全新世中后期开封西郊黄泛沉积序列的孢粉记录

历史时期以来,黄河在开封市附近多次泛滥形成了相对完整的沉积序列。选取开封市西郊25 m岩芯（ZK_jm）为研究对象,通过孢粉分析,结合地层沉积旋回和历史文献资料,探讨了全新世中后期以来大洪水事件的孢粉记录。结果表明：黄泛地层中的孢粉含量及其组成很好地记录了大洪水事件,洪水沉积期的木本植物花粉含量高于其间断期,而人工禾本科花粉含量低于间断期。每个粒度旋回基本上都有与之对应的孢粉亚带,且其上下界限的吻合度较高,表明孢粉可作为划分沉积旋回的代用指标。岩芯孢粉亚带的数目（12个）多于粒度旋回数目（9个）,孢粉组合特征可以识别出规模较小的洪水或者一次洪水事件出现的多个短期洪水间歇期所形成的沉积,孢粉指标划分沉积旋回的精度高于粒度指标。     

开都河中游地区雪岭云杉林上下限树轮宽度对比及其气候响应分析

利用开都河流域中段采集的雪岭云杉树芯样本,采用研究区域森林上下限2个采样点的树轮宽度年表,分析该地区两个树轮宽度年表的基本特征,建立与气象因子的关系模型,探讨树轮宽度生长与北大西洋涛动的关系。结果表明：（1）森林上限树木生长的一致性要强于森林下限,并且上限树轮宽度年表可能含有更多的气候信息;（2）森林上、下限树轮宽度年表在全频域、高频域及低频域上均存在显著正相关;（3）森林上、下限树轮宽度年表的气候响应结果基本一致,均表现出对上年9月至当年3月的逐月平均气温呈显著正相关,且均与上年12月的平均气温相关最高。树轮宽度年表与气象因子关系的模拟结果也证明了上年9、12月份和当年2、3、4月份的月平均气温与研究区树轮宽度生长间的密切关系;（4）研究区域树轮宽度生长与冬季北大西洋涛动指数的变化趋势较为一致。     

Frequency and variability of missing tree rings along the stems of Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinea from a semiarid site in SE Spain

We studied the occurrence of missing rings (MR) around and along the stems of three Pinus halepensis and three Pinus pinea trees growing in a semiarid Mediterranean site in SE Spain. Tree-ring analyses were performed along 8 radii on stem discs taken at 1 m distances from the base to the top of the trees. The tree rings analysed showed that 19% were missing in P. halepensis and 10% in P. pinea. MR were recorded in 61% of P. halepensis and 24% of P. pinea in the years analysed. Dry conditions from January to May and high late winter to spring temperatures seem to be the main climatic elements promoting MR in both species. In our research into P. halepensis, the frequency of MR gradually decreased from the bottom upward, but no such pattern was observed in P. pinea. Most tree rings were missing only locally (LMR), indicating that wood formation occurred every year in at least some part of a tree, and the tree rings were often discontinuous around and along the stem. Since the frequency of LMR greatly varies around and along the stem, our results suggest that serial sectioning along the stem provides more information on wood formation and responses of trees to environment than studying the samples at breast height only. The disadvantage of the technique is that, as in our study case, research is based on a limited sample size, since it requires destructive sampling with tree felling, which is not usually possible or desirable on highly vulnerable semiarid forest ecosystems.     

A whole-basin stratigraphic record of sediment and phosphorus loading to the St. Croix River,USA

