Spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture in different types of sand dune in the Mu Us Sandy Land,adjacent to north of Chinese Loess Plateau

The distribution of soil moisture in arid and semiarid regions is a major environmental factor and is regulated by regional topography, vegetation and soil texture. Here, we present the results of a study of the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture in the Mu Us Sandy Land, which is the transitional area between the northwestern deserts and the Chinese Loess Plateau, in North China. Samples were taken from holes drilled to a depth of 4 m in 52 different microtopographic positions on different types of dune (bare dunes, shrub-covered dunes and tree-covered dunes). The sites were located in the northwestern margin, the central region and the southeastern margin. All samples were analyzed for moisture content and grain size distribution. The results show that: (1) for the same type of dune, the soil moisture content varies in different microtopographic positions. The soil moisture content on windward slopes is greater than on leeward slopes in the shrub-covered dunes and the tree-covered dunes, while this is the case in only some of the bare migratory sand dunes. In addition, the soil moisture content on leeward slopes is greater than on the corresponding windward slope. (2) The vegetation type and density have a large influence on the moisture content of sandy soils; specifically, the presence of shrubs and trees significantly affects the soil moisture content of windward and leeward slopes and the inter-dune lowland. (3) Soil moisture content is positively correlated with the clay and silt content of sandy soils. From northwest to southeast across the Mu Us Sandy Land, the silt and clay content increases gradually; however, in the case of dunes covered with planted trees, a peak in the content of fine-grained material occurs in the central region, while for shrub-covered sand dunes, the peak occurs in the southeastern margin. In addition, the correlation between soil moisture and soil grain size distribution of the three types of dunes varies from northwest to southeast. (4) The proportion of fine-grained material and the correlation between the content of fine-grained material and soil moisture are the two main factors influencing the soil moisture distribution of the different types of dune. A soil moisture concentration index can be used as a rough indicator of the distribution characteristics of soil moisture.     

毛乌素沙地裸地与植被覆盖下非冻结期土壤水分时空分布特征

在水资源短缺的沙地生态系统中,土壤水分是植被恢复和水资源管理的主要控制因子,正确认识沙地土壤水分的分布特征及时空变化规律是促进沙地水资源可持续发展的基础。以毛乌素沙地为研究区,利用原位试验观测、经典统计学分析和聚类分析相结合的方法,揭示了有无植被覆盖下的土壤剖面水分时空变化特征,探讨了植物生长对土壤水分布的影响。结果表明：在2016年非冻结期内,地下水水位埋深较浅时,裸地与植被覆盖情况下土壤平均含水率均随土壤深度的增加而增大,可将0～350 cm土层划分为气候影响层、过渡层与地下水影响层。裸地剖面平均含水率为23.59%,变异系数为4.24%,属于弱变异,剖面含水率在观测期间明显上升,并在8月中旬强降雨时上升速率达到最大;植被覆盖下土壤剖面平均含水率为17.74%,变异系数为15.61%,属于中等变异,剖面含水率在观测期间显著下降,在8月沙柳发育成熟后剖面含水率下降最快。在垂向深度上,植被对土壤剖面含水率的影响近似呈高斯曲线变化,对过渡层含水率的影响最大,占总影响的50%以上,对气候影响层与地下水影响层的影响相对较小,且随着植物生长,气候影响层受到的相对影响逐渐减弱,地下水影响层受到的...     

