基于自然实验的城市绿色空间对居民心理健康的影响研究——以武汉东湖绿道为例

随着美丽中国、健康中国等战略的提出,城市绿色空间对于居民健康的重要作用日益凸显。然而,现有研究较少运用自然实验的方法探讨城市绿色空间与居民心理健康的关系。论文以中国最大的城中湖绿道——武汉东湖绿道为例,基于2016、2019年东湖绿道周边52个居住小区的1020份跟踪问卷调查数据,运用准自然实验方法与混合效应双重差分模型,探索城市绿色空间干预对周边小区居民心理健康的影响。研究发现,东湖绿道的建设显著促进了周边2 km范围小区居民心理健康水平的提升。控制变量中,居民心理健康水平与年龄呈正相关关系,与家庭收入水平则呈负相关关系;居民心理健康水平与小区的社会凝聚力、小区周边500 m范围的建筑密度、居住用地比例和地铁站密度呈正相关关系,与公交站密度则呈负相关关系。建议通过完善以绿道为核心的城市绿色空间网络,提高绿道可达性与邻里社会凝聚力,以此提升城市居民的心理健康水平。     

Ethnic and gender divisions in the work force of Russia

Like the former Soviet Union, Russia is home to many ethnic groups. The Russian Federal Treaty of March 1992 was signed by 18 ethnically-based republics and 17 non-Russian ethnic districts. Ethnic groups within Russia vary considerably in levels of socioeconomic achievement, with groups having had unequal access to political resources and differing in their ability to take advantage of economic opportunities. The author analyzed newly available occupational data from the 1989 census in his study of ethnic and gender differences in the work force of Russia. Measurements are presented showing differences between the occupations of Russians and the next largest 11 ethnic groups, producing a clear hierarchy of groups. The extent of occupational gender differences within each ethnic group is measured and contrasted with the level of differences between ethnic groups. These data are important for showing potential sources of group conflict and for providing a baseline to measure changing forms of inequality which have been promoted by post-Soviet developments. Preliminary findings point to the existence of highly significant differences between Russia's ethnic groups, with the level of the differences closely paralleling measures of socioeconomic achievement. To determine more precisely the significance of group differences in employment, detailed occupational categories must be examined more closely. Currently available data, however, do not permit more rigorous measurements of discrimination. It is nonetheless clear that ethnicity in contemporary Russia is strongly related to occupational differences. The aggregate segregation of men from women was found to be very stable despite the substantial socioeconomic and cultural differences between ethnic groups. As a group, Jews were found to have extremely high levels of educational and occupational achievement and a comparatively far older age structure.     

SCI/SSCI期刊与中文权威核心期刊论文的学术价值评价——基于地理工作者的感知分析

进入信息全球化时代,SCI/SSCI 论文越来越成为中国各高校及科研院所等单位衡量其基础研究实力的评价标准,甚至出现“唯‘SCI/SSCI’论”的现象,中文权威核心期刊论文的学术价值评定和认可度则相应降低,这在一定程度上对中文权威核心期刊的发展造成了不小的冲击。基于探索性因子分析,构建了中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的结构方程假设模型,以地理科学工作者为例,通过验证性因子分析,实证研究了地理工作者对中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的影响因素。结果显示：① 学术成果影响力是影响中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的关键因素,科研评价和学术地位认定政策及学术影响力评价是影响中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的重要因素;② 学术成果影响力对认可度影响程度最大,其影响路径系数为0.52,其次为学术影响力评价,路径系数为0.25,科研评价和学术地位认定政策影响程度较小;③ 学术成果影响力和学术影响力评价与认可度表现为正相关关系,而科研评价和学术地位认定政策与认可度之间则表现为负相关关系。最后,提出了增强科研工作者对中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的相关对策,以期提升作者发表中文权威核心期刊论文的意愿度,来促进中文权威核心期刊的持续发展。     

A spatial analytic approach for classifying greenspace and comparing greenspace social equity

