基于可持续性视角的建设用地适宜性评价及其应用

建设用地适宜性是土地资源利用与管理决策的依据。本文基于土地利用可持续性界定建设用地适宜性内涵,从灾害风险、地形地貌、生态环境和区位条件4个维度,构建了较规范的适宜性指标体系;针对已有评价方法的不足,构建了整合极值法、条件函数法、线性加权综合的“多要素分布式算法——情景矩阵”评估框架;进而基于适宜性识别冲突空间,以空间冲突面积占总建设用地面积的比重作为空间冲突强度来刻画区域建设空间布局的合理性与可持续性。本文以新疆玛纳斯县为例开展研究,结果表明玛纳斯县适宜建设空间（达230 km²以上）约占全县总面积的26%;最适宜和比较适宜性建设用地主要分布于中部及中北部乡镇及农（团）场驻地附近,基本适宜建设区主要分布在比较适宜建设空间的外围及中南部山前平原地带;该县冲突空间达4.21 km²,占建成区面积的22.74‰;冲突空间主要分布在河流沿岸和中部城镇化发展区;南部、北部的生态脆弱区及中部工业化发展区的乡镇空间冲突强度也较高。研究表明,本文提出的建设用地适宜性评估框架与方法逼近客观现实,简单易行,能弥补以往评价方法的不足;适宜性在空间冲突分析与可持续性土地利用管理中具有较好的应用价值。     

利用球谐分析方法研究2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震前重力场变化

推导地表重力变化数据球谐展开计算公式,并根据该方法分析2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震前震源周边区域重力场动态演化特征。结果表明：1） 2015-04～2017-04九寨沟地震震源周边区域重力场动态变化明显。2015-10～2016-04、2016-04～10和2016-10～2017-04这3个时段内,研究区内出现重力正负变化过渡带,九寨沟地震震源位于这3个时段过渡带的交会区域内部。震源附近2016-10～2017-04正负重力变化过渡带的空间走向与2015-10～2016-04和2016-04～10时段结果相比发生了约90° 旋转,九寨沟地震发生时间在过渡带空间走向旋转之后。流动重力观测数据较好地反映了九寨沟地震的前兆现象。2）采用球谐方法分析重力变化数据可以有效突出研究范围内大尺度重力场动态演化规律,抑制局部细节特征,有利于识别主要重力场变化特征。     

Earthquake-triggered landslides affecting a UNESCO Natural Site: the 2017 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake in the World National Park,China

On August 8~(th), 2017, an Ms 7.0 magnitude earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, northern Sichuan Province, China. The Jiuzhaigou Valley World National Park was the most affected area due to the epicentre being located in the scenic area of the park. Understanding the distribution characteristics of landslides triggered by earthquakes to help protect the natural heritage sites in Jiuzhaigou Valley remains a scientific challenge. In this study, a relatively complete inventory of the coseismic landslides triggered by the earthquake was compiled through the interpretation of high-resolution images combined with a field investigation. The results indicate thatcoseismic landslides not only are concentrated in Rize Gulley, Danzu Gully and Zezhawa Gully in the study area but also occur in the front part of Shuzheng Gully along the road network(from the entrance of Jiuzhaigou Valley to Heye Village). The landslides predominantly occur on the east-and southeastfacing slopes in the study area, which is a result of the integrated action of the valley direction and fault movement direction. The back-slope effect and the slope structure caused the difference in coseismic landslide distribution within the three gullies(Danzu Gully, Rize Gully, and Zezhawa Gully) near the inferred fault. In addition, the topographic position index was used to analyse the impact of microlandforms on earthquake-triggered landslides by considering the effect of the slope angle. The study results reveal a higher concentration of landslides in the slope position class of the middle slope(30°-50°) in Jiuzhaigou Valley. These findings can provide scientific guidance for the protection of natural heritage sites and post-disaster reconstruction in Jiuzhaigou Valley.     

