江南造山带北部早中生代岳阳—赤壁断褶带构造特征及变形机制研究

早中生代(晚印支-早燕山期)岳阳-赤壁断褶带位于江南造山带与中扬子前陆盆地交界地带.作者对该构造带进行了地表地质调查,以此为基础探讨了构造剖面结构及构造变形动力机制.岳阳-赤壁断褶带自南而北可分为岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带,桃花泉-肖家湾盖层滑脱褶皱带,以及赤壁-嘉鱼前陆盆地断-褶-盆构造带.岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带自南而北依次有郭镇向斜、官山背斜、临湘倒转向斜和聂市背斜,组成隔槽式褶皱组合.褶皱轴面多向南倾,褶皱变形面为南华系盖层与冷家溪群褶皱基底间的角度不整合面和顺界面的滑脱断裂面.桃花泉-肖家湾盖层滑脱褶皱带主要发育轴面南倾倒转褶皱,褶皱波长较小,卷入地层为南华系-志留系以及上石炭统-中三叠统沉积盖层.赤壁-嘉鱼前陆盆地断-褶-盆构造带以南倾蒲圻断裂(江南断裂)为南部边界,发育T3-J2前陆盆地沉积,带内褶皱与断裂卷入地层包括沉积盖层以及T3-J2地层:南部断裂与褶皱轴面南倾.北部轴面近直立.自南西至北东,研究区内构造线走向由EW向渐变为NEE-NE向.上述构造分带及变形特征反映出自南向北的运动指向,表明岳阳-赤壁断褶带具前陆冲断带构造性质.从断裂相关褶皱理论出发,以地表构造特征为依据,厘定了岳阳-赤壁地质剖面结构并进行了变形动力机制分析,认识如下:①自南而北、自下而上的多个滑脱层及其间的南倾逆断裂或断坡(主要为江南断裂)组成近似台阶状的逆冲断裂系统,从总体上控制了构造块体的滑移、逆冲以及相应的构造格架或变形分区.②郭镇向斜为基底滑脱褶皱,官山背斜具滑脱褶皱和断裂传播褶皱双重成因,聂市背斜为断裂转折褶皱;临湘向斜为受两侧背斜控制的被动向斜,由于弯滑褶皱作用在其两翼沿不整合界面形成滑脱断裂.③岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带隔槽式褶皱的形成主要受控于褶皱基底的滑脱和基底整体的水平压缩,其形成机制类似于肿缩式褶皱.最后讨论认为湘东北-鄂东南地区不存在大规模、长距离的逆冲推覆构造.     

Singhbhum Shear Zone: Structural transition and a kinematic model

The northern fold belt away from the Singhbhum Shear Zone displays a set of folds on bedding. The folds are sub-horizontal with E-W to ESE striking steep axial surfaces. In contrast, the folds in the Singhbhum Shear Zone developed on a mylonitic foliation and have a reclined geometry with northerly trending axes. There is a transitional zone between the two, where the bedding and the cleavage have become parallel by isoclinal folding and two sets of reclined folds have developed by deforming the bedding—parallel cleavage. Southward from the northern fold belt the intensity of deformation increases, the folds become tightened and overturned towards the south while the fold hinges are rotated from the sub-horizontal position to a down-dip attitude. Recognition of the transitional zone and the identification of the overlapping character of deformation in the shear zone and the northern belt enable the formulation of a bulk kinematic model for the area as a whole.     

塔里木盆地玉东-玛东构造带断层相关褶皱样式及演化

玉东-玛东构造带位于塔里木盆地,是在中寒武统膏盐层上滑脱的大规模褶皱冲断带,内部发育多种断层相关褶皱。目前对此构造带的研究,多关注了构造带的局部以及断裂变形。本文根据断层相关褶皱理论,利用地震资料,分析了玉东-玛东构造带内构造样式上的差异性,并通过二维构造正演模拟,建立了典型构造样式的运动学模式。认为研究区内玉东、玛东、塘北3个分区,具有不同的构造样式。玉东地区主要发育和铲式逆断层相关的断弯褶皱,玛东、塘北地区则发育断层突破的滑脱褶皱,突破断层在玛东地区为铲式断裂,而在塘北地区为坪-坡-坪式断裂。根据上奥陶统变形特征及其顶面不整合面之上的地层年代,认为玉东-玛东构造带的变形始于晚奥陶世,主要断裂及其相关褶皱形成于晚奥陶世末期。玉东地区在晚奥陶世早期,形成基底-盖层的低幅褶皱,在晚奥陶世末,形成铲式断裂及断弯褶皱;玛东和塘北地区变形发生在上奥陶统沉积之后,经历了滑脱褶皱和断层突破阶段。通过对比分析认为,断层相关褶皱样式的差异,与膏盐层岩性、厚度,上奥陶统岩性、厚度及构造转换作用有关。本研究有助于完善对塔里木盆地早古生代末期构造变形及演化的认识。     