Urban planners frequently adhere to ‘park minimum standards’ to ensure that public health and environmental benefits associated with greenspace are socially equitable. These standards denote the extent and placement of greenspaces, but rarely consider their form and function. Arguably, an inclusive evaluation of greenspace social equity requires the comparison of greenspace types. To address if greenspace types are socially equitable, I develop a novel spatial analytic approach that classifies 4265 greenspaces according to twelve functional, physical characteristics. I then compare the social equity of these greenspace types using multiple operationalizations of social equity (provision, accessibility, and population pressure) throughout 4524 neighborhoods in a capital city in Australia. I find that greenspace social equity varies for each of these types. For example, results reveal that affluent households have an abundance of amenity rich greenspaces and few amenity poor ones. Further, by comparing across multiple social equity operationalizations, I find that affluent households may have a deficit of the amenity poor greenspace type, but live closer to this type. These findings confirm that employing a greenspace typology and multiple social equity operationalizations can deepen our understanding of the association between social equity and greenspace provision. This spatial analytic approach is both adaptable for examining other urban land use types, and portable to other urban contexts, and can aid urban planners, researchers, and policy makers to understand how to improve the social equity of publicly beneficial greenspace types.     

Undocumented Students’ Narratives of Liminal Citizenship: High Aspirations,Exclusion, and “In-Between” Identities

This study illustrates how national immigration policy relegates undocumented immigrant children to spaces of liminal citizenship, which shape their aspirations for higher education. Recognizing the power of migrant narratives, and the importance of privileging youths’ voices through children's geographies, we present the narratives of undocumented high school students from several rural North Carolina communities. Despite various barriers facing undocumented students, most have high academic aspirations. Students construct new forms of citizenship, legitimating their claims to higher education access through their achievement. Their liminal status, however, contributes to the formation of conflicted, “in-between” identities.     

Environmental justice in urban greening for subtropical Asian cities: the view from Taipei

Whilst an extensive body of literature exists on the environmental justice implications of urban greening in North America, Europe and to an extent Australasia, there are fewer analogous studies for tropical zone Asian city contexts. Given increasing global interest in the potential for urban greenspace to contribute to resilience in the face of environmental change and the higher vulnerability of Asian cities to environmental shocks, this is a notable gap. In response, this paper evaluates the contours of environmental justice debates within urban greenspace planning for one subtropical Asian city—Taipei. Through analysis of newspaper reporting on urban greenspace planning within Taipei, the potential and limitations of greenspace planning in contributing to equitably delivering benefits from urban greenspace towards resilience are assessed. Findings suggest that claims to environmental injustice in greenspace debates within Taipei follow broadly similar lines to controversies in Europe and North America. Nevertheless, the need for specific knowledge to understand the different ecosystem services provided by tropical zone ecosystems, and the potential for conflicts over greenspace versus development to be heightened in dense Asian city settings, are highlighted as potential areas where environmental justice debates in an Asian urban greening context may differ from Western cities.     

中文权威核心期刊学术论文价值综合评价体系的构建与实践:以地理学科为例

深入解读中国科研评价中存在的3个现象,即过度重视SCI(Science Citation Index)/SSCI(Social Sciences Citation Index)、“唯高影响因子”和“唯发表成果为王”。其中,过度重视SCI/SSCI直接或间接造成了“唯高影响因子”和“唯发表成果为王”现象的出现,成为中国学术界当前亟待解决的重要问题。“科研评价和学术地位认定政策”“学术成果影响力”和“学术影响力评价”是影响中文权威核心期刊学术论文价值认可度的3大公因子。结合对中国地理学领域为主的近千位科研人员的感知调查,构建了包括期刊影响因子、论文被引频次、论文下载量、论文社会价值以及论文创新性5个指标的新的学术论文价值综合评价模型。最后从国家、部委、学会、期刊和学者层面分别提出改革过度推崇SCI/SSCI的学术评定政策、树立科研成果服务国民经济主战场的导向;强化政策执行力与构建服务于学术本质的考核标准;发挥桥梁和纽带作用及制定和完善评价体系;提升文化自信、凸显特色化和差异化、强化市场化和增值多元化;增强母语成果自信和提升在中文权威核心期刊建立学术地位的动力等实践建议。     

The Environment of Gender and Science: Status and Perspectives of Women and Men in Physical Geography