河北省丰宁地区全新世风沙活动及其对古文化的影响

在滦河上游,全新世时期曾有过气候相对湿润阶段,具体表现是:就地起沙的风沙层内,形成了2层特殊的古土壤———黑沙土。黑沙土层分布的厚度不均匀,但具有明显的有机质半固结现象。2层黑沙土之间为黄色风沙层,上层黑沙土又为晚近风沙层覆盖。在下层黑沙土中散布着一些古文化遗存,石片、石核、石斧等石器主要见于下部,陶片数量则以近顶部居多。对黑沙土中的有机质进行14C测年,结果表明,下层黑沙土形成于约7990±150～3200±125aB·P·（cal·）之间,上层黑沙土形成于约3055±170aB·P·（cal·）以后。由这个遗址附近的环境分析证明,古代人类在此活动时期,当地气候处于相对湿润阶段,风沙活动虽依然存在,但可以断定黑沙土的成壤速度大于风沙物质堆积速度,使这里的先民能够依靠农耕、渔猎而生存。大约3200±125aB·P·（cal·）后,风沙堆积速度骤然加快,使黑沙土成土过程一度完全停止,在大约100多年的时间里,风沙活动强烈,形成黑沙土层之间的黄色风沙层堆积。这一时期恶劣的环境使得当时当地的先民无法生存,被迫迁移,从此出现新石器遗址的缺失。该遗址所在的丰宁地区,是影响北京沙尘暴的上源地区之一。因此,该地区环境考古学问题的研究,对了解北京地区沙尘暴变化历史有直接佐证的价值。     

基于蒸渗仪和解析法估算毛乌素沙地潜水蒸发量

地下水蒸发是旱区地下水均衡计算中重要的排泄项之一。由于包气带水分运移高度非线性且大气—地表界面动力学过程复杂,估算潜水蒸发量一直是地下水资源评价的难题之一。利用内蒙古乌审旗河南乡均衡试验场E601型蒸渗仪,建立了毛乌素沙地水面蒸发及4种典型岩性（风化砂岩K₁、萨拉乌苏组砂Qpal+l、砂质壤土Qhl、风积沙Qheol）的饱和土蒸发原位试验,结合长期观测获取的大量数据,开展了地下水蒸发与水面蒸发、埋深的关系和地下水蒸发量计算方法研究。结果表明:（1）4种典型岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）饱和蒸发量与水面蒸发量比值分别为0.60,0.77,0.47,0.88,表明不同岩性的饱和裸土的蒸发强度不等于自由水面的蒸发强度;实际计算裸土蒸发强度时,不能以自由水面蒸发强度作为参考点,如果运用,必须校正。（2）利用蒸渗仪观测数据和土壤水运动方程稳态解析解,获得4种典型岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）潜水稳定蒸发计算的关键经验系数c,分别为628932.63,165058.71,48948.21,1525104.031 m?2。（3）利用稳定蒸发公式确定鄂尔多斯盆地风沙滩区四种典型包气带岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）潜水极限蒸发深度约为60 cm,结果得到了室内非稳态蒸发试验的佐证,为研究区水资源评价提供了重要的参数依据。     

毛乌素沙地冻融期气态水迁移机理及影响因素

受冰-水间相变影响, 冻融期内土壤水、热传输过程变得复杂, 研究气态水分布特征与运移规律, 可为厘清冻融过程中沙地包气带水文循环机理提供关键信息。通过在毛乌素沙地建立原位监测点, 并利用修改后的Hydrus-1D冻融程序建立包气带水-汽-冰-热耦合数值模型, 对冻融期包气带气态水迁移过程展开研究。结果表明: 模拟与实测土壤水分及温度变化拟合较好, 证实所建立的模型具有良好的精度以及适用性; 对比典型未冻结、初始冻结、向下冻结以及融化时段结果可知, 冻融过程会改变剖面土壤水分、含冰量以及水汽密度分布, 其中水汽密度变化与温度联系紧密; 冻结后, 由温度梯度驱动的非等温气态水通量在总水分通量中的占比超过90%, 表明气态水占据主导地位, 其运移过程对于剖面土壤水分分布以及高含水量带出现有重要影响。     

