低渗透碎屑岩储层孔隙结构分形维数计算方法——以川中地区须家河组储层41块岩样为例

为对比基于含水饱和度和汞饱和度2种方法计算低渗透碎屑岩储层孔隙结构分形维数的优劣性,分别采用2种方法对川中地区须家河组41块储集岩的毛细管压力曲线进行分形维数计算.结果表明:采用汞饱和度计算的孔隙结构分形维数与排驱压力、分选因数等表征储层孔隙结构的参数相关性较好.随着岩样分形维数增大,排驱压力增大、分选因数减小,相关性明显.采用含水饱和度计算的孔隙结构分形维数与排驱压力、分选因数等相关性较差.在条件许可时,可利用恒速压汞实验计算储集岩孔隙结构分形维数.     

高压压汞联合分形理论分析致密砂岩孔隙结构:以鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区为例

孔隙结构是致密砂岩储层的关键要素,制约油气在储层中的储集与流动,而储层孔隙结构是目前非常规油气勘探开发研究的重点和难点。选取鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区上三叠统延长组长7段10块致密岩心样品,开展高压压汞和X-衍射等实验,运用分形理论研究储层孔喉分形特征,并分析分形维数与储层物性、孔隙结构参数与矿物含量之间的关系。研究结果表明:根据压汞曲线形态和孔隙结构参数将储层分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类,其储集性能和渗流能力依次递减,微观非均质性依次增强。不同类型的储层具有不同的分形特点:根据分形曲线存在的拐点0.05和0.02 μm,将实际情况和IUPAC提出的孔隙大小划分标准结合,Ⅰ类储层孔隙分为大孔(＞50 nm)和中孔(50~6 nm);Ⅱ、Ⅲ类储层据拐点分为中孔A段(50~20 nm)和中孔B段(20~6 nm);平均分形维数依次增大,分别为2.619 3,2.745 4,2.852 6,非均质性逐渐增强。较少的大孔贡献了主要的渗透率,分形维数反映的主要是孔隙大小非均质性。分形维数与部分矿物存在较好的相关性,矿物成分及其含量是决定分形维数大小的内在因素,进而影响储层的质量和孔隙结构特征。      

鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区盒1段致密砂岩孔隙结构分形特征及其与储层物性的关系

基于物性、铸体薄片、电镜扫描和高压压汞等测试分析资料，利用汞饱和度法和含水饱和度法对杭锦旗地区盒1段致密储层孔隙结构分形维数进行了计算，并分析其与储层物性的关系。结果表明:盒1段储层平均孔隙度、渗透率分别为9.83%、1.03×10-3 μm2，储集空间以粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔和残余粒间孔为主。汞饱和度法计算的整体分形维数分布在2.138 4~2.829 2，平均值为2.396 5，含水饱和度法计算的整体分形维数分布在2.529 4~2.879 7，平均值为2.679 1。相比于含水饱和度法，汞饱和度法计算的分形维数与孔隙度、渗透率及各孔隙结构参数之间具有更好的相关性，是因为含水饱和度法易对孔喉较小的样品产生偏差。基于汞饱和度法分形维数，将盒1段储层孔隙结构分为四类:Ⅰ类（D_f≤2.31），Ⅱ类（2.31 < D_f < 2.4），Ⅲ类（2.4≤D_f < 2.52），Ⅳ类（D_f≥2.52），研究区主要孔隙结构类型为Ⅱ、Ⅲ类。选取分形维数（D_f）、平均孔喉半径（R_m）和孔隙度（φ）等参数，对渗透率进行多元回归计算，计算值与实测值相关系数在0.9以上，表明计算模型在本区较为适用。      