In 1995 and 1996 we undertook surveys to identify the status, perspectives, and contributions of women and men in physical geography and geosciences/geology, and to study the evolution of our fields. This paper presents the results of the physical geography survey, and considers the following questions: How have academic men and women physical geographers' professional development experiences differed? Do men and women in physical geography emphasize different research areas? Do their research methods differ from one another? Gender differences were identified most strikingly in rank and tenure status, research topics and methodologies, and professional satisfaction. Generational differences by academic rank were identified in professional satisfaction and in pull factors. Minor gender differences were found in dual career couple status, but this status had major effects on career choices and opportunities for both men and women. This paper is part of our larger project aimed at comparing and contrasting geoscience/geology and physical geography, and at including the earth sciences in gender and science studies that have long focused on mathematics, chemistry, biology, and physics.     

绿色环境暴露对居民心理健康的影响研究——以南京为例

绿色环境暴露对心理健康的影响长期以来都受到国内外不同领域学者的关注,但从个体与环境交互的角度关注衡量个体对环境实际感知的研究较少。论文试图基于对居民视觉感知和时空活动等因素的考虑,结合机器学习等技术扩展绿色环境暴露的测度方式,并构建绿色环境暴露对心理健康影响的概念框架。同时,以南京为实证对象,运用结构方程模型对比分析绿地率、绿视率、绿色视觉暴露对心理健康影响的差异。研究发现,3种绿色环境暴露测度指标对心理健康均有显著正向影响,但影响程度和路径存在差异,建立更加综合的绿色环境暴露评价指标体系至关重要。主观建成环境可以作为绿视率和绿色视觉暴露对心理健康影响的中介变量,身体活动仅作为绿色视觉暴露影响心理健康的中介变量。研究拓展了绿色环境暴露对心理健康影响的研究框架,并对城市绿地系统的规划管理具有参考价值。     

Vulnerable groups and preliminary insights into intersecting categories of identity in Laamu Atoll,Maldives

The notion of vulnerability has acquired a significant role in discussions around reducing risk and identifying vulnerable groups, which is particularly important for targeting risk‐reducing policy and practice. Through ten semi‐structured interviews with 24 stakeholders, this study collected local perceptions on the following groups considered most vulnerable in Laamu Atoll, Maldives: youth and children, women, the elderly, people with disabilities, displaced persons and migrants, and farmers. In doing this, the significance of intersecting categories of identity for understanding vulnerability emerged and was explored; an approach that is often absent or scarcely applied in studies that identify vulnerable groups in the Maldives and elsewhere. Intersections between location, youth and gender or disability, as well as gender and marital status emerged as relevant for the Laamu Atoll context. Although this study acknowledges the incompleteness of its intersectional analysis, these findings provide important preliminary insights into the role of intersectionality in shaping vulnerability experience. To enhance scholarship on vulnerability, future studies could further explore intersectionality in Laamu Atoll and the Maldives using this study as a base and also improve its practical applicability for policy and practice.     

Geography at the Kindergarten Level: Report of a Study

Abstract

The study involved an evaluation of a conceptual geography unit intended for use at the kindergarten level. Unit appropriateness was assessed on the basis of pupil success and teacher usability. Pupil success was evaluated by examining the variances in achievement and learning gains that existed among pupil groups based on sex, race, socio-economic status, and pretesting. Variances among pupil groups based on race and socio-economic status were statistically significant. Teacher usability was evaluated by examining the variances in achievement and learning gains that existed among pupil groups based on teacher background in geography, experience with the unit, teacher perception of the overall appropriateness of the unit, and appropriateness of the unit at the kindergarten level. Variances among pupil groups based on all teacher variables except geography background were statistically significant. In all cases, learning gains were significant. The main hypothesis that the unit was appropriate for use at the kindergarten level was not rejected.     