On the effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion

Wind erosion is a dominant geomorphological process in arid and semi-arid regions with major impacts on regional climate and desertification. The erosion process occurs when the wind speed exceeds a certain threshold value, which depends on a number of factors including surface soil moisture. The understanding and modelling of aeolian erosion requires a better understanding of the soil erodibility associated with different moisture conditions. In arid regions during the dry season, the atmospheric humidity plays an important role in determining the surface moisture content and the threshold shear velocity. By a series of wind tunnel tests and theoretical analyses, this dependence of threshold velocity on near surface air humidity is shown for three soils of different textures: sand, sandy loam, and clay loam. The results show that the threshold shear velocity decreases with increasing values of relative humidity for values of relative humidity between about 40% and 65%, while above and below this range the threshold shear velocity increases with air humidity. A theoretical framework is developed to explain these dependencies assuming an equilibrium between the surface soil moisture and the humidity of the overlying atmosphere. The conditions under which soil-atmosphere equilibrium occurs were tested experimentally in the laboratory for different soils in order to determine the effect of grain surface area and texture on the time required to reach equilibrium starting from different initial conditions.     

The effects of the last glacial paleo-aeolian sands on desertification in northern China

In this paper, nine sediment sequences in the inner desert, desert-loess transitional zone (agro-pastoral transitional zone) and the northern margin of the Loess Plateau were investigated to study the sediments of Mu Us (Maowusu) and Otindaq (Hunshandake) sandy land in northern China since the last glaciation. All of these sequences consisted of the upper Holocene dark paleosol and the lower aeolian sand formed during the last glacial stage. The Mu Us and Otindaq sandy land became the active desert since the last glaciation and covered a larger sandy area than at present. Mu Us sandy land began to show a landform of sandy desert and expanded southward towards the northern boundaries of the Loess Plateau. The Holocene was characterized by the advent of warmer and wetter climatic conditions in northern China, resulting in the rapid growth of surface vegetation and Mu Us and Otindaq sandy land became a steppe. The thickness of surface soil reached up to as much as 50–80 cm. Thick paleosol covered the drift sands, and served as a protective layer for the steppe and farmland. Although the last glacial cycle is far away, paleo-aeolian sands formed during that period are still the material sources of regional desertification. Unreasonable cultivation destroying the Holocene paleosol, combined with dry climate and strong wind would result in activation of paleo- aeolian sand leading to the desertification of the study areas.     

五十年代以来毛乌素沙地荒漠化扩展及其原因

本文在毛乌素沙地景观分类、制图及景观动态研究的基础上,分析了50年代以来毛乌素沙地荒漠化发展状况及其时空特征,并对其扩展原因进行了分析和探讨。结果表明,50年代以来,该地区荒漠化整体上处于迅速扩展之中,只是某些局部地方植被得到一定程度的恢复;荒漠化扩展存在明显的空间和时间差异：西北部纯牧区扩展速度远远高于东部和南部半农半牧地区,70年代末至90年代初扩展速度远远低于50年代末至70年代末;荒漠化的迅速扩展主要是由于不合理的人类活动造成的,气候波动也有一定影响。     

全球变化与荒漠化

文章以干旱、半干旱地区沙质荒漠化为例，分析了其成因过程、发展趋势。指出干旱是荒漠化的原因，而频繁、过度的人为活动则更加剧其发展。在中国北方荒漠化土地的成因类型中，有３０．１％是由于过度放牧，２６．９％是由于过度开垦，３２．７％是由于过度樵采，有９．６％是由于水资源利用不当，有０．７％是由于工矿交通建设过程中不重视环境保护而造成的。所以合理利用土地和采取相应的防治措施是防治荒漠化的重要途径     

湿润地区的荒漠化

本文根据类似荒漠境况的出现是判断荒漠化发生与否的重要标志这一原则,并结合在中国南方开展的一些研究,对湿润地区的荒漠化进行了初步的探讨。研究表明,湿润地区的荒漠化并不包含所有存在侵蚀作用的退化土地,而专指人为侵蚀作用导致的出现了具类似荒漠境况的退化土地。中国南方湿润地区土地荒漠化分布最显著的特征为斑点状分布于丘陵山区或河、湖、海滨的冲积平原,面积为1．98×105km²,其中流水作用导致的荒漠化面积为1．78×105km²,风力作用的为0．11×105km²,其它0．09×105km²。自然因素,特别是气候和地貌因素对荒漠化的形成和发展起着积极的影响作用,但不是决定作用。人为不合理的经济活动,才是造成荒漠化的主要原因。文章最后还简要介绍了湿润地区荒漠化的防治问题。     