四川盆地长宁构造地区龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构及其分形特征

以四川盆地长宁构造地区古生界下志留统龙马溪组页岩为例,利用低压氮气吸附测试手段和分形法理论,分析了页岩的孔隙结构参数及分形维数,结合有机质含量和矿物组成分析,研究了页岩孔隙结构特征及其分形特征的影响因素。结果表明:龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构复杂,孔隙主要以两端开口的圆筒状孔、墨水瓶状孔等开放性孔为主,孔径主要在1~10nm之间,孔径主峰位于1.86nm附近;页岩平均孔径在1.807~4.343nm之间,与w(TOC)、石英含量呈负相关,与黏土矿物含量呈正相关,其中w(TOC)对其影响显著;页岩总孔容在0.010 76~0.025 04cm3/g之间,比表面积在5.416~25.958m2/g之间,页岩总孔容、比表面积与w(TOC)、石英含量呈正相关,与黏土矿物、碳酸盐含量呈负相关;页岩具有双重分形特征,大孔隙分形维数D₁为2.091 8~2.653 7,小孔隙分形维数D₂为2.724 8~2.857 5,说明大孔隙结构的复杂程度大于小孔隙;页岩孔隙的分形维数与比表面积和总孔容呈正相关,而与平均孔径呈负相关;与w(TOC)、石英含量呈正相关,与黏土矿物、碳酸盐含量呈负相关,其中w(TOC)、石英和黏土矿物含量对页岩孔隙结构复杂性影响较大。      

渤中19-6孔店组砂砾岩孔隙结构和渗透率估算模型

渤中19-6砂砾岩孔隙结构复杂,为提高渗透率的估算精度,需要从孔隙结构入手,找到与渗透率相关性最好的孔隙结构因素。以43块孔店组砂砾岩的孔隙结构和渗透率为研究对象,利用岩石铸体薄片确定发育的孔隙类型,通过高压压汞获取孔喉分布特征和孔隙结构参数。结合孔隙类型和孔隙结构参数分析孔隙结构和渗透率的关系,建立了基于孔隙结构参数的渗透率评价模型。研究表明,不同类型溶蚀孔隙的孔隙结构存在差异,粒内溶孔的孔隙结构最好,胶结物溶孔的孔隙结构最差。溶蚀孔隙类型发育不同,物性差异较大,以粒内溶孔为主且不发育胶结物溶孔的岩样物性最好。不同孔隙结构因素对渗透率控制程度不一致,其中基于孔喉大小、连通、配比和几何形状这4种因素建立的渗透率模型精度最高。渤中19-6气田孔店组砂砾岩粒内溶孔具有较大的孔喉半径和较好的连通性是促使该类岩石储集和渗流能力均较好的主要原因。平均孔喉半径、退汞效率、平均孔喉体积比和分形维数适用于估算孔隙结构复杂且(特)低孔渗的砂砾岩储层渗透率,以期为渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷砂砾岩储层的渗透率评价提供技术支持。      

反复入渗对重塑黄土渗透特性的影响

甘肃黑方台黄土经历长期的灌溉入渗破坏了其原生结构，改变了不同深度黄土的颗粒级配，影响了土体的力学性质。为研究反复灌溉入渗对坡体的影响，通过室内土柱渗透试验研究了反复入渗对甘肃黑方台黄土渗透特性的影响，并研究了渗透作用下黄土中细颗粒运移的规律与模式。研究表明:①水力梯度对渗透速率影响较小而干密度对渗透速率影响较大；随着入渗次数的增加，重塑黄土的渗透性能变弱；②黄土在渗流力的作用下，存在细颗粒沿渗流方向运移的现象，且细颗粒在土柱中上部聚集最多；③影响细颗粒运移的因素有:水力梯度、干密度和渗透次数；其中细颗粒的运移量与水力梯度、渗透次数呈正相关，与干密度呈负相关，且水力梯度是影响细颗粒运移的主要因素；④在渗透过程中，细颗粒运移堆积，最终填充土体内孔隙，导致黄土的渗透性下降。      

Effects of seasonal water-level fluctuation on soil pore structure in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Inundation of the Three Gorges Reservoir has created a 30-m water-level fluctuation zone with seasonal hydrological alternations of submergence and exposure, which may greatly affect soil properties and bank stability. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of soil pore structure to seasonal water-level fluctuation in the reservoir, and particularly, the hydrological change of wetting and drying cycles. Soil pore structure was visualized with industrial X-ray computed tomography and digital image analysis techniques. The results showed that soil total porosity(? 100 ?m), total pore number, total throat number, and mean throat surface area increased significantly under wetting and drying cycles. Soil porosity, pore number and throat numberwithin each size class increased in the course of wetting and drying cycles. The coordination number, degree of anisotropy and fractal dimension were indicating an increase. In contrast, the mean shape factor, pore-throat ratio, and Euler-Poincaré number decreased due to wetting and drying cycles. These illustrated that the wetting and drying cycles made soil pore structure become more porous, continuous, heterogeneous and complex. It can thus be deduced that the water-level fluctuation would modify soil porosity, pore size distribution, and pore morphology in the Three Gorges Reservoir, which may have profound implications for soil processes, soil functions, and bank stability.     