2017年四川九寨沟MS7.0地震震前地壳密度变化特征

基于紧凑约束最小二乘优化反演算法,利用2014~2017年地表重力变化观测成果,反演得到2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震前震中及周边地区的地壳三维密度变化。结果表明：1）在震中及周边地区出现大范围的重力变化,并沿张掖-西宁-九寨沟一带形成最大值达9 μGal的重力变化梯度带;2） 地壳密度变化量随深度增加而增大,其中在45 km附近达到最大,为0.2 g/cm3;3） 震中及邻区范围内形成密度变化的正负四象限分布（2014-04~2017-04）,其表现的物质运移方向呈左旋走滑式分布,与震源机制解基本一致。据此推断,在震前产生了与地震孕育相关的深部构造运动,而强震易发生在物质运移汇聚地方。     

Assessing suitability of rural settlements using an improved technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution

Land suitability assessment is a prerequisite phase in land use planning; it guides toward optimal land use by providing information on the opportunities and constraints involved in the use of a given land area. A geographic information system-based procedure, known as rural settlement suitability evaluation (RSSE) using an improved technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), was adopted to determine the most suitable area for constructing rural settlements in different geographical locations. Given the distribution and independence of rural settlements, a distinctive evaluation criteria system that differed from that of urban suitability was established by considering the level of rural infrastructure services as well as living and working conditions. The unpredictable mutual interference among evaluation factors has been found in practical works. An improved TOPSIS using Mahalanobis distance was applied to solve the unpredictable correlation among the criteria in a suitability evaluation. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses obtained via Monte Carlo simulation were performed to examine the robustness of the model. Daye, a resource-based city with rapid economic development, unsatisfied rural development, and geological environmental problems caused by mining, was used as a case study. Results indicate the following findings: 1) The RSSE model using the improved TOPSIS can assess the suitability of rural settlements, and the suitability maps generated using the improved TOPSIS have higher information density than those generated using traditional TOPSIS. The robustness of the model is improved, and the uncertainty is reduced in the suitability results. 2) Highly suitable land is mainly distributed in the northeast of the study area, and the majority of which is cultivated land, thereby leading to tremendous pressure on the loss of cultivated land. 3) Lastly, 12.54% of the constructive expansion permitted zone and 8.36% of the constructive expansion conditionally permitted zone are situated in an unsuitable area, which indicates that the general planning of Daye lacks the necessary verification of suitability evaluation. Guidance is provided on the development strategy of rural settlement patches to support decision making in general land use planning.     

Optimization of Rural Settlement Distributions Based On the Ecological Security Pattern: A Case Study of Da'an City in Jilin Province of China

Following the trends of Chinese rural transformation development, and the sustainable development goals for resources and environment, reasonable arranging the potential development space and the ecological space, so as to optimize the distributions of rural settlement would be the key challenge for rural areas in ecologically fragile regions. From the perspective of maintaining regional ecological security, this paper takes Da'an City, a typical ecological fragile region in Jilin Province, as the case area, constructing the comprehensive ecological security pattern(ESP) on basis of landscape ecology, and applying the landscape pattern indexes to quantitative analysis the spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements. Then, different optimization directions and management strategies are put forward for rural settlements in each secure zone under the comprehensive ESP. The experimental results showed that 1) the area of the low security zone, the general security zone, the moderate security zone and the extreme security zone was 1570.18 km~2, 1463.36 km~2, 1215.80 km~2 and 629.77 km~2, representing 32.18%, 29.99%, 24.92% and 12.91% of the total area of the target area, respectively. 2) The rural settlements in Da'an City were characterized by a high degree of fragmentation with a large number of small-scale patches. 3) The area of rural settlements in the ecological relocation zone, the in situ remediation zone, the limited development zone and the key development zone was 22.80 km~2, 42.31 km~2, 36.28 km~2 and 19.40 km~2, accounting for 18.88%, 35.03%, 30.04% and 16.06% of the total area of rural settlements, respectively. Then, different measures were proposed for settlements in different optimization zones in order to scientifically plan important ecological space, production space and living space in rural areas. This paper aims to provide fundamental support for rural settlements based on redistribution from the perspective of landscape ecology and provide insights for rural planning and rural habitat environmental improvement.     