Lake St. Croix is a natural impoundment of the lowermost 37 km of the St. Croix River in Minnesota and Wisconsin, making this one of a few large river systems in the world possessing a long-term depositional basin at its terminus. The river’s relatively pristine condition led to its designation as a National Scenic Riverway in 1968, but increasing urbanization in its lower reaches has raised concerns about impacts on water quality. This study was initiated to reconstruct historical loadings of suspended sediment and phosphorus (P) from the sediment record in Lake St. Croix. Twenty-four piston cores, with an average length of 2 m, were collected along eight transects of the lake. Dated chronologies from ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and ¹⁴C were used to calculate the rate of sediment accumulation in the lake over the past 100+ years. Diatom microfossil analysis was used to reconstruct historical lakewater P concentrations over the same time period, and sediment P analysis quantified the amount of P trapped in lake sediments. Using a whole-lake mass balance approach, the loading of sediment and P to Lake St. Croix over the last 100+ years was calculated. Beginning in 1850, sediment accumulation increased dramatically to a peak in 1950–1960 of eight times background rates prior to European settlement. The peak is driven largely by sediment contributions from small side-valley catchment tributaries to the downstream half of the lake. The total P load to the lake increased sharply after 1940 and remains high, at around four times the level of pre-European settlement conditions. The timing of peak sediment and P loading to the lake shows that early settlement activities, such as logging and the conversion of forest and prairie to agricultural land between 1850 and 1890, had only modest impacts on the lake. By contrast, the mid-1900s brought major increases in sediment and P loading to the lake, suggesting that relatively recent activities on the landscape and changes to nutrient balances in the watershed have caused the current eutrophic condition of this important recreational and natural resource. This is one of eight papers dedicated to the “Recent Environmental History of the Upper Mississippi River” published in this special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology. D. R. Engstrom served as guest editor of the special issue.     

新疆塔河流域洪水量级、频率及峰现时间变化特征、成因及影响

采用塔里木河流域（塔河流域）8个水文站及相应气象站数据,全面分析了洪水发生量级、频率和峰现时间等特征,研究洪水发生成因及其影响。结果表明：1980s中后期塔河流域气温与降水持续增加,整个塔河流域年及季节洪峰流量普遍呈上升趋势,大部分在1980s中后期发生突变。1980s中期以后塔河流域年及季节洪峰流量呈持续增加或者显著增加趋势,量级位于整个观测时期均值之上,处于洪水“丰富”期。“丰富”期暴雨型和升温型洪水发生次数及造成的灾害损失均呈显著增加趋势,引起严重洪灾损失的洪水也集中在这一时期,且多由暴雨型洪水引发。大量级洪水（最大三场洪水及重现期大于10年的洪水）多集中发生在1990年之后,并且易引发多个水文站点同时出现。     

黄河内蒙古段洪峰特征及水沙关系变化

本文通过黄河头道拐站1950-2009 年水沙年系列进行突变点分析, 识别出1969 年、1986 年、1996 年3 个突变点, 将黄河内蒙古段水文过程划分为4 个时期。在此基础上, 利用内蒙古段6 个水文站长系列日流量、日含沙量及泥沙组成数据, 划分了各站的夏汛洪峰, 并统计分析了分期洪峰的水沙分布特征和洪峰水沙关系, 揭示出夏汛洪峰流量和输沙率逐渐减少的规律:1996-2006 年与1954-1968 年相比, 夏汛洪峰水沙量占全年水沙的比例都减少了约一半, 流量级频率与输沙率乘积的峰值对应的流量也降低了约一半。分析认为, 黄河内蒙古段夏汛洪峰特征阶段性变化既有大型水库的影响, 又有气候变化及人类活动的影响, 而且后者的作用越来越大。分析发现, 20 世纪90 年代以前, 黄河上游水沙变化只是改变了内蒙古段来沙中粗颗粒泥沙的水沙关系, 显示出大流量输送粗颗粒泥沙能力相对增强的趋向;进入内蒙段后, 通过泥沙冲淤调整, 分粒径组泥沙水沙关系变化比较复杂。近期在水沙条件巨大变化下, 河流的输沙特性并没有发生根本变化, 但是无论全沙还是分组沙, 水沙关系曲线变陡, 大流量输送泥沙能力相对增强。     

The use of heavy metal concentrations and dendrochronology in the reconstruction of sediment accumulation, Ma a Panew River Valley, southern Poland