基于CT扫描的黄土孔隙结构特征研究

孔隙特征作为反映黄土微观结构的重要特征之一, 直接影响黄土的水敏性、渗透性和强度等物理力学性质。为了研究水力耦合作用下黄土微观孔隙结构特征, 使用CT技术对天然原状、原状饱和与重塑黄土的初始结构以及不固结不排水剪切试验后的土体结构进行了扫描, 通过建立黄土三维结构模型, 分析了剪切试验前后孔隙结构的演变特征。结果表明: 饱和与重塑作用使天然原状黄土的大孔隙减少, 剪切作用使天然原状黄土和重塑黄土发生剪切破坏, 原状饱和黄土发生压缩破坏, 局部孔隙率增加。天然原状黄土与原状饱和黄土在剪切前后均表现为微孔和小孔数量较多, 其孔隙倾角主要分布在50°~90°之间, 解释了黄土亚稳态结构形成的主要原因。扰动作用使重塑黄土的孔隙尺寸分布均匀, 且重塑黄土与原状饱和黄土在水力作用下更易失稳屈服。揭示了黄土剪切变形破坏的微观结构主要表现为粒间胶结物的溶解、孔隙的坍塌与填充以及颗粒旋转、破碎和滑移。试验结果可为黄土剪切强度降低和湿陷机理研究提供依据。      

基于CT扫描红层砂岩孔隙多标度分形维数的确定方法

岩石作为一种典型的多孔介质,其内部孔隙结构、形态特征极为复杂,运用常规线性系统内参数描述较为困难,因而采用非线性系统内分形维数这一参数来定量表征孔隙结构的非线性分布特征较为合适。岩石内部孔隙结构分布具有统计意义上的分形特征,因此分形维数的确定对于定量表征孔隙结构分布规律,以及揭示岩石各种力学行为与物理力学指标有着重要意义。将图像处理与阈值分割、分形理论和数理统计相结合,针对CT扫描切片图像,三维重建孔隙结构空间分布模型,计算Hausdorff测度空间下孔隙结构分布盒维数与集束维数。同时,针对孔隙结构空间分布复杂程度的定量表征,提出体素盒维数与圆柱体空间集束维数假想,并通过多种数理统计方法进行假设检验。最后,指出孔隙结构分布是一种多标度分形模型,仅仅单个维数无法描述其全部细节特征,需采用多重分形谱来更为全面表征孔隙分布的细观特征。研究结果表明,Hausdorff测度空间下的平面盒维数可较为全面表征平面孔隙分布特征,但对于针对灰度CT图像构建的体素盒维数可替代传统意义下定义的盒维数,在细观尺度下能更可靠、准确、全面地定量表征孔隙体积分布规律; 集束维数实质是用来定量表征孔隙位置分布规律,若等于欧氏维数,则表明孔隙位置分布具有随机性。      

潜江凹陷盐间页岩油储层孔隙结构分形表征与评价

目前, 众多学者从地球化学特征、储层物性特征等方面对潜江凹陷潜江组页岩展开了较多研究, 并取得了一定的进展, 但对其孔隙的复杂性、形成孔喉的主要矿物及其影响因素的分析存在盲点。依据分形理论, 结合氮气吸附实验、高压压汞实验, 选取沉积位置不同的BX7井以及BYY2井, 分别对潜三段第四亚段(Eq₃4-10)页岩的比表面分形特征、孔隙结构分形特征以及孔喉分形特征进行了评价, 分析了其影响因素。结果表明, 该地区的孔隙表面较为平整, 比表面分形维数D1趋近于2, 孔隙表面的粗糙程度主要受黏土矿物本身特性影响。相较于沉积边缘的BX7井, 位于沉积中心的BYY2井储层孔隙结构分形特征更为简单。小孔径孔隙的孔体积所占比例越大, 孔隙结构分形特征越复杂。BX7井储层孔隙结构分形维数D2主要受黏土矿物以及石英的影响, 而BYY2井储层孔隙结构分形维数D2主要受白云石的影响。白云石为构成BX7井储层孔喉的主要矿物, 随白云石增加, 孔喉特征复杂, 连通性变差。BYY2井储层中石英形成的孔喉直径较小, 石英的增加会使孔隙连通性变差; 方解石形成的孔喉直径较大。页岩油的赋存会使孔隙的分形维数变小, 对孔喉分形特征的影响较小。盐类矿物的存在会阻塞孔隙, 使孔隙连通性变差。      

