豫西罗圈组杂砾岩沉积特征及成因分析

本文主要依据野外实际资料，参考近年来国内外有关杂砾岩的文献，重点研究了罗圈组杂砾岩的砾石、基质成分、粒度频率分布等沉积特征，讨论了杂砾岩及伴生的其他岩石类型的形成机制。认为杂砾岩的形成与冰川作用紧密相关，与泥石流或重力流沉积作用可能无关。冰川直接堆积的产物以块状杂砾岩等为代表，在剖面占极高比例，相当于原生冰碛岩；冰水改造过的产物在剖面所占比例不高，以层状杂砾岩等为代表，相当于次生冰碛岩。     

太行山南麓邵原至王屋地区第四纪冰川遗迹述要

太行山南麓邵原至王屋地区有无第四纪冰川遗迹存在,聚讼已久。我们到该区考察,从古冰川的发生、发展和消亡的全过程这个角度出发,对山外的第四纪堆积物结构、构造全貌进行了认真详细的观察和研究,并与山里相关的若干侵蚀地形综合进行了考察。认为邵原至王屋地区的红色泥质砂砾石层即是冰碛,其前缘的红色砂砾石即是冰水沉积,与山外这些堆积物遥相呼应的山里,那些残破不堪的侵蚀地形即是冰槽谷和冰窑。故这次冰期我们暂定为“邵原冰期”。此外,在这次冰期之前和其后还有若干冰川形迹显示,此须今后进行调查研究压定。     

北流沙户口砾岩层的发现及其地质意义

沙户口砾岩层分布于北流县南部石科地区。在云开大山变质杂岩地域为首次发现。其成因异议较多,概括有三种看法:一是沉积成因的“底砾岩”;二是浊积岩;三是构造角砾岩。经反复多次观察和取证,笔者认为可能属冰川沉积——冰碛层。它具有如下特征: 砾岩层层状特征非常明显,产于加里东期片麻岩中,顶界面不太清楚呈过渡关系。     

对辽东半岛南部震旦纪冰碛层的认识

辽东半岛南部金县满家滩震里纪大林子组由杂色灰岩、紫色砂岩及冰碛砾岩组成。冰碛砾岩层理不发育,砾石形态各异,分选不好,排列无序,偶见不清楚的擦痕,冰碛砾岩底部并可见不典型之刨蚀面,现有资料表明大林子组砾岩“浊流成因”的论据是不充分的。     

辽西地区下寒武统馒头组下部角砾岩的成因及其找矿意义

下寒武统馒头组下部的一套层比稳定的紫红色、灰黄色白云质砾岩,砾石成分为疏松多孔的白云岩。具棱角状或次棱角状,角砾的粒度分选和磨圆差,填隙物质与砾石成分相同。根据对砾岩的物质组成、沉积特征的分析,其成因可能是组成砾岩的碳酸盐岩含较高的盐类经次生变化形成的溶塌角砾岩。由于溶塌角砾岩具稳定的层位,含盐类高,可能存在盐岩(主要是石膏),故在一定埋深有可能找到膏层。     

山东蒙山与四川海螺沟冰川擦痕特征对比及成因分析

冰川擦痕在冰川遗迹的判断中具有极为重要的意义,其中以槽谷岩壁擦痕与冰碛砾石擦痕最为明显。槽谷岩壁擦痕具有细长密集、近似平行的特征;冰碛砾石擦痕具有短粗稀疏、方向杂乱的特征。除此之外,还有弧形擦痕、逆冲擦痕、新月形凿口、新月形裂纹、新月形裂口、颤痕等刻蚀遗迹的配套产出。经对比分析,蒙山发育的擦痕与四川海螺沟现代冰川谷内的擦痕具有完全的一致性,因此进一步确定了蒙山擦痕的冰川成因。     