Soil moisture potential and water content in the unsaturated zone within the arid Ejina Oasis in Northwest China

Three soil profiles were selected in the Ejina Oasis, northwest China, to determine water content profiles and evolution of soil moisture potentials in the unsaturated zone within the arid area. The total soil moisture potentials have been monitored for about 3 months in 2001 at different depths in the soil profiles. The occurrence and movement of water in the unsaturated zone was analyzed using the zero flux plane (ZFP) method. It is shown that convergent ZFPs and divergent ZFPs may occur at depths between 0.5 and 3.0 m, and that the depth of the ZFPs was controlled by the root zone of plants growing on the land surface. Profiles of the total soil moisture potentials were observed to be coincident with those of the water contents at the three experimental sites. The total soil moisture potential showed a slight increasing trend and the ZFPs tend to vanish from summer to winter as the water extraction by roots decreased. Evapotranspiration through vegetation has an important bearing on the water content and the total potential in the unsaturated zone.     

Diurnal soil water dynamics in the shallow vadose zone (field site of China University of Geosciences,China)

Because of the relatively low soil moisture in arid or semi-arid regions, water vapour movement often predominates in the vadose zone and affects the partitioning of energy among various land surface fluxes. In an outdoor sand bunker experiment, the soil water content at 10 and 30 cm depth were measured at hourly intervals for 2.5 days during October 2004. It was found that the soil moisture reached the daily maximum value (5.9–6.1% at 10 cm and 11.9–13.1% at 30 cm) and minimum value (4.4–4.5% at 10 cm and 10.4–10.8% at 30 cm) at midday (0–1 p.m. for 10 cm and 2–3 p.m. for 30 cm) and before dawn (2–3 a.m. for 10 cm and 4–5 a.m. for 30 cm), respectively. The modified HYDRUS-1D code, which refers to the coupled water, water vapour and heat transport in soil, was used to simulate the moisture and water vapour flow in the soil. The numerical analyses provided insight into the diurnal movement of liquid water and water vapour driven by the gradients of pressure heads and temperatures in the subsurface zone. The simulated temperature and water content were in good agreement with the measured values. The spatial–temporal distribution of liquid water flux, water vapour flux and soil temperature showed a detailed diurnal pattern of soil water dynamics in relatively coarse sand. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Expansion and contraction of Hulun Buir Dunefield in north-eastern China in the last late glacial and Holocene as revealed by OSL dating

Optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) study on sand and fossil soils from Hulun Buir Dunefield in Eastern China is reported in this paper. Aeolian dune sequences responded to the climate change by alternations of aeolian sand and dark sandy soils, which corresponded to arid and humid conditions, respectively. Optical dating using the single aliquot regeneration technique with quartz was applied to the deposits. The results indicate that the soils and underlying aeolian sand correspond to the Holocene optimum (HO) and the last late glacial, respectively. Combined with studies of OSL dating of 13 profiles and grain-size, magnetic susceptibility, total organic carbon, sediment color and scanning electron microscopy measurements for two representative sections, indicate the expansion in the last late glacial sand was 10 times that of today. The dune field was not totally stabilized by vegetation cover until HO (10–5 ka BP).     

荒漠地区土壤初始状况对水平入渗的影响

通过对沙坡头荒漠地区人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮与固沙区外天然沙丘沙以及天然植被红砂、珍珠分布区砂粘土在不同初始含水率（θ_i）条件下土壤水平入渗过程的对比试验研究,探讨土壤质地以及θ i对水平入渗系数（λ_f）、剖面平均含水率（θ_m）状况的影响。生物土壤结皮对降水入渗量的截持作用大于沙丘沙,因而将显著地改变降水入渗过程中土壤水分的再分配格局,减少降水对深层土壤（沙丘沙）的有效补给。通过对土壤剖面平均含水率θ_m与距离湿润锋前缘0～5 cm、5～10 cm处体积含水率θ_fA、θ_fB比较,生物土壤结皮的θ_m、θ_fA和θ_fB分别约为沙丘沙的1．5倍。     