基于CT扫描技术的低渗油藏水敏效应后微观孔隙结构特征

为了研究水敏效应对低渗油藏微观孔隙结构特征的影响,将CT在线扫描技术和岩心驱替实验相结合,开展了低渗油藏不同渗透率岩心水敏性评价实验,对水敏过程中孔、喉半径分布特征、配位数、孔隙变化特征、物性参数变化及对储层渗流能力的影响进行了实验研究,并绘制了水敏前后极限注采井距对比图版。结果表明,随着渗透率降低,水敏效应对孔隙、喉道伤害程度越大、平均孔喉配位数减少越多。两者共同作用是造成储层启动压力梯度增加的主要原因;水敏效应对储层喉道伤害程度远大于对孔隙伤害程度;水敏效应造成黏土膨胀、颗粒运移几乎发生在所有孔隙中,但对岩心整体孔隙结构和分布特征影响不大。通过极限注采井距可知,水敏效应造成新沟嘴组低渗油藏极限注采井距减少了153 m,需要通过加密井来调整注采井距,改善注水波及范围。该研究结果对长期注水的水敏性低渗储层开发调整具有现场指导意义。     

Microstructure evolution of loess under multiple collapsibility based on nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy

In recent years, the acceleration of urbanization in loess areas has prompted frequent dismantling and reconstruction of old urban areas. Demolition and reconstruction of buildings involve multiple collapses of the foundation. To study microstructure evolution of loess under multiple collapsibility, this paper selects undisturbed loess samples from Guyuan, Northwest China for multiple compression tests. Using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) imaging and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) as auxiliary methods, a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses was used to study the microstructure of loess samples before and after various number of collapses under different pressures. Results show that the loess does undergo multiple collapse under 200 kPa pressure. Pore is an important reason for loess collapse. The initial collapse comes primarily from the compression of macropores and mesopores, and the second collapse comes primarily from mesopore compression. The compression process of loess can be roughly divided into two stages. First, under the action of dissolution and compression, the relative displacement of soil particles occurs. Macropores and mesopores are destroyed first, generating small pores. Second, with increasing pressure and times of collapses, pore compression gradually transforms into small pore compression. During the first collapse, particle aggregates disintegrate due to water and pressure. However, with increasing times of collapses, the contact relationship between particles gradually changes from the point contact to face contact. Loess particles tend to gradually become rounded. The study of the microstructure provides the possibility to further reveal the mechanism of multiple collapsibility of loess.     

冻融循环作用下砂岩单轴压缩破坏断口特征分形研究

寒区岩石的力学特征往往受到冻融循环和荷载的共同影响,冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口蕴含着与冻融循环和荷载有关的损伤演化信息,冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口研究对冻融岩石断裂破坏机理分析有重要价值。为研究冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口形貌特征及其与宏观力学参数之间的关联性,通过摄影观测经历不同次数冻融循环的砂岩单轴压缩破坏断口形貌,采用像素点覆盖法计算断口分维值,探究了断口分维值与宏观力学参数之间的关系。结果表明:随着冻融次数的增加,冻融砂岩的力学性能劣化,单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、断口分维值、耗散能密度逐渐减小,峰值应变增大;单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、耗散能密度均与断口分维值之间存在指数关系,断口分维值越大,对应的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、耗散能密度越大。冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口分维值可作为寒区岩体断裂破坏机理分析的有效参数。      

High-Speed Ring Shear Tests to Study the Motion and Acceleration Processes of the Yingong Landslide

In this paper, the motion and acceleration process, as well as the mechanism of a high speed and long run landslide are investigated by adopting high speed ring shear test and taking the landslide occurred at Yigong River in Bomi, Tibet on April 9, 2000 as the background. According to the motion characteristics of high-speed and long distance motion landside, the mechanism is studied under different conditions such as shear speed, consolidated drained and consolidated undrained status. Results show that high speed shearing process hinders and delays the dissipation of pore pressure, and drives pore water migrating to shear zone slowly. Both of water content and fine particle content at shear zone are obviously higher than those in other layers; and soil liquefaction occurs at shear zone in the saturated consolidated undrained ring shear tests. The effective internal friction angle of the consolidated undrained soil is much lower than that of the consolidated drained soil under ring shearing. The results also indicate that the shearing speed affecting the strength of soil to some extent. The higher the ring shearing speed is, the lower the strength of soil is. This investigation provides a preliminary interpretation of the mechanism of the motion and acceleration process of the Yigong landslide, occurred in Tibet in 2000.     