桂北下震旦统杂砾岩成因之探讨

广西北部分布着下震旦统两套厚度大的杂砾岩系,即长安组与南沱组,均由含砾泥质岩、含砾砂岩及其夹一些砂。泥岩组成。过去认为与冰川作用有关,称之为“冰碛层”等等。近年来,人们对其成因有所争议。笔者借实习之机,在该区对南沱组杂砾岩系进行野外与室内研究,根据其岩性特征、砾石成分,砾石形态和表面特征,以及其夹层沉积特征和粒度分析结果,认为这套杂岩系不仅具有冰川作用的痕迹,而且还有正常海洋沉积性质,它是由大陆冰川携带碎屑入海消融后迅速堆积,受重力等因素形成的泥石流沉积物,属冰融泥石流沉积。     

山东莱芜九龙山寒武纪张夏组核形石灰岩分类及沉积环境探讨

核形石灰岩作为微生物岩的一种重要类型,长期受到地质学家的广泛关注;近年来,随着研究的不断深入,有关核形石灰岩分类、沉积环境等的探讨再次成为沉积学研究的热点。通过野外观察描述与室内镜下分析相结合,对山东莱芜九龙山寒武纪张夏组产出的核形石灰岩进行系统研究。根据核形石灰岩的宏观特征、共生组分及其含量等特征,将该地区产出的含核形石的灰岩分为:生屑质核形石灰岩、含生屑核形石灰岩、含核形石生屑灰岩与含核形石鲕粒灰岩4类,同时对4种含核形石灰岩的沉积环境进行系统分析,主要为潮下低能带与潮下高能带,并简要分析了该地区核形石灰岩的形成过程。     

秦岭中段现代和古代冰缘──冰川地貌特征

现代气候条件下，秦岭中部（３３°５８＇Ｎ／１０７°４５＇Ｅ）３４００ｍ以上存在一具有冰缘地貌特征和冰川作用的高山草甸环境。冰冻泥流斜坡、千奇百怪的砾石和无植被覆盖的冰冻泥流、各种形式的冰阶和冰坎以及石环和石多边形等，组成了目前冰缘环境的地貌特征。在３４００ｍ以上发现了高山永久性冻土。通过冰蚀漏斗和冰融四地，证明在２９００～３３００ｍ之间秦岭中部存在一晚更新世时期的冰融地区。根据古冰斗和冰碛的地貌形态调查及形态测量分析，可得出如下假设：在拔仙台、酉跑马梁附近当时存在一个晚更新世时期的小冰盖，冰盖边缘派生了５个小的外流冰舌。在拔仙台附近的沟谷里一些冰碛地貌存在于２５００ｍ以上。笔者根据调查结果，划分了两个晚更新世时期的冰期，即太白Ⅰ和太白Ⅱ冰期。在这两个冰期之间，估计存在一间冰期。晚更新世３２５０～３３００ｍ的冰川雪线高度是根据太白Ⅰ冰期冰碛位置得出的。同目前所推测的现代冰川雪线位置相比，形成的雪线下降大约在１０００～１３００ｍ之间，没有观察到全新世冰川遗迹。     

白彦砾岩的形成时代及砾石组构特征分析

通过对白彦砾岩中孢粉取样鉴定及其砾石组构的统计研究,孢粉组合特征显示其形成时代为中侏罗世,并非通常认为的古近纪。砾石组构特征显示为湖滨相或海滨相成因,砾岩中金刚石特征显示出与蒙阴常马金刚石原生矿的相似性。综合分析认为,白彦砾岩形成于中侏罗世鲁西地区单断拉分盆地诞生之前,应为三台组沉积之前的沉积物。白彦砾岩沉积时代的确定,对恢复该区岩相古地理、确定金刚石原生矿的剥蚀与搬运等都具有重要意义。     

Post-sedimentary Transformation of Lateral Moraines——the Tributary Tongue Basins of the Kvíárjokull（Iceland）