雪峰造山带北段地质构造特征——以慈利—安化走廊剖面为例

以慈利—安化走廊带为例, 对雪峰造山带北段西部地质构造特征进行了调查研究。研究表明, 雪峰造山带在廊带上可分为北部武陵断弯褶皱带和南部雪峰基底拆离带。武陵断弯褶皱带内主要发育北东东—东西向褶皱和同走向逆断裂, 另有少量北东向和北北西向右行平移断裂、北东东—东西向正断裂; 雪峰基底拆离带发育东西—北东向褶皱和同走向逆断裂、正断裂以及少量北东向平移断裂。武陵断弯褶皱带变形主要受控于板溪群底界面向北的滑脱及其导生的逆冲; 雪峰基底拆离带变形主要受控于切穿冷家溪群褶皱基底的断裂拆离与逆冲, 拆离与逆冲的方向总体由南向北, 但南缘总体逆冲方向指向南, 从而组成背冲构造样式。上述褶皱和断裂形成于武陵运动、加里东运动、印支运动、早燕山运动等挤压事件, 白垩纪伸展事件, 古近纪中晚期区域北东—北北东向挤压以及古近纪末—新近纪初北西向挤压等构造事件, 其中以加里东运动和印支运动形成的褶皱和同走向逆断裂最为重要。雪峰造山带北段与中段—南段一样具背冲构造样式, 但受加里东期近南北向挤压的区域大地构造背景影响, 北段逆冲、增厚和抬升作用的强度与幅度更大。      

北阿尔金恰什坎萨依沟地区早古生代构造变形特征及构造演化启示

出露在青藏高原北缘的红柳沟-拉配泉蛇绿混杂岩带一直以来为深入研究北阿尔金早古生代构造格架及演化提供了宝贵信息。经详细的野外地质填图和构造解析,文章针对红柳沟-拉配泉蛇绿混杂岩带内的构造样式、变形特征及形成时限进行研究,将北阿尔金蛇绿混杂岩带进一步细分为北侧混杂单元、中间层序单元和南侧混杂单元三个次级构造单元,南、北两侧混杂单元内以发育一系列复杂褶皱和逆冲断层为典型构造特征。卷入褶皱变形的最年轻地层岩石为中-晚奥陶世硅质岩,并被（416.8±3.7）Ma未变形的正长斑岩脉所截切;卷入逆冲断层的混杂岩中辉长岩和斜长花岗岩年龄为479~521 Ma和512.1~518.5 Ma,随后也被410.7~418.5 Ma未变形的冰沟岩体所侵位。这些基本事实表明,褶皱构造与逆冲断层均形成于中奥陶世-早泥盆世,推测其成因与北阿尔金洋俯冲作用导致的洋壳强烈缩短变形有关。在南侧混杂单元,褶皱构造样式自北向南逐渐由直立褶皱转变为斜歪褶皱,最后转变为倒转褶皱,显示出递进变形特征。褶皱所对应的应变椭球体也发生了旋转,表现出顶端指向北北东向的剪切作用,与混杂单元内逆冲断层所具有的向北北东方向逆冲、推覆特征相一致,从而推测它们与北阿尔金洋南南西向俯冲消减有密切联系。另外,在北侧混杂单元内还发育有同时期向南南东方向逆冲的断层以及轴面倾向北北东的斜歪褶皱,暗示北阿尔金洋在早古生代可能还发育有北北东方向的俯冲极性,整个北阿尔金洋俯冲消减模式可能具有双向性。      