Heavy metal concentrations were investigated in overbank sediments of the Mala Panew River, southern Poland. Samples were collected from seven vertical profiles located within channel infills of a 20th century floodplain at three sites, each up to 50 m wide. In each profile, 15–24 samples were collected and analysed for Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Sequential extraction of these elements was carried out in the 0.063-mm fraction of selected samples. Additionally, the age of the oldest trees growing close to the profiles has been used to estimate the initiation of sediment accumulation there. Ba, Cu, and Pb, which occur mostly in less mobile, moderately reducible, and residual fractions, were used for sediment dating. Zn and Cd, which in 50–75% occur in the mobile exchangeable fraction, were not suitable for dating. Correlation of Ba, Cu, and Pb concentrations in vertical profiles with changes in the load of effluents discharged to the river showed abrupt changes in the thickness of the strongly polluted sediments across the floodplains. A comparison of the relative changes between heavy metal peaks in sediments of similar age in the different profiles suggests a variable rate of downward metal migration. In general, none of the heavy metals investigated seems to have been mobilised within the stratigraphic layers above the water table. In layers located at stratigraphically lower levels, the Zn and Cd peaks seem to migrate several centimetres to several decimetres down in the profile. In profiles inundated for several weeks every year, Zn and Cd, as well as the relatively less mobile Ba, Cu, and Pb, have migrated downward by several decimetres. The investigation shows that frequent fluctuations of the water table have blurred the original depositional metal patterns of metal concentrations within a period of less than 40 years.     

赣北黄茅潭湖泊沉积记录的240年以来古洪水事件

古洪水研究是近几十年来全球变化研究的一个热点,同时也是难点。本文利用赣北黄茅潭的湖泊沉积,建立了小冰期以来全球变暖背景下的区域洪水记录。采用²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs方法厘定了地层年代,基于粒度与元素地球化学指标的对比分析,揭示了器测记录(1950年)以来指标记录的特点与区域日降水超过50 mm天数的关系,认为黄茅潭HMT-01孔粒度(包括粗粉砂+砂/粘土比值、平均粒径)和Zr/Rb、Ti/Rb、Zr/Fe比值可作为洪水指标记录,共识别出1950-2010年期间记载的13次洪水事件中的11次。基于这些指标记录及指标特点,共识别1769-1950年间由历史文献记录的31次洪水事件中的23次,识别率达74.2%。研究表明：①湖泊沉积中Zr/Rb、Ti/Rb、Zr/Fe比值和粒度参数(平均粒径、粗粉砂+砂/粘土)作为洪水指标,对洪水事件沉积有较好的指示作用,且Zr/Rb比值对洪水事件的检出率较高;②黄茅潭流域洪水发生频率暖期高于冷期;③年代际尺度上,1820s-1840s,1860s-1870s为19世纪冷期黄茅潭洪水高频期,这两个阶段对应东亚夏季风偏强,长江中下游地区降雨较多;20世纪赣北黄茅潭洪水基本随1920s-1940s,1980s-1990s两个变暖阶段而高频出现,与长江中下游大洪水演变特点基本一致。研究结果为利用湖泊沉积记录反演过去的洪水变化,延长洪水序列、认识洪水规律提供了一定的科学依据。     

长白山红松和落叶松树轮宽度年表特征

利用采自长白山红松和落叶松分布上限和下限的树轮样本,分别建立树轮宽度差值年表.结果表明:下限红松年表的平均敏感度、树轮宽度指数的年际变率、信噪比等年表特征值比上限年表的高,表明下限红松生长对环境的敏感性大于上限;落叶松年表特征值在不同海拔表现与红松相反.进一步分析发现分布上限和下限的红松生长与气候因子之间的关系不同.下...     

常流河向季节河转变过程中河床适应性调整及对行洪影响--以黄河和滹沱河为例

研究黄河和滹沱河对季节河化的适应性调整，发现季节化程度较高的滹沱河下游河床断面和平面形态调整幅度不大，而河床的糙率成倍增加造成下游的小水大灾现象；黄河下游近年流量减小，不断断流，主槽淤积，虽然河槽断面形态在游荡段变得更窄深，但主槽明显变小、变窄、变高，构成下游近年出现的小水大灾现象的主要原因。     