The Kvíárjokull,a southern outlet glacier of the Vatnajokull,is confined in the mountain foreland by lateral moraines measuring a height of up to 150 m. Each of the lateral moraines shows considerable breaches with deviations of the main moraine ridges. The paper discusses the possible origins of these modifications of the lateral moraines as result of： 1） ice overlappings during glacier advances and subsequent breaches of the lateral moraine,2） bifurcations of the Kvíárjokull glacier tongue triggered by the preglacial relief conditions and the prehistorical moraine landscape leading to afflux conditions,3） drainage of ice-marginal glacier lakes and 4. volcanic activities,such as lava flows and volcanic-induced jokulhlaups. A historic-genetic model of the formation of the lateral moraines is presented considering the breaches in the lateral moraines as result from glacier bifurcations and therefore as former tributary tongue basins. Such breaches in the lateral moraines are also common landscape features at glaciers outside of Iceland and are from wider importance for the paleoreconstruction of former glacier stages. The knowledge of their development is essential for an adequate relative age classification of individual moraine ridges. In regard to the origin of the debris supply areas of the large-sized Kvíárjokull moraines,the resedimentation of prehistoric till deposits by younger glacier advances plays a role in the formation of the lateral moraines apart from englacial and supraglacial sediment transfer processes.     

Digital terrain modelling using Corona and ALOS PRISM data to investigate the distal part of Imja Glacier, Khumbu Himal, Nepal

This study used Corona KH-4A and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) PRISM images to generate digital terrain models (DTMs) of the distal part of Imja Glacier,where a few supraglacial ponds (～0.07 km 2) expanded into the large Imja Glacier Lake (Imja Tsho,～0.91 km 2) between 1964 and 2006.DTMs and subsequently derived topographical maps with contour intervals of 1 m were created from the high-resolution images (Corona in 1964 and ALOS in 2006) in the Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) platform.The DTMs and topographic maps provided excellent representation of the elevation and micro-topography of the glacier surface,such as its supra-glacial ponds/lake,surface depressions,and moraine ridges,with an error of about +/-4 m (maximum).The DTMs produced from the Corona and ALOS PRISM images are suitable for use in studies of the surface change of glaciers.The topographical maps produced from the Corona data (1964) showed that part of the dead ice in the down-glacier area was even higher than the top of the lateral moraine ridges,while the glacier surface in the up-glacier area was noticeably lower than the moraine crests.This suggests more extensive melting of glacier ice in the up-glacier area before 1964.The average lowering of the glacier surface from 1964 to 2006 was 16.9 m for the dead-ice area west of the lake and 47.4 m for the glacier surface east of the lake;between 1964 and 2002,the lake surface lowered by 82.3 m.These figures represent average lowering rates of 0.4,1.1,and 2.2 m/year for the respective areas.     

松辽冰盖与松辽分水岭翘板迁移间的动力关系探讨

广布于松辽平原科尔沁沙地的巨型弧形沙垄的成因一直未能得到很好解释,该项研究采用罗根冰碛变形机理对该区的巨型弧形沙垄、密布的湖泡等特征地貌进行分析,发现其与斯堪的纳维亚冰盖、劳伦泰德冰盖的冰下软基变形地貌特征具有同一性,从而确认巨型弧形沙垄为冰盖冰流形成的巨型流线、罗根冰碛与锅穴构造的遗留,从而佐证了“松辽冰盖”的存在。研究发现松辽平原的巨型弧形流线显示出具有从盆地周围向沉降中心延伸、汇聚的特征,这表明流线的走向受制于地势的控制,而非所谓的风力所为。此外根据巨型冰川流线的展布形态与松辽分水岭之间存在的反常关系,发现在冰盖消融后松辽分水岭发生了北移现象,这一现象的产生可能与冰盖消融后导致的松辽盆地的失压反弹隆升有关。根据松辽分水岭的迁移时间、风沙层序年龄、荷载构造扰动地层年龄的综合约束,初步判断松辽冰盖的最近一次的发生时间在晚更新世早期(MIS4阶段)的东山冰期。     

Post-sedimentary Transformation of Lateral Moraines-the Tributary Tongue Basins of the Kvíárj(o)kull(Iceland)

