A review on rill erosion process and its influencing factors

Rills are frequently observed on slope farmlands and rill erosion significantly contributes to sediment yields. This paper focuses on reviewing the various factors affecting rill erosion processes and the threshold conditions of rill initiation. Six factors, including rainfall, runoff, soil, topography, vegetation and tillage system, are discussed. Rill initiation and network are explored. Runoff erosivity and soil erodibility are recognized as two direct factors affecting rill erosion and other types of factors may have indirect influences on rill erosion through increasing or decreasing the effects of the direct factors. Certain conditions are necessary for rill initiation and the critical conditions are different with different factors. Future studies should be focused on 1) the dynamic changes of rill networks; 2) the combined effect of multiple factors; and 3) the relationships of threshold values with other related factors.     

The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and sediment yield under different slope gradients

Rill formation is the predominant erosion process in slope land in the Loess Plateau, China. This study was conducted to investigate rill erosion characteristics and their effects on runoff and sediment yielding processes under different slope gradients at a rate of 10°, 15°, 20° and 25° with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm min-1 in a laboratory setting. Results revealed that mean rill depth and rill density has a positive interrelation to the slope gradient. To the contrary, width-depth ratio and distance of the longest rill to the top of the slope negatively related to slope gradient. All these suggested that increasing slope steepness could enhance rill headward erosion, vertical erosion and the fragmentation of the slope surface. Furthermore,total erosion tended to approach a stable maximum value with increasing slope, which implied that there is probably a threshold slope gradient where soil erosion begins to weaken. At the same time, the correlation analysis showed that there was a close connection between slope gradient and the variousindices of soil erosion: the correlation coefficients of slope gradient with maximal rill depth, number of rills and the distance of the longest rill from the top of the slope were 0.98, 0.97 and-0.98, respectively,indicating that slope gradient is the major factor of affecting the development of rills. Furthermore,runoff was not sensitive to slope gradient and rill formation in this study. Sediment concentration,however, is positively related to slope gradient and rill formation, the sediment concentrations increased rapidly after rill initiation, especially. These results may be essential for soil loss prediction.     

A Preliminary study on traditional level-trench method to prevent rill initiation in the Three Gorges region, China

The level-trench method is a traditional tillage operation to develop a drainage system on slope land in the Three Gorges region.Before crops are planted,farmers prepare the land with level trenches spaced 3-10 m apart,depending on the slope gradient:steeper slopes require shorter distances.Little scientific analysis has been done on the use of traditional level trenches for soil conservation.We conducted a field investigation and simulation experiments,and present a comparison between the spacing of level trenches and the slope length required for rill initiation.The results indicate that the spacing of level trenches in farmland is close to the slope length required for rill initiation in the experimental plots,and regression models of trench spacing with the gradient and the slope length required for rill initiation with the gradient have similar formats;the coefficients of determination (R2) for the two equations are 0.99 and 0.88,respectively.There were some differences between the field survey and experiments,but we conclude that the traditional level-trench method has an important role in preventing rill initiation.     

Rainfall and inflow effects on soil erosion for hillslopes dominated by sheet erosion or rill erosion in the Chinese Mollisol region

Erosion agents and patterns profoundly affect hillslope soil loss characteristics. However, few attempts have been made to analyze the effects of rainfall and inflow on soil erosion for hillslopes dominated by sheet erosion or rill erosion in the Chinese Mollisol region. The objective of this study was to discuss the erosive agent(rainfall or inflow), hillslope erosion pattern(sheet erosion or rill erosion) and slope gradient effects on runoff and soil losses. Two soil pans(2.0 m long, 0.5 m wide and 0.5 m deep) with 5° and 10° slopes were subjected to rainfall(0 and 70 mm h–1) and inflow(0 and 70 mm h–1) experiments. Three experimental combinations of rainfall intensity(RI) and inflow rate(IR) were tested using the same water supply of 70 mm by controllingthe run time. A flat soil surface and a soil bed with a straight initial rill were prepared manually, and represented hillslopes dominated by sheet erosion and rill erosion, respectively. The results showed that soil losses had greater differences among treatments than total runoff. Soil losses decreased in the order of RI70+IR70 RI70+IR0 RI0+IR70. Additionally, soil losses for hillslopes dominated by rill erosion were 1.7-2.2 times greater at 5° and 2.5-6.9 times greater at 10° than those for hillslopes dominated by sheet erosion. The loss of 0.25 mm soil particles and aggregates varying from 47.72%-99.60% of the total soil loss played a dominant role in the sediment. Compared with sheet erosion hillslopes, rill erosion hillslopes selectively transported more microaggregates under a relatively stable rill development stage, but rills transported increasinglymore macroaggregates under an active rill development stage. In conclusion, eliminating raindrop impact on relatively gentle hillslopes and preventing rill development on relatively steep hillslopes would be useful measures to decrease soil erosion and soil degradation in the Mollisol region of northeastern China.     