Basement-cover relations in the Appalachian fold and thrust belt

The external massifs along the Appalachian orogen include Precambrian basement rocks with attached cover. To the northwest (cratonward), in the Appalachian foreland fold and thrust belt, Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks, but no basement rocks, are exposed; that belt was the subject of the classic debate about thin-skinned (deformed cover rocks detached from undeformed basement) and thick-skinned (basement deformed with attached cover) structural styles. Presently available data indicate detached cover rocks and thin-skinned style in the fold and thrust belt: large-scale thrusting occurred late in the orogenic history. In the external basement massifs, late Precambrian graben-fill sedimentary and volcanic rocks indicate early basement faults; and within the craton, steep basement faults bound graben blocks of Cambrian age. Distribution of known basement faults suggests that basement rocks beneath the fold and thrust belt may also be faulted. Local episodic synsedimentary structural movement through much of the Palaeozoic is documented by stratigraphy in the fold and thrust belt. Axes of early synsedimentary structures are approximately coincident with axes of late folds and thrust fault ramps, but stratigraphic data show that magnitude of the early structures was much less than that of the late structures. These relations suggest the interpretation that early low-magnitude structures formed in cover rocks over basement faults and that the early structures, or the basement faults, significantly influenced the geometry of later detachment structures during large-scale horizontal translation.     

Internal structure and kinematics of Variscan thrust sheets in the valley of the Trubia River (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): regional tectonic implications

The Variscan Belt in western Europe shows an arcuate geometry that is usually named Ibero-Armorican Arc. The nucleus of this arc, known as the Asturian Arc, comprises the Cantabrian Zone which is a foreland fold and thrust belt. The Trubia River area is located in the inflexion zone of the Asturian Arc, which is a strategic structural position for unraveling the geometry and kinematics of the Variscan thrust sheets and related folds. Geological mapping, construction of stratigraphic and structural cross sections, analysis of kinematic indicators, and estimate of shortening for each cross section have been carried out. This area consists of two major antiform-synform pairs related to two imbricate thrust systems. These folds are asymmetric, tight, and their axial traces follow the trend of the Asturian Arc. They have been interpreted as fault-propagation folds. The emplacement directions measured in the Trubia River area change from north to south and converge towards the core of the Asturian Arc. The minimum shortening estimated ranges between 16.4 and 17.6 km, which corresponds to 56.9 and 59.4%. The complex cross-cutting relationships between folds and thrusts suggest that, in general, the different structural units followed a forward-breaking sequence of emplacement, with some breaching and a few out-of-sequence thrusts. The analysis of the transport vectors together with the disposition of the fold axes and post-thrusting faults that deform the thrust stack are evidence of a late deformation event that is partially or totally responsible for the arcuate form of the Asturian Arc. The timing of the Asturian Arc, amount of shortening, and sequence of emplacement of the structures are in accordance with previous regional studies of the Cantabrian Zone.     

鄂西弧形构造变形特征及成因机制

对川东-湘鄂西断褶带内鄂西地区的弧形构造,从构造剖面特征、叠加褶皱样式和断裂性质入手进行几何学和运动学分析。结果发现鄂西弧形构造具有多期变形特征:早期普遍为北东东向的直线型褶皱,随着弧形带扩展,在东、西两翼分别发育右行和左行的逆冲-走滑断裂,同时分别形成北北东向和北西西向的弧形褶皱。晚期弧形带中部发育北北东向构造并叠加改造了早期北东东和北西西向褶皱,同时在黄陵背斜以西还发育交切早期构造的北北西向仙女山右行走滑断裂。根据弧形带扩展的几何学-运动学分类原则,并结合前人的古地磁研究结果,推测鄂西弧形构造应属于构造弯曲形成的弯曲弧。区域滑脱层和黄陵隆起阻挡可能是控制弧形样式的主要原因。区域滑脱层控制了拆离滑脱褶皱的构造样式; 黄陵基底隆起的阻挡作用使弧形带东翼进一步弯曲变形,并导致了构造应力场方向发生改变,造成了晚期北北东向与早期北东东向构造的叠加。由此恢复的鄂西弧形构造变形过程对于揭示川东-湘鄂西断褶带构造演化具有重要的指示意义。     

Fault-related folding in the Ramshorn Peak area,Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt

The Ramshorn Peak area of the Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt lies in the toe of the Prospect thrust sheet along the eastern margin of the exposed part of the thrust belt. The terrain is folded with axes trending N-S and wavelengths ranging from 3 to 4.3 km. Thrusts occur exclusively along the eastern part of the map area where the toe of the Prospect thrust sheet is thinnest. The easternmost thrusts are backthrusts.Monoclinally folded rocks are thrust on less deformed rocks south of Ramshorn Peak. This fold and fault complex is interpreted to have formed by thrusting over a large oblique and small forward step. The oblique step is responsible for the formation of the monocline in the hanging wall of the thrust. All faults and associated folds are rotated by subsequent buckle folding.Second- and third-order folds (folds at the scale of the Ramshorn Peak fold and fault complex and smaller) appear to be isolated features associated with faults (fault-related folds rather than buckle folds) because they are not distributed throughout the map area. These folds were probably initiated by translation and adhesive drag. The early folding was terminated by large translation over a stepped thrust surface which caused additional folding as the hanging wall rocks conformed to the irregular shape of the footwall. The Rich model is utilized to explain the Ramshorn Peak complex because the fold is of monoclinal form and is an isolated feature rather than part of a buckle fold wave-train.     

Structure and tectonics along the inner edge of a foreland basin: The Hunter Coalfield in the northern Sydney Basin,New South Wales

From the early Late Permian onwards, the northeastern part of the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, (encompassing the Hunter Coalfield) developed as a foreland basin to the rising New England Orogen lying to the east and northeast. Structurally, Permian rocks in the Hunter Coalfield lie in the frontal part of a foreland fold‐thrust belt that propagated westwards from the adjacent New England Orogen. Thrust faults and folds are common in the inner part of the Sydney Basin. Small‐scale thrusts are restricted to individual stratigraphic units (with a major ‘upper decollement horizon’ occurring in the mechanically weak Mulbring Siltstone), but major thrusts are inferred to sole into a floor thrust at a poorly constrained depth of approximately 3 km. Folds appear to have formed mainly as hangingwall anticlines above these splaying thrust faults. Other folds formed as flat‐topped anticlines developed above ramps in that floor thrust, as intervening synclines ahead of such ramp anticlines, or as decollement folds. These contractional structures were overprinted by extensional faults developed during compressional deformation or afterwards during post‐thrusting relaxation and/or subsequent extension. The southern part of the Hunter Coalfield (and the Newcastle Coalfield to the east) occupies a structural recess in the western margin of the New England Orogen and its offshore continuation, the Currarong Orogen. Rocks in this recess underwent a two‐stage deformation history. West‐northwest‐trending stage one structures such as the southern part of the Hunter Thrust and the Hunter River Transverse Zone (a reactivated syndepositional transfer fault) developed in response to maximum regional compression from the east‐northeast. These were followed by stage two folds and thrusts oriented north‐south and developed from maximum compression oriented east‐west. The Hunter Thrust itself was folded by these later folds, and the Hunter River Transverse Zone underwent strike‐slip reactivation.     

Regional significance of kilometric-scale north-east vergent recumbent folds associated with east to south-east directed shear on the southern border of the Central Iberian Zone (Hornachos-Oliva region,Variscan belt,Iberian Peninsula)

On the southern border of the Central Iberian Zone there are two sectors with different styles of deformation. To the south-west, in the Hornachos sector, large-scale recumbent folds associated with ductile shearing can be seen. This shearing is characterized by a direction of movement parallel to the fold axes and can be correlated for 150 km along strike. The K-values of the strain ellipsoid range from 0.8 to 2.0. Stretching in the X direction, parallel to the recumbent fold axes, is more than 100%. To the north-east, in the Oliva sector, first-phase folds are upright and the strain intensity is lower than in the Hornachos sector. Metamorphic, geometric and kinematic considerations lead us to conclude that the shearing in the Hornachos sector is better explained as conjugate to a main shear zone along which the southern border of the Central Iberian Zone is moved onto the Ossa-Morena Zone. This main thrust is at present obliterated by a left-lateral extensional shear zone that affects a high pressure exotic unit located between the Central Iberian and the Ossa-Morena Zones. This high pressure unit constitutes a suture of the Variscan belt in the Iberian Peninsula.     