清代嘉道时期(1796-1850年)黄河下游决溢时空格局与河工治理响应

历史时期黄河河患及其治理属于全球环境变化与区域响应研究的重要问题之一。基于多源史料建立清代嘉道时期（1796—1850年）黄河下游决溢基础数据库,运用交叉谱、核密度估计、标准差椭圆等分析方法,测算了黄河下游决溢与河工治理的相关性及其滞后性特征,进一步辨识二者在不同阶段的时空特征、响应过程及驱动机制。结果显示：清嘉道时期黄河下游决溢时空变化特征显著,以1825年为节点分为先增后减的两个主要发展阶段;空间分布具有较强聚集性特征,两个阶段累计高发区集中在河南怀庆府、开封府及江苏淮安府附近,黄河下游决溢重心始终位于东河。决溢与河工治理序列年际变化具有明显正相关关系,其显著振动周期为11a,且二者的响应间隔为1a左右。清嘉庆二十三年（1818年）后,黄河下游决溢与河工治理的时空响应存在明显“错位”的独特现象,即决溢重心向“东河”推移,而河工治理重心则向“南河”扩展。二者之间时空响应关系从“一致”到“错位”的转变,不仅显示清廷治黄理念由“积极革新”转向“消极防御”,也说明黄河下游已丧失清初以来“治河保漕”的重要政治经济地位,展现了其作为黄运之交重要地理区位的解构与重塑过程;而这一过程又孕育了咸丰五...     

1961-2010年长江中下游地区农业洪涝灾害时空变化

为揭示长江中下游地区农业洪涝灾害的发生、分布及时空演变特征,基于1961-2010年研究区内426个气象站点的逐日降水数据,以湖北省单站洪涝等级标准为初始指标,对该指标临界值在-50~100 mm范围内进行同步增减,结合该区7省（市）的洪涝历史灾情记载和农业洪涝受灾面积,采用逐步剔除的方法筛选指标,构建分省农业洪涝等级指标并验证指标的合理性,分析该区近50年农业洪涝灾害的时空变化。结果表明：① 近50年长江中下游地区的农业洪涝灾害发生总体呈增加的趋势,但不同区域和不同年代际差异明显;② 20世纪60年代至80年代农业洪涝发生次数相对平稳,90年代洪涝明显增多,21世纪初洪涝又相对减少;③ 区域农业洪涝灾害明显呈现出江南多、江北少的分布特征。农业洪涝多发区主要集中在江西中北部、江汉平原、浙江沿海,以及安徽、江西和浙江三省交界地带。     

雅鲁藏布江干流河宽时空变化遥感监测及水文气象响应

河宽作为河流形态的基本参数之一,对于理解地表水过程和河流生态系统功能至关重要。雅鲁藏布江是全球具有典型地域特色的高原河流,也是重要的国际河流。雅鲁藏布江地处偏远山区,其地形环境条件恶劣、测量站分布稀疏,严重限制了对雅鲁藏布江河流水文动态变化特征的科学理解。遥感卫星通过提供多时相、长时序观测影像数据,使雅鲁藏布江河宽长期动态变化监测和水文特征分析成为可能。本文基于全球地表水变化数据集（GLAD）,利用水体边界水淹频率阈值分割法重建了2000—2020年雅鲁藏布江逐月完整的水域范围,进而提取和解析雅鲁藏布江干流河宽的时空变化特征。研究结果表明：2000—2020年期间,受年内气温和降水季节性差异等影响,雅鲁藏布江干流河宽呈现出显著的季节性变化特征,中游河段的季节性变幅最大（453.6 m）,下游河段季节性变幅最小（90.3 m）;雅鲁藏布江干流河道受气候和地形的影响,空间分布差异大,河道可观察到的最窄处约30 m（即Landsat卫星影像的最小空间分辨率）,中下游辫状河流有效河宽最大可达6000 m,全程约50%长度的河道宽度小于150 m,仅2.0%的河道宽度大于2000 m;2000—2020年雅鲁藏布江干流河道的年平均河宽呈现先下降、后上升、再下降的变化特征,雅鲁藏布江全程平均河宽与降水、气温之间呈现较显著的正相关关系（通过p<0.01的显著性检验）,相关性系数R值均为0.7。此外,本文利用10 m分辨率Sentinel-2影像数据目视解译提取的河宽信息与本文基于GLAD重建的河宽结果进行对比验证,两者的相对偏差低于2%,表明本文雅鲁藏布江河宽的提取结果总体可信。     