The Kvíárj(o)kull.a southern outlet glacier of the Vatnaj(o)kull,is confined in the mountain foreland by lateral moraines measuring a height of up to 150 m.Each of the lateral moraines shows consjderable breaches with deviations of the main moraine ridges.The paper discusses the possible origins of these modifications of the lateral moraines as result of:1)ice overlappings during glacier advances and subsequent breaches of the lateraltongue triggered by the preglacial relief conditions and the prehistorical moraine landscape leading to affiux conditions,3)drainage of ice-marginal glacier lakes and 4.volcanic activities,such as lava flows and volcanic-induced j(o)kulhlaups. A historic-genetic model of the formation of the lateral moraines is presented considering the breaches in the lateral moraines as result from glacier bifurcations and therefore as former tributary tongue basins.Such breaches in the lateral moraines are also common landscape features at glaciers outside of Iceland and are from wider importance for the paleoreconstruction of former glacier stages.The knowledge of their development is essential for an adequate relative age classification of individual moraine ridges.In regard to the origin of the debris the resedimentation of prehistoric till deposits by younger glacier advances plays a role in the formation of the lateral moraines apart from englacial and supraglacial sediment transfer processes.     

Glacier variations and rising temperature in the Mt. Kenya since the Last Glacial Maximum

High-resolution imagery can be used to reconstruct former glacier boundaries through the identification of glacial erosional and sedimentary geomorphology. We employed moraine mapping and the accumulation–area ratio method(AAR), in conjunction with Landsat, Google Earth, and SRTM imagery, to reconstruct glacier boundaries and equilibrium-line altitudes(ELAs) for Mt. Kenya in the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM), the Little Ice Age(LIA), and at present. Our results show that the areas of Lewis Glacier and the Tyndall-I glacier system were 0.678 km~2 and 0.390 km~2, respectively, during the maximum of LIA. Those mean that the both glaciers have shrunken by 87.0% and 88.7%, respectively since the LIA. Area change ratios for each glacier were significantly larger in the period of 2000 through 2015 than the former periods, indicating that glacier recession has accelerated. Continuous ice loss in this region has been driven by rising temperature and fluctuating precipitation. Linear regression data for Lewis glacier show that mass balance sensitivity to dry season temperature was –315 mm w.e./℃, whereas the sensitivity to dry season precipitation was 5.2 mm w.e./mm. Our data also show that the ELA on the western slope of Mt. Kenya rose by 716-816 m from the LGM to the modern era, corresponding to that temperature rose by 5.2℃-6.5℃.     

New findings concerning the Pleistocene Glaciation of the Leh Basin,Ladakh (34°03′ N/77°38′ E)

Like for most parts of High Asia, researches concerning the Pleistocene landscape evolution of the Leh Basin (34°03′ N/77°38′ E) have also left contradictions. To push this topic, three up to now unexplored Ladakh Range tributaries of the Leh Basin (Stagmo-, Arzu- and Nang-Valley) have been investigated. U-shaped profiles, transfluence passes, moraine mantled and glacially rounded peaks and ridges, roches moutonnées, glacial flank polishings and ground moraines document the former glaciation of the study area. The ice fillings of these tributaries reached a minimum thickness up to 540 m. Even at the valley outlets and on the orographic right side of the Leh Basin, the glaciation was more than 350 m thick. Based on these empirically extracted results, theoretical snow line considerations lead to the conclusion that the whole Leh Basin was filled up by a former Indus-Valley glacier. An ice injection limited to the nourishment areas of the Ladakh Range valleys could not have caused the reconstructed ice cover (down to 3236 m a.s.l.), which is proved by extended ground moraine complexes. Only an Indus ice stream network (most likely during the LGP), nourished by inflowing glaciers of the Ladakh- and Stok Range, explains the widespread existence of the glacial sediments at the outlets of the investigated valleys.     

Evidence for Accelerating Glacier Ice Loss in the Takht＇ e Solaiman Mountains of Iran from 1955 to 2010