Ecological suitability assessment and introduction experiment on Rosa damascena trigintipetala in Sichuan Province,China

This study comprehensively considered the climate, soil, terrain, and land-use type conditions suitable for Rosa damascena trigintipetala and further established an ecological suitability evaluation model of R. damascena trigintipetala in Sichuan Province, China, based on geographic information systems(GIS) and Agro-Ecological Zone(AEZ)models; then we assessed the different ecological suitability grades for this species in Sichuan Province of China and summarized the suitable land areas and spatial distribution pattern for R. damascena trigintipetala. The results show that the suitable areas(which contain highly suitable, generally suitable, and critically suitable areas) for R. damascena trigintipetala are 307.268×104 hm2, which accounts for 6.34% of the total provincial area. Results also indicate that shrub land and open forest land are the major land-use types suitable for R. damascena trigintipetala, with the suitable areas of 303.162×104hm2(6.25% of the total provincial area). An introduction test was conducted in one of the suitable areas, Xichang City, which demonstrated that R.damascena trigintipetala grows well at theexperimental sites. The quality of rose oil extracted from R. damascena trigintipetala planted in Xichang meets the Bulgaria Rose Oil Standard, thus verifying the accuracy and reliability of the ecological suitability assessment results.     

基于GPS、InSAR和强震数据联合反演2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震同震滑动分布

以多源观测为约束,利用近场GPS、InSAR同震位移和强震观测数据联合反演2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震发震断层的几何形状和破裂模型,并初步分析其地震成因。结果表明,九寨沟地震的发震断层走向154°,倾角80°,以左旋走滑为主,兼有少量正断分量;地震破裂主要集中在2~12 km深度范围,最大滑移量为1.6 m,位于地下6 km深处,断层在近地表没有滑移;地震释放的地震矩为5.59×10¹⁸ Nm,矩震级为M_W6.44。结合余震分布认为,该地震的发震断层为隐伏的虎牙断裂北段。     

龙口市浅层地温能赋存条件及开发适宜性分区

浅层地温能作为绿色可再生能源,若能得到广泛应用可大大降低城市建筑能耗、缓解环保压力。本文通过现场热响应试验、水文地质钻探与调查研究,查明了龙口市研究区范围内地层的热物性参数、水文地质条件、地温场特征及浅层地热赋存条件,结合层次分析法与指标法展开适宜性分区,并得到以下研究成果：研究区浅层地温能主要分布于深层黏土、砂层及基岩中;钻孔平均导热系数为2.11W/m·K,平均换热量为42.53W/m;研究区地下水型换热系统适宜区面积为0.995km2,适宜性中等区面积为29.21km2,适宜性差区面积为34.795km2;地埋管型换热系统适宜性中等区面积为59.886km2,适宜性差区面积为4.94km2。     

基于土壤地球化学特征的茶叶种植适宜性评价分析——以日照巨峰镇为例

为响应国家乡村振兴的号召,进一步提升提高日照市巨峰镇土地质量地球化学调查成果的科技转化潜力,本文综合运用层次分析法、SPSS软件系统聚类法、内梅罗综合指数法、变异系数法等方法,在查明研究区土壤地球化学背景值、评价研究区的土壤肥力、评价研究区的茶叶生化品质、研究研究区茶叶生化特征的影响因素的基础上,对研究区内土壤的茶叶宜种性进行综合评价。结合研究区的生产建设实际及已有茶园分布情况,将研究区大致划分为最适宜种植区、一般适宜种植区和不适宜种植区三大类。其中适宜种植区4720hm2,一般适宜种植区7793hm2,不适宜种植区3480hm2。本次工作为研究区茶叶种植区扩建提供了科学指导,进一步提升了土地质量地球化学调查成果的科技转化水平。     

