生显著影响,但城市人口规模影响不显著。地方因素对流动人口城市融入的影响效应是复杂的、多向的,即使同一因素既有积极的方面,也存在消极的方面。推动流动人口的城市融入,必须正视城市差异,因地制宜地提出包容性的社会政策。方言重的城市,尤其是这些城市的公共场所和公共办事窗口要推动普通话的普及,鼓励使用普通话;降低城市社会保障的准入门槛;房租高的城市,保障房建设要以公租房建设为主,把流动人口纳入公租房保障范围;要本着先易后难,同步推进的原则,优先推进省域内流动人口市民化,城镇化转移支付应向流动人口比例高的城市倾斜。     

A human-machine adversarial scoring framework for urban perception assessment using street-view images

ABSTRACT

Though global-coverage urban perception datasets have been recently created using machine learning, their efficacy in accurately assessing local urban perceptions for other countries and regions remains a problem. Here we describe a human-machine adversarial scoring framework using a methodology that incorporates deep learning and iterative feedback with recommendation scores, which allows for the rapid and cost-effective assessment of the local urban perceptions for Chinese cities. Using the state-of-the-art Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms, the proposed method provides perception estimations with errors less than 10%. The driving factor analysis from both the visual and urban functional aspects demonstrated its feasibility in facilitating local urban perception derivations. With high-throughput and high-accuracy scorings, the proposed human-machine adversarial framework offers an affordable and rapid solution for urban planners and researchers to conduct local urban perception assessments.     

Cultivating climate justice: Green infrastructure and suburban disadvantage in Australia

Green infrastructure has recently risen to international prominence for its purported capacity to enhance urban sustainability, and particularly to modulate ambient temperatures in the context of climate change. We assess whether residents in a sub-tropical Australian city perceive green infrastructure as an effective climate adaptation response for reducing vulnerability to heat stress. Gold Coast City has pursued urban densification policies, such as reducing block sizes and increasing building heights, to accommodate rapid population growth. Little attention has been given to the combined impact of local heat island effects and global climate change upon lower-income residents in the city's suburban fringe, including rising energy costs associated with cooling homes. The study has three aims: to assess whether social disadvantage is associated with (1) concern about climate change impacts; (2) perceptions about the potential of green infrastructure to offer potential climate-adaptive benefits; and (3) the desire for more urban greening in a working class suburb. We used a mail-back survey to elicit information related to cooling dwellings, awareness of, and concern about, climate change impacts, perceptions of the benefits of green infrastructure, and desire for more urban greening. Results indicate that despite their vulnerability to heat stress, comparatively disadvantaged residents are no more concerned about climate change; nor are they any more inclined to encourage local government to enhance neighbourhood greenery. These residents are, if anything, less likely to perceive benefits of urban greening. Our findings indicate that cultivating support for green infrastructure in disadvantaged neighbourhoods will require parallel efforts to redress inequality.     

居民对遵义红色旅游商业街中书法景观的认同度研究

文化地理学作为人文地理学的重要分支, 是学者们广泛关注的热点, 但鲜有研究涉及居民对文化景观的感知和认同问题。本文选取了中国传统文化代表--书法景观为研究切入点, 根据地方感理论构建了假设模型, 提出了17 个假设影响路径。根据遵义会议会址景区及周围红色旅游商业街中书法景观的居民感知调查数据, 构建了居民书法景观感知的结构方程模型。分析结果验证了居民感知态度与文化认同的递进性, 拒绝了部分研究假设。同时, 在书法景观功能感知的5 个维度:经济获益、环境审美、场所识别、景观原真性和行为导向中, 经济获益和景观原真性是居民文化认同的决定性因素。研究结果体现了原真性元素在城市文化景观中的核心地位, 验证文化景观对城市经济建设不可或缺的推动作用, 对城市文化景观保护和规划管理具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。     

Policing perception: postpolitics and the elusive everyday

ABSTRACT

This piece argues that urban postpolitical scholarship should pay greater attention to the everyday lives of urban residents and the everyday spaces of contemporary cities. Recent debates in urban geography have sought in part to expand narrow readings of Jacques Rancière’s politics in particular, creating space for broader and more inclusive analyses of resistance to depoliticizing regimes. This article builds on this work, extending these critiques by suggesting that the quotidian is the most pressing analytical avenue for such expansion. The piece builds on ethnographic and archival fieldwork conducted in Mexico City between 2014 and 2017, demonstrating the dependence of a postpolitical regime on the maintenance of particular relations in the everyday spaces and interactions of the city, and some of the salient ways these trends are experienced, reproduced, and contested by the city’s residents.     