试论海船船员的适任考试与评估

通过《97规则》与《87规则》的对比 ,分析了两者的异同、变化及意义作用 ,结合在实施《97规则》过程中出现的一些问题 ,有针对性地提出了不同的见解和较有新意的建议。     

基于InVEST与CARS的生态空间分区与未来预测研究

生态空间现状数量配比与模拟是新时期地理信息服务于国土空间优化的重要应用.以常州市武进区为研究区,利用InVEST模型与多类随机种子CA模型(CARS),对2015年研究区生态空间进行分区并模拟了2025年的生态空间分布演变情况.结果表明:2015年生态评价极重要区主要分布于滆湖(西太湖)湿地公园及其周边地区、雪堰镇竺山...     

GML&SVG的开放式WebGIS设计与应用

GML作为一种空间信息的编码、存储和交换格式,已逐渐被接受并广泛使用,为实现空间信息的共享和WebGIS的进一步发展提供了一个强有力的工具;SVG作为一种网络时代的图形文件格式标准,综合了矢量图形、位图图像和纯文本的优点,对网络环境有天然的适应性,代表未来网上图形传输发展的方向,因此,基于GML&SVG的WebGIS研究与应用具有广泛的实用价值和应用前景.文中提出了利用GML进行地理信息的存储和集成,并用SVG实现地理信息的Web显示,操作的开放式WebGIS体系结构和解决方案.且在此基础上,建立了GML&SVG的WebGIS应用系统.     

基于GIS建立空间图形数据库的方法

数字化空间图形数据库是空间图形及其属性数据库的统，建立数字化空间图形数据库是一个非常繁琐的工程。而先建立空间图形库，然后进行各图元属性ID号排序，再“根据参数赋属性”建立完整的空间图形数据库，会取得事半功倍的效果。     

GML＆SVG的开放式WebGIS设计与应用

GML作为一种空间信息的编码、存储和交换格式,已逐渐被接受并广泛使用,为实现空间信息的共享和WebGIS的进一步发展提供了一个强有力的工具;SVG作为一种网络时代的图形文件格式标准,综合了矢量图形、位图图像和纯文本的优点,对网络环境有天然的适应性,代表未来网上图形传输发展的方向,因此,基于GML＆SVG的WebGIS研究与应用具有广泛的实用价值和应用前景。文中提出了利用GML进行地理信息的存储和集成,并用SVG实现地理信息的Web显示,操作的开放式WebGIS体系结构和解决方案。且在此基础上,建立了GML＆SVG的WebGIS应用系统。     

Study on stability and reinforcement of a landslide on Ji''''an-Dandong highway

This study clarified the failure mechanism of a landslide on Ji'an-Dandong highway,through the detailed analysis of its geological condition.Then based on the back analysis of the broken landslide,take limit equilibrium method to evaluate the stability of the potential landslide.The result shows that the landslide is lack of safety stock,so anchor rope is designed to reinforce the landslide.     

Study on stability and reinforcement of a landslide on Ji''an-Dandong highway

This study clarified the failure mechanism of a landslide on Ji'an-Dandong highway, through the detailed analysis of its geological condition. Then based on the back analysis of the broken landslide, take limit equilibrium method to evaluate the stability of the potential landslide. The result shows that the landslide is lack of safety stock, so anchor rope is designed to reinforce the landslide.     