指标法与层次分析法在浅层地温能适宜性评价中的应用讨论

浅层地温能是蕴藏在地表以下一定深度范围内岩土体、地下水和地表水中具有开发利用价值的热能,浅层地温能具有可再生、环保、经济、寿命长等特点.本文以指标法和层次分析法为分区方法,通过对莱阳市城区浅层地温能赋存条件的研究,并结合相关的测试分析数据,开展浅层地温能开发利用适宜性分区(开发利用方式以地埋管换热系统为例),最终将2种...     

From mandatory icebreaker guiding to a permission regime：changes to the new Russian legislation of the Northern Sea Route

This article focuses on two issues. The first concerns definitions of the Northern Sea Route （NSR） in old and new Russian legislation, and the second relates to Russian rules on icebreaker guiding. Based on a comprehensive comparative analysis of relevant Russian legal provisions enacted in 2013 and previous laws in this area, we offer the following conclusions. （1） Our legal analysis indicates that Russia＇s view of the NSR as a historical national transportation route has not changed. However, the new law redefines the scope and coverage of the NSR, which now comprises the internal waters, territorial sea, adjacent zone, and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation. In fact, the new law resolves previous ambiguity regarding extension of the NSR boundary to the high seas. （2） Based on an analysis of the new rules on icebreaker guiding, the article concludes that NSR is transitioning from a mandatory icebreaker guiding regime into a permit regime. This is particularly evident in its provision of a concrete, practical, and predictable clause on permissible or impermissible conditions relating to independent navigation. According to the new rules, it is possible for foreign ships to undertake independent navigation in the NSR. The Russian NSR policy, therefore, appears to have changed significantly, and has future potential for opening the NSR up to the international community.     

地震静应力作用与井水位孔压响应分析——以唐山古冶5.1级地震为例

计算古冶5.1级地震震前、同震、震后唐山地区9口流体井的孔压分布和实测井水位升降情况。结果表明：1)震前,唐山古冶地区处于应力累积的状态,压缩区为近东西向,拉张区为近南北向,实测的井水位升、降情况基本与压缩、拉张情况一致;2)震时,压缩、拉张区没有改变,但应力有所释放,实测的井水升、降情况存在与压缩、拉张情况不一致的现象;3)震后,压缩区演变为拉张区,拉张区演变为压缩区,实测的井水位升、降情况也基本与压缩、拉张情况一致。本文较为全面地解释了地震静应力从震前到震后的调整过程,通过计算震前、震时、震后的井孔压分布得知,井孔压在走滑断层破裂带周边呈四象限分布,这种变化特征可用震前闭锁剪力模型解释。     

Assessment of Habitat Suitability in the Upper Reaches of the Min River in China

Habitat richness influences and even determines biological diversity. Plant habitat suitability assessment can provide technical guidance and information support for ecological restoration. Thirteen factors in three categories of terrain, meteorology and soil were chosen to build a habitat suitability assessment index framework in the Upper Reaches of the Min River, based on the local natural environment and the actual influencing factors of vegetative growth. Combined with the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) and entropy method, which were used to calculate weights of indexes, habitat suitability was studied by using a multi-objective linear weighting model and geographic information systems(GIS) spatial analysis techniques. The assessment results are as follows: Altitude, soil stability, aspect and slope have more important effects on plant habitat suitability in the Upper Reaches of the Min River, and their weights are 0.311, 0.260, 0.198 and 0.125, respectively. Suitable and sub-suitable habitats cover 4431.80 km2 and 6171.12 km2, respectively; most of which are distributed along both sides of rivers and have higher suitability. Unsuitable habitats cover the largest area(6679.76 km2), accounting for 29.83% of the whole area; and the worst unsuitable habitats are 5107.23 km2(22.81%); they account for more than half of the studyarea. These results indicate that the plant habitat in the Upper Reaches of the Min River is poor and ecological restoration is both urgent and difficult. Therefore, based on the principle of taking measures suitable to the habitat in ecological restoration projects, ecological and engineering measures should be combined to have better effects, while increasing the strength of ecological protection.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震与2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震成因关系探讨