ON FRACTAL MECHANISM OF COASTLINE —A Case Study of China

MANDELBROT enunciated the uncertainty of the length of a coastline in his paper“How long is the coast-line of Britain?“ published in “Science“in 1967.The fractal concept was presented for the first time in that paper and has been applied to many fields ever since.According to the fractal theory and conditions of fractal research of coastline,the controls of faults and biologic function on the fractal character of coastline are preliminarily discussed on the basis of GIS in this paper.Finally,some significant conclusions are drawn:1)the faults control the basic trends of coastlines of two study areas;2)the fractal dimension of coastline of Taiwan is smaller than that of Changle-Lufent,because the faults of Taiwan more intensely control the trend and fractal dimension of the coastline;3)the larger the fractal dimension of the faults or the major faults ,the more the controlling effect of them on the trend and fractal dimension of coastline;4)the larger fractal dimension of the coastline of Changle-Lufeng indicates that the biologic function intensely shapes the coastline .In a word ,the controls of faults and biologic function on the fractal character of coastline are discussed with a case study of China in this paper,it can be seen that faults and biologic function both have influence over the trend and fractal dimension of coastline,the fractal mechanism of coastline of two study areas may be so.     

利用高压压汞实验研究致密砂岩孔喉结构分形特征

微观孔喉结构是影响砂岩油藏特征的重要因素,但致密砂岩孔喉复杂,非均质性强,常规测试难以对其进行有效表征,需要利用分形理论对致密砂岩孔喉结构进行深入研究。以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长7段致密砂岩为研究对象,通过高压压汞和分形理论研究了致密砂岩孔喉结构和分形维数特征。讨论了分形曲线转折点与孔喉结构关系,并结合铸体薄片和扫描电镜,分析了孔喉分形特征形成原因。结果表明:致密砂岩分形曲线具有明显转折点。转折点为孔喉分布峰值,代表连通性好的大尺度孔喉向连通性差的小尺度孔喉的转换。致密砂岩小尺度孔喉分形维数平均值为2.24,大尺度孔喉半径分形维数平均值为4.65。大尺度孔喉非均质性明显强于小尺度孔喉。小尺度孔喉分形维数与孔喉结构相关性较好。致密砂岩小尺度孔喉主要为喉道和晶间孔,这部分孔喉连通性差,半径较小,受成岩作用影响微弱,因此分形维数小。致密砂岩大孔喉主要为剩余粒间孔和溶蚀孔隙,该类型孔喉半径较大,受成岩作用改造明显,因此分形维数大。      

Research on infiltration clogging effect and its application prospect in anti-seepage project

Clogging effect, as a new concept in geological engineering, is a phenomenon of permeability decreasing under seeping in reservoir dam foundation of the alluvial and diluvial deposits with deep and thick layer, coarse particle and high permeability in mountains-gully rivers of Tibetan Plateau. A clogging infiltration instrument has been designed successfully and a series of simulation tests have been done. Based on large amounts of data, it is confirmed that the existence of the clogging effect and the law of infiltration clogging is found out. Three indexes are proposed such as "optimal size of particle", "optimal size range of particle" and "characteristic pore", which are closely related with effect of infiltration clogging. The concept and results can offer a new idea to solve problems on anti-seepage of dam foundation in mountains-gully rivers environment and to study artificial clogging, meanwhile supplement of the concept of seepage deformation.     