基于HLM和GWR的汪清县农村贫困成因探究

明确贫困成因是提高精准扶贫效率和稳定脱贫成效的基本前提。对偏远少数民族聚居区——吉林省汪清县农村贫困成因进行解析,采用多层线性模型(HLM)同时分析了家庭层次和环境层次因素对农村贫困家庭年纯收入的影响,并利用地理加权回归方法(GWR)探索了环境层次变量影响的空间异质性。研究结果显示： ① 汪清县贫困农户家庭层次因素对家庭年纯收入的影响强于环境层次因素,但环境层次因素的影响作用亦不可忽视; ② 剔除环境层次因素的影响后,绝大多数家庭层次因素对贫困家庭年纯收入存在显著影响; ③ 环境层次因素能够在不同程度上解释家庭层次因素影响效应的差异性; ④ 环境层次因素的影响在不同区域的作用方向和强度上存在显著差异。最后从村域发展环境、医疗就业、区域内部贫困差异方面提出改善建议。     

What motivates single women to migrate from northern Ghana to Accra?

In recent decades there has been a large migration stream of single women from the north to Accra in Ghana. Existing studies have focused on young migrant women’s livelihood strategies in their place of destination. However, once-married women – divorced and widowed women and neglected wives – also migrate, and their motivations for migration are less known. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative methods, the authors investigate the effects of gender norms, age, marital status, socio-economic status, and position in households on women’s decisions to migrate. The results revealed that migrant women from resource-poor households, regardless of age, marital status and position in households, commonly cited a gain in autonomy as an important motivation for their migration. From a differentiated perspective, young unmarried women aspired to prepare themselves for often expensive religious marriage ceremonies, whereas once-married women invest in their children’s education and build their own housing. By paying attention to the effects of gender norms, age, marital status, socio-economic status, and position in households on women’s decisions to migrate, the study illuminates the contradictory ways in which their migration practices are both shaped by and shape gender ideologies in parts of contemporary northern Ghana.     

Spatial Scale and the Geography of Tobacco Smoking in New Zealand: A Multilevel Perspective

Smoking in New Zealand is more common in deprived areas and in areas with a significant Maori population. Despite its status as a major health problem there has been little work investigating this apparent geography of smoking Data from the 1996 Census is used to construct a multilevel ‘proportions‐as‐responses’ model of smoking prevalence. This enables an exploration of the geography of smoking at different spatial scales. Levels within the model distinguish contextual variation between local authorities, census area units and meshblocks. Particular account is taken of the influence of deprivation and ethnicity on smoking. Results confirm the importance of ethnicity and deprivation and indicate that cross‐level interaction between meshblock and census area unit measures is significant. They also challenge crude stereotypes about the apparent geography of smoking and suggest that, while levels of smoking may be high in parts of North Island, they are less high than might be expected given the socio‐demographic composition of the areas concerned. Conversely, smoking is more prevalent than expected in parts of South Island. The paper notes the health policy implications of these emergent geographies.     

Modeling the Probability of Niche Employment: Exploring Workforce Segmentation in Metropolitan Atlanta

This paper examines employment concentrations (commonly called niches) in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area. Concentration ratios (created from 1990 5% Public Use Microdata Samples) reveal niches characterized by gender, race, and ethnicity. White workers of both sexes commonly hold niches in white-collar occupations and non-Whites (Blacks, Mexicans, Koreans, Chinese, and Asian Indians) primarily occupy niches as blue-collar, or secondary service workers. Chinese, Korean and Asian Indian males are the only groups of non-Whites to hold jobs in a significant number of white-collar employment niches. Generally, non-White niches pay very little and for women, especially, niche employment is generally not very lucrative. Logistic regression models explore predictors of niche employment and indicate that the social constructs of ethnicity and race have the most substantial impact upon an individual's odds for niche employment. Human capital measures alone do not sufficiently account for niche employment, and segmentation theory best explains the phenomenon.     

The Academic Conference and the Status of Women: The Annual Meetings of the Israeli Geographical Society*

The academic conference, a site of possible changes in professional knowledge and hierarchy, is an area of academic life rarely studied. Through three main concerns this article illuminates this point for the first time with respect to the status of women and gender research at the last thirty‐two annual meetings of the Israeli Geographical Society. First, although men still present the majority of the conference papers, women have increased their share and now constitute one‐third of all active participants. Second, women's appearance as chairs of sessions and keynote speakers is significantly lower in proportion to their overall participation in the conference, and they are consistently more involved in its less prestigious aspects. Third, the production of geographic knowledge as reflected in conference papers is gendered, but its pattern differs from that in academia in general. The findings reveal a new facet of the gendered construction of academic life in general, and of Israeli geography in particular, and offer new avenues to revealing the impact of social exclusion on academia.     