广州住房与保障房的建设与评价

以广州12个保障房社区的问卷抽样调查为基础,从住房建设与住房结构、保障房建设、保障性住房社区3个层面探究了城市住房与保障房的关系,对当前广州保障房社区现状进行定量分析,并从社区层面检验当前保障房建设模式下的实际效果。研究发现,总体上,20世纪90年代后广州住房质量提升明显,配套设施不断完善,但住房拥有率低,租赁住房是城市居民的重要选择;且住房市场的发展并未较好地解决居民的住房需求,保障性住房缺口较大,城市住房保障职能部分转嫁于城中村等“非正规”居住空间,住房保障体系仍有较大的提升空间。在保障房社区层面,存在部分配套设施可达性低、居民社区参与程度低等问题,但居民的满意度较高,居住意愿达到了89.2%,这表明当前大规模保障房建设具有其合理性。但当前保障房建设模式忽视了保障房社区的后续发展,已出现社区居民社会融合度低、发展机会少等问题,并可能向新的贫困集聚区演化。     

全球化背景下基于宗教地理的西方城市空间研究进展

全球化语境主导的城市研究中,多样和异质的宗教既是文化流动的重要构成,也是表征移民身份和理解其日常行为实践的重要维度。论文回顾了近30 a来宗教地理视角下对于西方城市空间研究的主要成果,从宗教空间和宗教信仰群体的行为实践2个方面梳理宗教嵌入城市空间的主要方式、过程及其对城市空间的影响,总结出了以下4个方面的主要研究内容：① 多种宗教场所在城市中不断涌现,其空间特征发生多样化变迁;② 功能多样的宗教公共服务设施在公共空间中的作用日趋重要;③ 宗教信仰群体的居住社区显现出明显的空间特征;④宗教信仰群体通过具体的行为表征身份和认同。此外,多元文化共存的语境下的宗教更被视为引发空间争议的新来源,成为分析城市社会关系的重要依据。学者们认为在多元文化主义的西方社会,异质宗教的本地嵌入过程使原本“隐匿的”宗教场所逐渐浮现成为城市中“可见的”空间。这种异质宗教在城市中的视觉表征不仅改变了原有的城市空间秩序,也对社会关系提出新的挑战,成为了引发广泛争议的新来源。然而, 国内人文地理学研究目前对上述话题鲜有涉及,期望本文所提供的西方研究进展对社会文化视角下理解中国城市全球化进程及其中的多元文化治理有所启示。     

Modeling Environmental Concern for Urban Tree Protection Using Biophysical and Social Psychological Indicators

Urban forest management is being increasingly recognized as a viable policy vehicle for improving community health, sustainable development, and well-being for city dwellers. To improve our understanding of public concern for the local urban forest, a theoretical framework employing concepts traditionally explored in social–psychological and environmental concern studies was tested using data from a public opinion survey of 800 homeowners living in a major urban area in Southern Appalachia, USA. Publicly available geographic information system (GIS) data were analyzed to measure tree canopy density around survey respondents’ properties. Structural equation modeling was used to test the validity of the hypothesized relationships among the survey-derived constructs and the spatial data as predictors of public support for urban forest protection policy. The results suggest that homeowners living around urban trees place greater importance on various attributes of trees, and that tree knowledge and experience are indirectly and positively related to support for urban forest protection.     