This study reports on the clean ice area and surface elevation changes of the Khersan and Merjikesh glaciers in the north of Iran between 1955 and 2010 based on several high to medium spatial resolution remote sensing data.The object-oriented classification technique has been applied to nine remote sensing images to estimate the debris-free areas.The satellite-based analysis revealed that the clean ice areas of Khersan and Merjikesh glaciers shrank since 2010 with an overall area decrease of about 45% and 60% respectively.It means that the dramatic proportions of 1955 glaciers surface area are covered with debris during the last five decades.Although the general trend is a clean ice area decrease,some advancement is observed over the period of 1997-2004.During 1987-1991 the maximum decrease in the clean ice area was observed.However,the clean ice area had steadily increased between 1997 and 2010.To quantify the elevation changes besides the debris-free change analysis,several Digital Elevation Models(DEMs) were extracted from aerial photo(1955),topographic map(1997),ASTER image(2002) and Worldview-2 image(2010) and after it a 3-D Coregistration and a linear relationship adjustments techniques were used to remove the systematic shifts and elevation dependent biases.Unlike the sinusoidal variation of our case studies which was inferred from planimetric analysis,the elevation change results revealed that the glacier surface lowering has occurred during 1955-2010 continuously without any thickening with the mean annual thinning of about 0.4 ± 0.04 m per year and 0.3 ± 0.026 m per year for Khersan and Merjikesh glaciers,respectively.The maximum thinning rate has been observed during 1997-2002(about 1.1 ± 0.09 per year and 0.96 ± 0.01 mper year,respectively),which was compatible partially with debris-free change analysis.The present result demonstrates that although in debris-covered glaciers clean ice area change analysis can illustrate the direction of changes(retreat or advance),due to the high uncertainty in glacier area delineation in such glaciers,it cannot reveal the actual glacier changes.Thus,both planimetric and volumetric change analyses are very critical to obtain accurate glacier variation results.     

沂水县富锶地下水特征及成因分析

沂水县富锶(Sr)地下水分布广泛,白垩纪沂南序列侵入岩的锶(Sr)含量最高,平均含量1013.64×10^-6,其次为白垩纪火山岩,锶(Sr)平均含量为739.18×10^-6,太古代侵入岩、变质岩中的锶(Sr)平均含量为398.99×10^-6,寒武-奥陶纪灰岩、页岩中的锶(Sr)平均含量为201.54×10^-6;碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.99mg/L,喷出岩孔洞裂隙水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.95mg/L,碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.76mg/L,块状岩类(侵入岩)裂隙水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.48mg/L。碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水含水岩组、喷出岩孔洞裂隙水含水岩组、块状岩类(侵入岩)裂隙水含水岩组地下水中锶(Sr)主要来源为围岩的风化溶解;碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水含水岩组地下水中锶(Sr)主要来源于沂南序列构造破碎带和风化带的风化溶解,其次为寒武-奥陶纪灰岩的风化溶解,锶(Sr)强变异性与不同含水层地下水的混合比例有关。     

Distribution of borehole temperature at four high-altitude alpine glaciers in Central Asia

The distribution of borehole temperature at four high-altitude alpine glaciers was investigated. The result shows that the temperature ranges from -13.4℃ to -1.84℃, indicating the glaciers are cold throughout the boreholes. The negative gradient （i.e., the temperature decreasing with the increasing of depth） due to the advection of ice and climate warming, and the negative gradient moving downwards relates to climate warming, are probably responsible for the observed minimum temperature moving to lower depth in boreholes of the Gyabrag glacier and Miaoergou glacier compared to the previously investigated continental ice core borehole temperature in West China. The borehole temperature at 10m depth ranges from -8.0℃ in the Gyabrag glacier in the central Himalayas to -12.9℃ in the Tsabagarav glacier in the Altai range. The borehole temperature at 10 m depth is 3-4 degrees higher than the calculated mean annual air temperature on the surface of the glaciers and the higher 10 m depth temperature is mainly caused by the production of latent heat due to melt-water percolation and refreezing. The basal temperature is far below the melting point, indicating that the glaciers are frozen to bedrock. The very low temperature gradients near the bedrock suggest that the influence of geothermal flux and ice flow on basal temperature is very weak. The low temperature and small velocity of ice flow of glaciers are beneficial for preservation of the chemical and isotopic information in ice cores.     

Upwelling and sedimentation dynamics

It is found that the mud distributions in the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea are extremely identical with the upwelling's in terms of locality and extent. The process of the mud formation is examined. It is concluded that vertical circulation i.e. upwelling plays a determinant role in the process and furthermore, it is inferred that wherever upwelling occurs on continental shelf, mud should be formed and, conversely, wherever downwelling takes place, mud should not exist, for which coarse sediment should substitute.