内蒙古平庄盆地黑水地区上白垩统孙家湾组上段沉积相及其与铀矿化关系

内蒙古平庄盆地黑水地区上白垩统孙家湾组上段沉积相为冲积扇相,宏观上分为近端砾质辫状平原、远端砂质辫状平原及扇前洪泛平原3个亚相,进一步细分为泥石流、砾质辫状河道、砾质坝、砂质辫状河道、砂质坝、洪泛细粒、泥炭沼泽等微相。孙家湾组上段可划分为3个亚段,第一亚段为干旱_潮湿过渡气候下形成的退积型序列的旱地扇沉积;第二亚段为潮湿气候下形成的退积型序列的湿地扇沉积;第三亚段为潮湿气候下形成的进积型序列的湿地扇沉积。黑水地区的孙家湾组上段经历了早期退积型旱地扇—中期退积型湿地扇—晚期进积型湿地扇的过程。沉积相对该区铀成矿具有控制作用,铀矿化主要以不连续、局部富集的形式赋存于远端砂质辫状平原前缘的砂质辫状河砂体中,泥炭沼泽和泥质含量少的泥石流沉积中有少量存在。泥炭沼泽沉积所形成的泥岩及泥质含量高的泥石流沉积充当了局部隔水层,但由于泥炭沼泽沉积较薄,以及泥石流沉积的不均一性,致使铀矿（化）不连续、不稳定。     

靖远矿区采煤沉陷区复垦综合评价方法研究

以靖远矿区为例,从土地复垦和恢复生态学的角度出发,建立了靖远矿区采煤沉陷区复垦综合评价系统,选择土壤条件（土层厚度、土壤质地、有机质含量、土壤水分）、地形改造条件（地面坡度、地表破坏程度、改造难易程度）、气候及水文条件（年降雨量、灌溉条件）作为分类及评价因子对复垦潜力进行评价。将采煤沉陷地分为四种潜力区,对每种潜力类型区的复垦开发利用方向进行了优化设计,从理论上和实践上对靖远矿区采煤沉陷地的复垦能力以及复垦过程中用地结构的优化作了探讨,以期对当地沉陷地的复垦提供一定的科学依据。     

基于地学规律的科尔沁沙地土地整治与生态修复规划方法

内蒙古科尔沁沙地历史上曾是科尔沁大草原,现在是农牧交错区,该区的土地利用关系到生态安全、国家粮食安全和农民生计。该区域“坨甸相间”地貌特点造成不同地形部位土壤含水量存在差异,降水量年际变化大。通过卫星影像数据解译出土地利用/覆被类型图与土壤图进行叠加,获得了显性沙地和隐性沙地数量与分布信息。首先保留耕地以外的其他地类,再利用卫星影像数据反映不同降水年型耕地的归一化植被指数(NDVI),将偏欠水年NDVI低于平均值的耕地退耕还草,消除这些耕地的冬春沙化风险,以进行土地利用布局调整。这种直接利用遥感数据获取土地利用/覆被类型和耕地的NDVI进行土地利用空间布局调整的方法,十分简单实用。本文还根据地貌和沙地降水入渗快的特点,提出了与高标准农田建设模式不同但与区域地理环境相吻合的农田整治模式,即利用自然沙丘作为区域风沙防护工程,土地开发不做大平整,不修建灌溉系统,发展雨养农业。以上根据区域地理环境条件进行土地利用布局和确定农田开发建设模式,可将农业生产与荒漠化防治和谐结合在一起,实现土地可持续利用。     