Sediment variability and transport in the littoral area of the abandoned Yellow River Delta,northern Jiangsu

The delta evolution and erosion process of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AYRD) have been extensively studied. However, the variation of sediment at a large littoral scale along the north coast of Jiangsu is less understood. In this study, the data of surface sediment samples obtained in the littoral area of the Yellow River Delta in 2006 and 2012 is used to study the sediment variability and sediment transport trends by using the geostatistics analysis tool and the grain size trend analysis model. In order to ensure the applicability of the model, the geostatistics method is used to determine the characteristic distance (Dc) with the average range value (Ao) of grain size parameter. Filtering method (removing data that not at a sampling station) is used to improve accuracy of data selection. The results show that sedimentary spatial correlation in Lianyun Port area and southern part of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AS) is better than that in the northern part of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AN). Sediment in the area is found to be anisotropy at the northeast-southeast direction. The grain size trend analysis reveals that the sediment trend is towards bayhead and southerly in the Haizhou Bay, southeasterly along the shoreline in the south Lianyun Port, northwesterly in AN and easterly-southeasterly in AS respectively. The investigation of possible relationships between Dc, Ao, sediment transport and delta evolution shows a close link between Dc and Ao of one sediment combination. It is also found that sediment transport trends could reasonably represent the delta evolution to a certain degree.     

Sediment variability and transport in the littoral area of the abandoned Yellow River Delta,northern Jiangsu

The delta evolution and erosion process of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AYRD) have been extensively studied. However, the variation of sediment at a large littoral scale along the north coast of Jiangsu is less understood. In this study, the data of surface sediment samples obtained in the littoral area of the Yellow River Delta in 2006 and 2012 is used to study the sediment variability and sediment transport trends by using the geostatistics analysis tool and the grain size trend analysis model. In order to ensure the applicability of the model, the geostatistics method is used to determine the characteristic distance (D _c) with the average range value (Ao) of grain size parameter. Filtering method (removing data that not at a sampling station) is used to improve accuracy of data selection. The results show that sedimentary spatial correlation in Lianyun Port area and southern part of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AS) is better than that in the northern part of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AN). Sediment in the area is found to be anisotropy at the northeast-southeast direction. The grain size trend analysis reveals that the sediment trend is towards bayhead and southerly in the Haizhou Bay, southeasterly along the shoreline in the south Lianyun Port, northwesterly in AN and easterly-southeasterly in AS respectively. The investigation of possible relationships between D _c, Ao, sediment transport and delta evolution shows a close link between D _c and Ao of one sediment combination. It is also found that sediment transport trends could reasonably represent the delta evolution to a certain degree.     

森林植被变化对洪水的影响分析——以长江上游典型小流域和洪水事件为例

通过长江上游地区典型小流域和重大洪水事件有关森林植被变化与洪水方面资料的分析，揭示小流域森林面积的增加，可减少洪峰流量模数，而在森林－土壤系统被前期降雨充分润湿的情况下，紧接着的暴雨可引起洪峰流量的快速增加；指出开展长江上游地区森林－土壤系统截留蓄水容量本底调查及其分类与分区，对指导当前森林植被恢复重建与保护工作的健康发展及搞好防洪工作有重要的意义。     

制度能力在水污染治理中的作用——珠江广州段与泰晤士河伦敦段的治理比较分析

在对珠江广州段与东江、西江、北江的部分地段及广州市水务局、猎德污水处理厂、猎德村居民和英国泰晤士河等实地调查、资料分析的基础上,对珠江广州段近年污水治理与泰晤士河伦敦段两次成功治理进行比较、综合分析,提出制度能力对中国水污染治理的作用与意义.制度能力是针对解决某一具体事物而综合相关各个层面因素形成的能力.文中从规划、科研、体制、公众参与、立法五个方面总结了伦敦的经验,以期为广州治水提供借鉴.分析了广州治水过程中的制约因素,包括地方政府权力过大,以GDP为政绩的最主要考核指标,体制上有缺陷(多头管水,各主管     