Indexing the engineering properties of residual soils in the southern slopes of Mashhad,NE Iran

Residual soils are weathering products of rocks that are commonly found under unsaturated conditions. The properties of residual soils are a function of the degree of weathering. A series of index properties, engineering properties and geophysics survey examinations were performed on residual soils from two major geological formations in Iran. In the present research, the index properties of residual soils in the south of Mashhad city in Iran are investigated.Natural and artificial trenches were analyzed for evaluating the weathering profiles and collecting soil samples. Disturbed and undisturbed samples were obtained from each of the soil profile horizons resulting from weathering of different parent rocks.Subsequently, physical properties and mechanical properties of the soil samples were determined in accordance with ASTM standards. Also, the mineralogical composition, chemistry, and texture of the soil were evaluated in 51 profiles. The field observations showed the difference in the weathering profile of residual soils deposited on various rocks(igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic). These profiles mainly consisted of two horizons includingresidual soil on top and saprolite at the bottom. The results of laboratory tests and geotechnical data showed that the properties of residual soil samples change by depth. Moreover, depending on the type of origin rock, the properties are different in various types of residual soils. In most of the samples, the moisture content of soil horizons was also increased by depth. Based on the unified soil classification(USCS), the soils of the upper horizons appeared to be classified as ML(Lean silt) and CL(Lean clay) while the soils of the lower horizons(saprolite zone) fall in SC(clayey sand), SM(silty sand), and SW(wellgraded sand) classes. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the particle size of the soil was increased by depth. Comparison of results of the geotechnical tests showed that properties of residual soils are changed by variations of depth, weathering level, and type of parent rock. Considering the concentration of the number of lines and the concentration of the points of intersection, the length and dimension fractal of lineaments in the southeastern part of the study area, it is evident that this zone possesses weathering severity and soil thickness. Fieldwork data from this zone have also verified the severity of weathering conditions. The analysis of lineaments trends in different parts of the study area indicated that the lineaments with the NW-SE trend have a strong effect on weathering development. The weathering depth depends on the orientation of bedding joints with respect to the slope in the study area. Slope inclination and soil thickness are controlled by weathering and erosion processes.     

Collapse behavior and microstructural evolution of loess soils from the Loess Plateau of China

Loess soils are characterized by metastable microstructure, high porosity and water-sensitivity. These soils have always been problematic soils and attracted attention from researchers all over the world. In the present study, three loess soils extracted at various depths from the Loess Plateau of China, i.e. Malan (Q₃), upper Lishi (Q₂²) and lower Lishi (Q₂¹) loess soils, were studied. Single oedometer-collapse tests were performed on intact loess specimens to investigate the collapse behavior of three loess soils. The microstructure and chemical composition of each loess before and after collapse test were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (i.e. SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (i.e. EDS) techniques. The microstructural evolution due to wetting collapse was interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of the pore morphology properties. The results suggest that: ① the collapse potential of each loess may rise again after a round of rise and drop, which could be failure of the new-developed stable structure under quite high vertical pressure. It implies that loess may collapse even if it has collapsed. ② Q₃, Q₂² and Q₂¹ loess have different types of microstructure, namely, granule, aggregate and matrix type of microstructure, respectively. ③ The microstructural evolution due to loading and wetting is observed from a granule type to an aggregate type and finally to a matrix type of structure. The variations in distributions of pore morphology properties indicate that collapse leads to a transformation of large-sized pores into small-sized pores, re-orientation and remolding of soil pores due to particle rearrangement. ④ A porous structure is essential for loess collapse; however, the non-water-stability of bonding agents promotes the occurrence of collapse under the coupling effect of loading and wetting.     

Long runout mechanism of the Shenzhen 2015 landslide: insights from a two-phase flow viewpoint

A catastrophic landslide occurred at Hongao dumpsite in Guangming New District of Shenzhen, South China, on December 20, 2015. An estimated total volume of 2.73×106 m3 of construction spoils was mobilized during this event. The landslide traveled a long distance on a low-relief terrain. The affected area was approximately 1100 m in length and 630 m in width. This landslide made 33 buildings destroyed, 73 people died and 4 people lost. Due to the special dumping history and other factors, soil in this landfill is of high initial water content. To identify the major factors that attribute to the long runout character, a two-phase flow model of Iverson and George was used to simulate the dynamics of this landslide. The influence of initial hydraulic permeability, initial dilatancy, and earth pressure coefficient was examined through numerical simulations. We found that pore pressure has the most significant effect on the dynamic characteristics of Shenzhen landslides. Average pore pressure ratio ofthe whole basal surface was used to evaluate the degree of liquefaction for the sliding material. The evolution and influence factors of this ratio were analyzed based on the computational results. An exponential function was proposed to fit the evolution curve of the average pore pressure ratio, which can be used as a reasonable and simplified evaluation of the pore pressure. This fitting function can be utilized to improve the single-phase flow model.