Transpressive Structures in the Ghadir Shear Belt,Eastern Desert,Egypt: Evidence for Partitioning of Oblique Convergence in the Arabian‐Nubian Shield during Gondwana Agglutination

Transpressional deformation has played an important role in the late Neoproterozoic evolution of the ArabianNubian Shield including the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The Ghadir Shear Belt is a 35 km-long, NW-oriented brittleductile shear zone that underwent overall sinistral transpression during the Late Neoproterozoic. Within this shear belt, strain is highly partitioned into shortening, oblique, extensional and strike-slip structures at multiple scales. Moreover, strain partitioning is heterogeneous along-strike giving rise to three distinct structural domains. In the East Ghadir and Ambaut shear belts, the strain is pure-shear dominated whereas the narrow sectors parallel to the shear walls in the West Ghadir Shear Zone are simple-shear dominated. These domains are comparable to splay-dominated and thrust-dominated strike-slip shear zones. The kinematic transition along the Ghadir shear belt is consistent with separate strike-slip and thrustsense shear zones. The earlier fabric(S1), is locally recognized in low strain areas and SW-ward thrusts. S2 is associated with a shallowly plunging stretching lineation(L2), and defines ～NW-SE major upright macroscopic folds in the East Ghadir shear belt. F2 folds are superimposed by ～NNW–SSE tight-minor and major F3 folds that are kinematically compatible with sinistral transpressional deformation along the West Ghadir Shear Zone and may represent strain partitioning during deformation. F2 and F3 folds are superimposed by ENE–WSW gentle F4 folds in the Ambaut shear belt. The sub-parallelism of F3 and F4 fold axes with the shear zones may have resulted from strain partitioning associated with simple shear deformation along narrow mylonite zones and pure shear-dominant deformation in fold zones. Dextral ENEstriking shear zones were subsequently active at ca. 595 Ma, coeval with sinistral shearing along NW-to NNW-striking shear zones. The occurrence of upright folds and folds with vertical axes suggests that transpression plays a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the Ghadir shear belt. Oblique convergence may have been provoked by the buckling of the Hafafit gneiss-cored domes and relative rotations between its segments. Upright folds, fold with vertical axes and sinistral strike-slip shear zones developed in response to strain partitioning. The West Ghadir Shear Zone contains thrusts and strikeslip shear zones that resulted from lateral escape tectonics associated with lateral imbrication and transpression in response to oblique squeezing of the Arabian-Nubian Shield during agglutination of East and West Gondwana.     

THE DECOLLEMENT IN THE QIANGTANG BASIN, TIBET

THE DECOLLEMENT IN THE QIANGTANG BASIN, TIBET     

Structural pattern and kinematic framework of deformation in the southern Nallamalai fold–fault belt,Cuddapah district,Andhra Pradesh,Southern India

An association of westerly verging asymmetric folds, easterly dipping cleavages and contractional faults control the pattern and intensity of structures at different scales in the southern Nallamalai fold–fault belt, Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh, Southern India. Variation in structural geometry is manifested across the section by the occurrence of relatively low amplitude folds, sometimes only a monocline and by the near absence of contractional faults in the WSW, but tight to isoclinal folds with frequent fold–fault interactions through the central areas towards ENE.The relationships of structural elements in terms of orientation, style, sense of movement and general vergence indicate their development under a progressive contractional deformation. The structures are interpreted to result from a combination of bulk inhomogeneous shortening across the belt and a top-to-west, variable simple shear. Localized developments of crenulation cleavage, rotation of cleavage in the shorter limbs of some mesoscale asymmetric folds and general variation of structural elements in morphology and associations across the belt, indicate partitioning of deformation and a varying degree of non-coaxiality in discrete domains of the bulk deformation.     

准南逆冲褶皱带超压与逆冲断层持续活动

天山北缘准南地区的褶皱带为自新生代以来一直持续活动的逆冲构造带,由于逆冲断层的持续活动,形成了现今断层和相关褶皱。钻井资料显示,准南逆冲褶皱带内的超压层主要发育在古近纪安集海河组泥岩和紫泥泉子组泥岩之中,而该泥岩同时又成为逆冲断层发育的主滑脱面。通过多年来对准南地区地面地质调查、二维地震和三维地震资料的解释以及钻井证实,我们统计出准南逆冲褶皱带现存的逆冲断层倾角分别集中在两个区间: 30±5°和50±5°区间。应力分析表明,在持续挤压应力作用下,超压层(泥岩、页岩和煤系地层)中和超压层之下地层中发育的早期逆冲断层与晚期最大主压应力之间的夹角处在30±5°之间时,作用在断层面上的最大主应力与最小主应力比达到最小值,因此该断层最容易再次活动,形成最大的流体压力,因而断层周围的流体就会沿着最大主应力方向发生流动,断层本身就会成为流体运移的主要通道; 而早期逆冲断层与晚期最大主压应力之间的夹角处在50±5°之间时,作用在断层面上的最大主应力与最小主应力比较大,断层重新活动所需要的流体压力较高,导致断层作为流体运移的通道因被挤压而闭合。应力分析和钻井实测应力均指出,准南逆冲褶皱带发育的超压为挤压构造应力形成的超压。这些研究表明,准南逆冲褶皱带的逆冲断层持续活动,导致早期发育的断层在晚期应力作用下,断层倾角聚集在两个优势区间,油气沿最大主压应力方向运移,聚集油气则沿断层滑动面发育形成构造超压,导致该区域油气长期处于运移与聚集的动平衡状态。     