南京城市森林景观格局特征与空间结构优化

城市森林研究是一个新兴的研究领域, 城市森林的景观生态学研究是城市森林研究的必然发展趋势和重要内容。首先根据景观生态分类法的思想和原则, 将城市森林景观分为2 个类型4 个亚型, 然后综合运用RS 和GIS 技术进行南京城市森林景观类型空间信息调查, 获取城市森林景观类型分布图及类型空间属性数据。在此基础上, 以定量和定性相结合的方法分析城市森林景观格局特征, 并提出城市森林景观空间结构优化的措施和建议。研究认为, 南京城市森林景观具有总覆盖度适宜, 空间分布的区域差异极为突出, 大型半自然和近自然 林斑块是景观主体, 景观生态系统的形成、分布和类型分异与自然环境的地域分异密切相关, 人类对景观干扰作用强等特点, 而因地制宜的构建基于" 集中与分散相结合原则" 的总体结构优化模式是南京城市森林景观发展的主导方向, 设计不同尺度和等级规模的景观廊道是景观建设的主要任务, 加强生态敏感部位景观斑块建设是关键措施。     

Community Stories: Explaining Resistance to Street Tree-Planting Programs in Detroit,Michigan, USA

Non-profit organizations are key actors in urban and community forestry (UCF) initiatives, and sometimes city residents resist their efforts. Between 2011-2014, 24 percent of residents offered a street tree in Detroit, Michigan, USA submitted a “no-tree request.” Differing views on decision-making emerged as a main reason for resistance to tree planting. This study used interviews with city residents, and those within a non-profit organization, between 2014-2016 to understand reasons for conflict over decision-making between these groups. Heritage narratives, or selective representations of the city’s history and character, helped explain conflict over tree planting. Residents who wanted greater decision-making power in tree planting assumed they would be responsible for stewardship, reflecting their historical experiences within the city. The organization’s dominant heritage narrative emphasized that residents held misperceptions of trees based on negative past experiences, and required education on benefits of trees. Recommendations for integrating heritage narratives into UCF efforts are provided.     

长江经济带城乡居民福祉测度及其差异

通过构建城乡居民客观发展指数、主观幸福感指数和福祉差异系数,分析了2005-2015年长江经济带城镇、乡村居民福祉水平及其差距的动态变化过程和空间差异,探讨其影响因素与作用机制.结果表明:1)长江经济带及各省城乡居民福祉均呈上升趋势,区域城镇和乡村居民福祉指数分别由2005年的0.6653、0.5704提高至2015年...     

新冠疫情期间武汉樱花的情感效应

运用大数据文本挖掘和分析工具,对比新冠疫情期间武汉和非武汉地区居民所发布的微文,探究了武汉樱花在不同居民群体间情感效应的作用机制,研究发现：1）本地居民樱花微文的关注点多而分散,非本地居民的关注点少而集中;2）武汉樱花对不同地区居民情感的影响与疫情发展状况紧密相关;3）武汉樱花在疫情期间对武汉居民具有情感支持效应,对非武汉地区居民具有情感凝聚效应;4）疫情改变人的情感和景观解读背景,并赋予景观新的意义,新的景观意义反作用于居民,构成情感闭合回路。最后提出建议,抗疫恢复工作应多关注居民心理层面的缺失,从居民与城市、景观的情感关系入手,向武汉居民传达城市美好生活理念。     

哈尼梯田人工湿地旅游利用中生态系统可持续性及其传统文化保护

通过对哈尼梯田形成自然条件、生态特征以及旅游开发利用中利益分配带来的老百姓生存发展与地方经济发展矛盾的分析,探讨了旅游可能引发的对哈尼传统文化及其道德观念的冲击和影响。同时,分析了四素同构复合生态系统中森林植被破坏及植被恢复中树种单一、过分追求经济利益而忽视水源涵养功能的问题,揭示了开展旅游必须考虑哈尼梯田不仅是景观资源,更是物质生产生活资料,是当地老百姓世世代代生存发展的物质基础,其所产生的附带价值在没有对其增加实际投入的情况下,应该归梯田的主人所有这一基本属性。提出了建立和健全梯田入股的利益分配机制和梯田多种生态服务功能综合管理的对策,建议科学地保护恢复植被及其传统文化。     

香港居民对内地游客在港行为的认知研究——基于可持续旅游的视角

根据可持续旅游理论设计了一组游客行为评价指标,并以此为基础在香港居民中进行了问卷调查,以了解香港居民对内地游客在港旅游行为的认知。结果表明:香港居民对内地游客在港行为的认知比较负面,这有可能会影响到香港旅游的可持续发展。这种以可持续旅游和游客行为为基础的新视角可以更为深入地了解目的地居民对旅游发展的认知。