长江中游田家镇深槽的特征及其泄洪影响

长江中游田家镇附近江面最狭处仅650 m, 江底最深处低于黄海基准面以下-90 m, 是长江干流河床突出的最低所在, 距离长江口900 km。通过实地地质地貌调查揭示田家镇深槽形成及其对洪水的渲泄有何影响。 根据地质、水文、地形和直接考察资料, 卡口深槽段长8 km, 系长江自NW-SE斜切过一排强烈褶曲的三叠系厚层石灰岩山地而成, 3个临江石灰岩小山所成矶头导致江流方向变化与流速加速, 以至形成多处涡流, 向江底侵蚀, 而褶皱的石灰岩抗拒侵蚀、溶蚀能力很低, 因而导致远低于海平面深槽的形成, 估计卡口深槽是从中更新世红色风化壳发育的和缓起伏的地面上叠置下来, 已有以10万年年计的长远历史。近数十年多次实测资料比较, 侵蚀淤积有小量变化, 但河床基本稳定。对正常的中、枯水位江流运行没有影响, 但对超过50 000~60 000 m³/s洪水的排泄则有明显的壅阻作用。     

Influence of climate variability and human activities on stream flow variation in the past 50 years in Taoer River,Northeast China

Taoer River Basin, which is located in the west of Northeast China, is an agropastoral ecotone. In recent years, the hydrological cycle and water resources have changed significantly with the deterioration of the environment. Many water problems such as river blanking, wetland shrinking and salinization have occurred in this region. All of these phenomena were directly caused by changes in stream flow under climate variability and human activities. In light of the situation, the impact of climate variability and human activities on stream flow should be identified immediately to identify the primary driving factors of basin hydrological processes. To achieve this, statistical tests were applied to identify trends in variation and catastrophe points in mean annual stream flow from 1961 to 2011. A runoff sensitive coefficients method and a SIMHYD model were applied to assess the impacts of stream flow variation. The following conclusions were found: 1) The years 1985 and 2000 were confirmed to be catastrophe points in the stream flow series. Thus, the study period could be divided into three periods, from 1961 to 1985 (Period I), 1986 to 2000 (Period II) and 2001 to 2011 (Period III). 2) Mean annual observed stream flow was 31.54 mm in Period I, then increased to 65.60 mm in Period II and decreased to 2.92 mm in Period III. 3) Using runoff sensitive coefficients, the contribution of climate variability was 41.93% and 43.14% of the increase in stream flow during Periods II and III, suggesting that the contribution of human activities to the increase was 58.07% and 56.86%, respectively. 4) Climate variability accounted for 42.57% and 44.30% of the decrease in stream flow, while human activities accounted for 57.43% and 55.70% of the decrease, according to the SIMHYD model. 5) In comparison of these two methods, the primary driving factors of stream flow variation could be considered to be human activities, which contributed about 15% more than climate variability. It is hoped that these conclusions will benefit future regional planning and sustainable development.     

塔里木河源流区绿洲土壤含盐量空间变异和格局分析——以岳普湖绿洲为例

基于区域变量理论,在GPS和GIS技术支持下,通过地统计学的半变异函数和Kriging空间插值,以岳普湖绿洲为例,定量分析塔里木河源流区绿洲不同层次土壤盐分的空间异质性。结果表明:0~30cm、30~60cm和60~100cm土壤盐分半方差函数的理论分布模型属于指数模型,100~200cm属于球状模型。不同土层之间的空间自相关范围具有明显的差异,由表层至深层,土壤盐分的自相关范围逐渐增大。土壤盐分的空间格局分析表明,在水平方向上,研究区各层土壤盐分的高值区主要集中分布在人类活动强烈、靠近河渠水源和地势较为低洼区域;在垂直方向上,土壤表层盐分含量最高,向深层逐渐减少。