上扬子北部褶皱带的构造应力场演化规律

在对大量逆冲与平移断层运动学详细分析与观测的基础上,本文利用实测断层擦痕矢量数据组进行了区域应力场反演,根据对断层叠加关系的分析及叠加褶皱的验证,划分出上扬子北部经历过3期挤压构造应力场演化,从早到晚分别为:第1期北西—南东向挤压应力场,第2期近东西向挤压应力场和第3期北东—南西向挤压应力场。结合相关的地质现象,认为在这3期挤压应力场作用下分别形成了晚侏罗世末—早白垩世初的湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带、早白垩世末—晚白垩世初的川东隔档式褶皱带和南大巴山弧形褶皱带。由此表明,上扬子北部褶皱带的形成顺序为湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带→川东隔档式褶皱带→南大巴山弧形褶皱带。     

A detachment fold model for fault zones in the Late Archean Abitibi greenstone belt

The Abitibi belt is one of the largest and most extensively studied Late Archean greenstone belts. The structural geology of the Abitibi belt consists of one generation of upright to slightly overturned, doubly plunging first-order folds with half-wavelengths of 20–60 km, and E–W-striking, steeply dipping fault zones that are parallel to the fold limbs. Two of the main fault zones are continuous for hundreds of kilometers. Previous tectonic models for the Abitibi belt interpret the fault zones to have formed as extensional growth faults bounding a volcanic-sedimentary basin, which were reactivated as thrusts during subsequent crustal shortening. Other models propose that the fault zones represent tectonic sutures, implying that the Abitibi belt is a collage of exotic terranes. However, distinct geological terranes have not been geologically demonstrated. We propose a new detachment fold model for the deformational history of the southern Abitibi belt, in Ontario, that explains the formation of the fault zones during the single, well-documented folding event that deformed the entire region. The internal structure of the fault zones, documented here with emphasis on the Porcupine–Destor fault zone, consists of isoclinally folded, strongly schistose, highly metamorphosed rock, cross-cut by numerous fault segments. We interpret that the upper crust (greenstones) was folded above a proposed detachment in the lower part of the volcanic stratigraphy. The fault zones would be, in essence, highly evolved detachment anticlines. Ultramafic metavolcanic rock that crops out within the fault zones would represent material from the detachment horizon that was emplaced in the cores of the detachment anticlines. The numerous segments that make up the mapped fault zones would be linked faults that formed within the isoclinal detachment anticlines to accommodate folding of the rheologically complex greenstones. The detachment fold model is compared to the results of analogue experiments designed to investigate crustal-scale folding, using viscous and frictional materials. Detachment folds are produced in the brittle upper crustal analogue on the limbs of folds formed in the ductile middle and lower crust analogues. The experimentally produced structures scale to the structures in the study area and indicate the detachment fold model for the southern Abitibi is mechanically viable.     

Evolution of thrust system deformation in an intracratonic chain: Study of the Southern-Central Tunisian Atlas