基于地磁匹配的水下定位和定向方法研究

借助地磁背景场及地磁测量,通过对相关分析中各指标的研究,给出了用于水下地磁匹配定位的最优指标。分析了现有TERCOM算法的缺陷并对其进行了改进,提高了水下地磁匹配定位的精度;提出了基于两段序列匹配后的重心位置计算INS前期积累误差的算法,实现了对INS的准确修正,确保了载体的定向精度。试验验证了这些方法的正确性。     

基于Oracle的国土资源基础数据组织方法

鲁西地区中生代有2个岩浆活动时期,中侏罗世岩浆活动规模较小,形成铜石杂岩体,锆石SHRIMP U Pb年龄167.9-183Ma,加权平均值为（175.7±3.8）Ma;早白垩世岩浆活动范围较广,生成多种岩石系列,形成济南—埠村—邹平—淄博金岭一带杂岩体和沂南县铜井、莱芜、蒙阴虎头崖、临朐铁寨等杂岩体,锆石SHRIMP和LA ICP MS U Pb测年结果为128-134Ma。     

基于GIS的南宁城市生态系统敏感性评价分析

通过建立南宁市区生态系统敏感性评价因子指标体系和利用AHP法确定评价因子权重,构建南宁城市生态系统敏感性综合评价模型,采用ArcGIS的空间叠加分析功能生成评价结果图,根据结果对南宁城市生态敏感性的空间分布特点做出分析,并提出相应对策,从而为建立相应的生态安全战略,实现南宁市区生态环境与社会经济可持续发展提供重要的决策支持依据。     

国土资源听证规定

第一章总则第一条为了规范国土资源管理活动,促进依法行政,提高国土资源管理的科学性和民主性,保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益,根据有关法律、法规,制定本规定。第二条县级以上人民政府国土资源行政主管部门(以下简称主管部门)依职权或者依当事人的申请组织听证的,适用本规定。第三条听证由拟作出行政处罚、行政许可决定,制定规章和规范性文件、实施需报政府批准的事项的主管部门组织。依照本规定具体办理听证事务的法制工作机构为听证机构;但实施需报政府批准的事项可以由其经办机构作为听证机构。本规定所称需报政府批准的事项,是指…     

地学信息图谱的研究及其模型应用探讨

地学信息图谱系以遥感与地理信息系统等新技术 ,充分发挥人脑的形象思维能力来解决资源环境问题。它是地学思维在新时代下的新发展 ,在地学研究中有重要的理论和实践意义。文章着重分析了地学信息图谱研究近况 ,并结合生态系统综合评估 ,论述了地学信息图谱在该领域的应用。     

基于网格的海量分布式空间信息搜索研究

提出了基于网格调度和服务实现海量分布式空间信息的快速搜索技术,设计了基于网格的空间信息搜索引擎。利用网格开发工具ProActive实现了海量分布式空间信息搜索的网格调度服务,实现对中国300个城市的空间信息的快速搜索。     

基于FFT与小波变换的SOI与GNSS ZTD的周期变化影响研究

为探究ENSO事件对GNSSZTD(水汽)周期变化的影响及其相互关系,以河北省为例开展ENSO事件对GNSSZTD及其周期变化的影响研究.首先利用快速傅里叶变换方法筛选出南方涛动指数(SOI)与GNSS水汽的共同周期,再利用小波变换提取GNSS水汽与SOI共同周期所在的高频项,并将重构的高频项与SOI进行相关性分析.结...     

基于MAPublisher的决策用图精细化高效制图技术研究

针对政府决策对地图高效、精准服务的需求,提出了基于MAPublisher的决策用图精细化高效制图技术方法,以分县图为例,利用现有的基础地理信息数据库,研究图层内容组织、地图注记、符号、图廓整饰等地图表达规则,提出决策用图精细化高效制图技术流程,提高了地图生产效率和精细化程度。     

基于多源遥感数据的城市扩张监测与分析

有关建成区空间分布的研究是城市发展规划的重要组成部分,针对单一数据源不足以提供准确、及时的建成区信息的问题,提出了一种结合Landsat数据和夜光遥感数据的城市扩张监测方法。该文以Landsat影像与夜光遥感影像为数据源,采用SVM分类方法和突变检测阈值分割技术,提取2004—2016年的原济南市、泰安市、原莱芜市的建成区范围,然后引入城市扩张强度、紧凑度、重心轨迹转移分析和等扇形分析等指标,来定量分析城市扩张的时空变化特征。结果表明:从2004—2016年,研究区建成区面积增加了508.06km~2,原济南、泰安市均以外延式的城市发展为主,主要的趋势是北部、西部和南部;而原莱芜市则以填充型的城市发展为主,紧凑度高于其余两市,西北方向处于扩张速率的高值区;其中城市扩张强度指标定量地反映出在2004—2007年间研究区城市化进程取得重大突破,是区域城市化进程的重要阶段。相较于单一数据源,引入夜光遥感数据,可以更快速高效地提取城市建成区信息。