Feminizing the University: The Mobilities,Careers, and Contributions of Early Female Academics in the University of Cambridge, 1926–1955

This article examines the role of early female academics at the University of Cambridge in the production and dissemination of knowledge between 1926 and 1955. A statistical comparison of women's use of academic leave of absence with that of their male colleagues reveals that, across disciplines, women were less integrated into (inter)national knowledge networks and thus less visible in their epistemic communities than men because women focused their academic leaves more on research, rarely attended conferences, traveled overseas less often than men, and went more frequently to destinations within Europe than the United States as the new economic hegemon. Biographical case studies of these early female academics demonstrate the importance, variously, of their upper middle-class background, academic excellence, and familial and nonfamilial patronage in developing their careers, overcoming multiple hurdles, and producing intellectual contributions of equal quality to that of their male peers. Conceptually, this article calls for the inclusion of academic travelers from disciplines other than geography into feminist histories of geographical knowledge and argues that rather than stereotyping gender differences, greater comparative research on the experiences of female and male academics is needed to understand the mechanisms of gender inequality within the university.     

The relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status among Texas school children and its spatial variation

Understanding the relationships between obesity and socioeconomic status (SES) among school children and the spatial variation of such relationship is essential for developing appropriate intervention strategies. In this study, we employed Local Entropy Map (LEM) to explore the spatial patterns of the relationship at school district level in Texas. Children's obesity was measured by Body Mass Index (BMI). The BMI data for this study were obtained from Physical Fitness Assessment Initiative (PFAI) program that has been coordinated by Texas Education Agency (TEA). SES was described by six variables, which were further reduced into two factors, namely Household SES and Neighborhood SES. The study period was 2012–2013 academic year. LEM analyses revealed clear spatial variation of the relationship between obesity and SES at school-district level. In particular, the prevalence of obesity among school children was found to be significantly related to Household SES and Neighborhood SES in four regions in Texas. These four regions are centered in major metropolitan areas in Texas, including San Antonio, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, and Lubbock. Further regression analyses showed variation of the relationship across these four regions. Obesity among school children in Texas was found to be more related to Household SES than Neighborhood SES; the relationship was strongest in San Antonio region. These findings may suggest the presence of obesogenic environment in the low SES school districts in these regions. Further studies to examine the particular nature of the obesogenic environment in these school districts are needed in order to support the development of regionalized policy and practice that can be more effective in addressing locale specifics.     

Trapped in Jobless Household Areas: the spatio-temporal dynamics of children in jobless households in metropolitan Australia

Child disadvantage is an important issue in Australia today and is one of the key policy target areas of the Federal government. Child disadvantage not only affects child wellbeing in the present time but can also inhibit their future achievements. As well as individual- and family-level effects, there is growing evidence that child wellbeing and achievement is highly affected by the environment in which children grow up, and what resources and role models are available to them in their surrounding areas. In this paper, we examine the spatial clustering of children in jobless households through the computation of the Global and Local Moran's statistics, for the Sydney and Melbourne metropolitan regions, and observe how these clusters have changed between the 2001 and 2006 census years. We find that there are significant spatial clusters of children in jobless households in both periods, suggesting that ‘place’ is a driver of this particular phenomenon. Further, we observe an expansion of ‘hot spots’, in both Sydney and Melbourne, suggesting that areas with high proportions of children in jobless households have both persisted and increased despite the sizeable economic growth in Australia over the same period.     

Place in Haitian Literature Since The 2010 Earthquake

Novelists responded immediately to the earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12, 2010. Analysis of key works demonstrates the numerous images and interpretations that the catastrophe has generated among Haitians, and is valuable as a source for indigenous understandings of the altered nature of place in Haiti. Literature offers insight into the Haitian view of the earthquake's effect on gender relations, family structures, urban migration and development, and memory. Literature also participates in the country's reconstruction by articulating the challenges and opportunities faced by Haitian society, and by providing a space for therapeutic self‐expression. In this literature we witness the development of the language, attitudes, emotions, and meanings that are and will be the earthquake's cultural legacy.