The development of belt structures in intracratonic chains is guided by the convergence system. In the Southern-Central Tunisian Atlas, several parameters control the evolution of thrust folds during different tectonic phases. One of these phases is tectonic inheritance, which leads to the reactivation of pre-existing normal faults during compressive phases. The angle between the direction of these faults and the shortening axis (NNW-SSE) is the most important parameter for interpreting the mode of the evolution of thrust folds. Jebel Elkebar is an example of a structure developed on NW-SE-oriented faults that is perpendicular to the shortening axis. Based on the geometry of its folds, Jebel Elkebar is interpreted as a 'Fault Related Fold'. The E-W-oriented Orbata structure is oblique to the direction of the shortening axis and is interpreted through the model 'Fault Propagation Fold' with 'Breakthrough'. The Gafsa Fault, which is parallel to the shortening axis, is a transpressional fault interpreted through the 'Strain Partitioning' mode, which is associated with the oblique ramp fold. The development of various thrust folds requires the presence of a basal decollement level during the Triassic succession. In the Southern-Central Tunisian Atlas, the deformation is variable (geometry of fold closure) and is correlated with the depth of the decollement level; indeed, the intensity of deformation is proportional to the depth of the decollement level. Consequently, the most important deformation is in the higher successions and is a vertical migration of the decollement level associated with thin-skinned deformation.     

Polyphase late Palaeozoic deformation in the southeastern foreland and northwestern Piedmont of the Alabama Appalachians

Late Palaeozoic deformation in the southern Appalachians is believed to be related to the collisional events that formed Pangaea. The Appalachian foreland fold and thrust belt in Alabama is a region of thin-skinned deformed Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Early Cambrian to Late Carboniferous, bounded to the northwest by relatively undeformed rocks of the Appalachian Plateau and to the southeast by crystalline thrust sheets containing metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks ranging in age from late Precambrian to Early Devonian. A late Palaeozoic kinematic sequence derived for a part of this region indicates complex spatial and temporal relationships between folding, thrusting, and tectonic level of décollement. Earliest recognized (Carboniferous(?) or younger) compressional deformation in the foreland, observable within the southernmost thrust sheets in the foreland, is a set of large-scale, tight to isoclinal upright folds which preceded thrafing, and may represent the initial wave of compression in the foreland. Stage 2 involved emplacement of low-angle far-traveled thrust sheets which cut Lower Carboniferous rocks and cut progressively to lower tectonic levels to the southwest, terminating with arrival onto the foreland rocks of a low-grade crystalline nappe. Stage 3 involved redeformation of the stage 2 nappe pile by large-scale upright folds oriented approximately parallel to the former thrusts and believed to be related to ramping or imbrication from a deeper décollement in the foreland rocks below. Stage 4 involved renewed low-angle thrusting within the Piedmont rocks, emplacement of a high-grade metamorphic thrust sheet, and decapitation of stage 3 folds. Stage 5 is represented by large-scale cross-folding at a high angle to previous thrust boundaries and fold phases, and may be related to ramping or imbrication on deep décollements within the now mostly buried Ouachita orogen thrust belt to the southwest. Superposed upon these folds are stage 6 high-angle thrust faults with Appalachian trends representing the youngest (Late Carboniferous or younger, structures in the kinematic sequence.     

龙门山断裂带印支期左旋走滑运动及其大地构造成因

位于青藏高原东缘的龙门山构造呈北东—南西向将松潘—甘孜褶皱带和华南地块分割开。前者主要是由一套巨厚的三叠纪复理石沉积组成 ,分布在古特提斯海的东缘。后者由前寒武纪基底和上覆的古生代和中生代沉积盖层组成。位于汶川—茂汶断裂以东的前龙门山存在一系列倾向北西的逆掩断层 ,它们将许多由元古宙和古生代岩层组成的断片向南东置于四川盆地的中生代红层之上 ,构成典型的薄皮构造。许多研究由此断定松潘—甘孜褶皱带和四川盆地之间在中生代发生过大规模的北西—南东向挤压。然而 ,汶川—茂汶断裂西侧的松潘—甘孜褶皱带内部的挤压构造线大多是垂直于而不是平形于龙门山断裂带 ,这表明当时的挤压应力不是北西—南东向而是北东—南西向。近年来在龙门山构造带内发现 ,在三叠纪时龙门山断裂带在发生推覆的同时还经历过大规模的北东—南西向的左旋走滑运动 ,协调走滑运动的主要构造为汶川—茂汶断裂。走滑运动的成因与松潘—甘孜褶皱带北东—南西向缩短有关。汶川—茂汶断裂的左旋走滑在龙门山的北东端被古特提斯海沿勉略俯冲带的消减和发生在大巴山的古生代 /中生代岩层的褶皱和冲断作用所吸收 ,在龙门山的南西端被古特提斯海沿甘孜—理塘俯冲带的消减和松潘—甘孜三叠纪复理石的褶皱和冲断作用所吸?