利用2008年汶川地震破裂模型及2017年九寨沟地震接收断层参数和断层面有效摩擦系数等不同模型参数,计算2008年汶川地震造成的库仑应力变化。结果显示,在考虑不同模型参数条件下,2017年九寨沟地震震源处的库仑应力增量（同震及震后）约为3~7 kPa,尚未达到地震触发阈值10 kPa。综合分析认为,2008年汶川地震对2017年九寨沟地震有一定的触发作用,但作用十分有限,九寨沟地震的发生主要受控于区域构造活动及地壳流变结构。分析不同参数对计算结果的影响发现,不同破裂模型的选取对2018年汶川地震计算结果的影响最大,这可能是导致前人研究结论产生差异的原因之一。     

内蒙古自治区人居环境综合适宜性评价及空间优化

科学评价区域人居环境适宜性,是开展国土空间开发适宜性评价的前提,对提高区域资源环境承载能力,促进人与自然和谐发展至关重要。本文以内蒙古自治区为案例,基于栅格尺度从自然与人文2个方面对人居环境适宜性进行评价;将适宜性因子作为城乡建设用地扩展的限制条件,采用MCR模型对城乡建设用地进行模拟,提出区域人居环境空间优化方案,主要结论有：水文与气候条件对内蒙古自治区人居环境的整体限制作用较强;内蒙古自治区人居环境临界适宜与不适宜区占比最高,达到52.8%;高度适宜区占比最低为9%,主要分布在前套平原及西辽河平原,全区人居环境适宜性水平整体偏低。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地人居环境比较适宜与高度适宜区占绝对优势,适宜比例超过73%,从适宜性空间分布来看,南部整体优于北部,东部整体优于西部,地带性特征明显。内蒙古自治区城乡人居环境不适宜与临界适宜主要表现为自然条件不适宜及对自然保护区的不合理占用。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地模拟结果显示远期呼包地区一体化连片趋势明显,内蒙古自治区可逐步形成以呼包鄂都市区、赤通都市区为主体,以文化特色鲜明、公共设施完善的中心城镇及中心乡村为依托,以人居环境不适宜区为间隔,城乡...     

济南高新区孙村矿山采空区现状及整治措施

济南高新区孙村片区是济南市信息通信产业和先进制造业的聚集区,其土地利用是新区规划和建设中的重要课题,该文着重讨论了该区历史原因形成的矿山采空区的现状,以及存在的问题,为避免采空区地质灾害的发生和造成土地资源的浪费,提出了切实可行的治理意见。     

河西地区重力场及其动态演化特征

系统分析了河西地区1992～2001年流动重力测量资料，研究了重力场的时空动态演化特征。结果表明:地震孕育发生阶段，重力场出现一定范围的区域性重力异常：震前震后重力变化所反映的构造活动含义不同；重力场变化与断裂活动密切相关，特别是跨断裂的重力变化能较好地反映断层活动特征；重力场变化与区域应力应变场微动态活动及地震活动有关。     

The land resource and landuse of Hong Kong

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济南市农村居民点用地潜力分析

城市化水平的提高,城市规模的扩大,农村居民点用地与耕地及城市建设用地的矛盾日益突出。通过对济南市农村居民点用地现状分析,指出土地利用程度低以及土地资源浪费是农村居民点用地普遍存在的现象。同时结合国家农村建设用地标准以及济南市地形特点,计算出济南市农村居民点用地的潜力巨大,占目前用地现状的33%,平原地区是用地挖潜的重点。在当前建设节约型社会的形势下,应从提高土地利用程度、节约用地等方面,尽快有效利用农村居民点用地。