青藏高原东缘高寒草甸退化过程中植物群落物种多样性、生产力与土壤特性的关系

为了阐明高寒草甸退化过程中植物群落物种多样性、生产力与土壤特性的关系, 在青藏高原东缘的玛曲县沿着高寒草甸退化梯度选取了轻度退化草甸、中度退化草甸、重度退化草甸和沙化草甸, 测定了高寒草甸退化过程中植物群落物种多样性、生产力与土壤理化性状. 结果表明: 从轻度退化到中度、重度和沙化草甸, 植被地下生物量分别降低了36%、48%和91%, 总生物量分别降低了34%、47%和91%, 土壤有机碳分别下降了18%、81%和97%, 全N分别下降了25%、82%和95%, 全P含量分别下降了14%、33%和41%. 随着高寒草甸的退化, 植被群落的生物多样性和地上生物量呈先稳定后降低的趋势, 土壤砂粒含量、pH值和全K含量呈增加趋势, 黏粉粒呈降低趋势, 速效N、速效P和速效K呈先增加后降低的趋势. 相关分析表明, 群落物种多样性和生产力与土壤有机碳、全N、全P、速效N、速效P、速效K、黏粒含量、粉粒含量、水分含量均呈显著正相关(P<0.01), 而与土壤砂粒、全K和pH值均呈显著负相关(P<0.05). 因此, 高寒草甸退化过程中, 土壤质地、养分和水分等的复杂变化及其相互关系共同决定着高寒草甸群落物种多样性和生产力的变化. 同时, 植被生产力和土壤碳、氮的降低产生明显的正反馈效应, 导致在重度退化阶段和沙化阶段, 植被生产力和土壤碳氮的急剧下降.     

吉林西部不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳垂向分布和碳密度

土壤碳库在陆地生态系统碳循环中起着关键性的作用。在对吉林西部进行为期6年（2004－2009年）的环境调查基础上,采集了217个土壤剖面,获取了2 170个土壤样品的平均容重、含水率和有机碳含量,分析了不同土地利用类型下土壤有机碳（SOC）的垂向分布特征、原因和机理。结果表明：不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳垂向分布表现出截然不同的特征,大致可分为“下降型”、“上升型”和“不变型”3种。呈下降型的草地、农田、湿地等SOC含量主要富集在0~30 cm耕作层,并随深度增加而快速下降;滩地为上升型,良好的水文条件和相对茂盛的植物为有机质提供了有利条件;不变型包括盐碱地、林地和沙地,SOC含量处于全区最低水平。不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳密度差异很大,从大到小依次为水田、草地、旱田、湿地、退化草地、滩地、林地、沙地、盐碱地,其中水田为（169.25±17.70） t/hm²,盐碱地为 （26.50±10.00） t/hm²。植被生物量和土壤理化性质是影响土壤有机碳含量的主要因素。     

Deforestation effects on soil properties,runoff and erosion in northern Iran

Improper cultivation practices are seriously degrading native forest ecosystems in northern Iran. Hence, the objectives of this study are to compare selected soil properties, runoff amount, erosion and also introducing equations to predict the runoff and soil erosion in three types of land use (forest, garden and cultivated). A simple portable rainfall simulator has been set in 90 random points to create experimental rainfall. Result showed that changes in natural forest led to a significant clay, organic carbon of soil, total N and antecedent soil moisture decrease and sand, pH and bulk density increasing. The rainfall runoff experiments indicate that runoff content of the natural forest soils was 35 % and respectively 38.45 % higher than the garden and cultivated land soils .This result could be related to the higher antecedent soil moisture in natural forest compared with the other land uses. According to the obtained results, garden soil erosion and cultivated land was 1.351 and respectively 1.587 times higher than the forest. The correlation matrix revealed that runoff content was positively correlated with antecedent soil moisture, bulk density and silt, and negatively with soil organic carbon, total N and sand. Also, soil organic carbon, total N, clay and sand showed negative correlation with soil erosion, while there is a positive correlation between erosion and silt, bulk density, pH and antecedent soil moisture. The results of multiple linear regression showed that runoff in forest, garden and cultivated land can be predicted with correlation coefficient of 0.637, 0.547 and 0.624, respectively. The correlation coefficients of 0.798, 0.628 and 0.560 in equations indicate their moderate potential in simulating soil erosion.