黄河三角洲滨海湿地演化过程中的碳埋藏效率及其控制因素

2007年在黄河三角洲布设了一口浅钻ZK4,孔深28.3 m,对获取的岩心样品进行了详细的沉积学观测及含水量、有机碳、总碳和营养成分的实验室分析测试。通过ZK4孔的地层分析,将其划分为7种沉积环境,揭示了滨海湿地地质演化过程。并利用AMS14C测年方法,结合黄河改道的历史记录,运用历史地理学和沉积地质学综合分析的方法对黄河三角洲沉积环境进行了年代划分,并计算了黄河三角洲不同沉积环境沉积物的沉积速率和碳的加积速率。结果表明:总碳和有机碳与除硫和磷元素以外的各营养成分都呈良好的线性相关;碳、氮、磷的加积速率与沉积物的沉积速率呈极显著正相关关系(R0.89,p0.01),沉积物的沉积速率是碳、氮、磷的加积速率的主控因素;虽然现代黄河三角洲沉积物有机碳浓度较低(1%),但由于沉积物的高沉积速率,现代黄河三角洲沉积物有机碳的平均加积速率达到2878.23 g/(m2·a),远高于世界其他高有机碳浓度的湿地,因此是很好的碳汇地质体。     

辽河三角洲翅碱蓬湿地不同植被覆盖度下的土壤对碳的扣留

为研究辽河三角洲湿地的固碳能力,2010年5月在辽河三角洲双台子河口东侧的两个翅碱蓬湿地区域采取7个柱状样,通过对样品的化学分析测试,并利用210Pb测年法确定的沉积速率研究了土壤对碳的扣留速率,其结果表明:有机碳浓度分别与各营养元素浓度间有显著的正相关关系(p0.01),指示沉积物中的有机物质对营养元素有很强的富集能力,同时营养元素促进植物的生长,从而影响土壤碳的加积速率。研究区总碳浓度范围为10.5~14.6 g/kg,其中约83%为有机碳,其相应的土壤对总碳和有机碳扣留速率分别为98.02~260.37 g/m2/a(均值171.84 g/m2/a)和81.17~229.98 g/m2/a(均值141.29 g/m2/a)。本研究区,土壤对碳的扣留速率主要受土壤的沉积速率控制,并与高程有显著的相关关系(p0.01)。土壤对碳扣留机制的研究有助于加深对全球碳循的理解。     

黄河三角洲全新世以来沉积环境的划分及各环境中碳埋藏速率的评价

为了研究黄河三角洲全新世不同古环境中的碳埋藏速率,于2007年在研究区布设了一口30.3 m浅钻,以对其进行了沉积学观测以及含水量、有机碳、总碳和营养成分测试分析.通过地层分析,将其全新世地层划分为8种沉积环境.运用历史地理学和沉积地质学综合分析方法对现代黄河三角洲沉积环境中部分层位进行了精确的年代划分,其他层位也进行了年代推测.同时利用确定的年代计算了不同沉积环境碳的埋藏速率.结果表明:总碳和有机碳与各营养元素都呈很好的线性相关;沉积物的沉积速率是有机碳和总碳埋藏速率的主控因素;虽然沉积物C_org浓度相对较低,但由于其高沉积速率,C_org的平均埋藏速率达到1 331 g/(m2·a),远高于世界其他高C_org浓度的湿地,因此是很好的碳汇地质体.      

渤海湾北部滦河三角洲晚更新世以来沉积环境划分及碳埋藏速率的评价

【研究目的】 开展渤海湾北部滦河三角洲晚更新世以来不同沉积环境的划分,计算分析碳埋藏速率的大小和控制因素,进一步评价区域碳储能力。【研究方法】 本文对BXZK03孔岩芯开展晚更新世以来的古沉积环境恢复,并取样分析了包括粒度、年代(AMS14C 和OSL)、含水量、有机碳、总碳和其他营养成分等在内的测试指标。【研究结果】 该孔晚更新世以来地层自下而上划分为泛滥平原、海滩沙脊、浅海、障壁沙坝(三角洲前缘)和潟湖的沉积环境单元,各沉积单元平均有机碳埋藏速率大小依次为：障壁沙坝51.47 g/(m²·a)>海滩沙脊32.59 g/(m²·a)>浅海7.82 g/(m²·a)>潟湖4.66 g/(m²·a)。总碳、有机碳与各营养元素具有显著(P< 0.01)线性相关关系,方差分析显示沉积速率和碳浓度分别是滦河三角洲碳埋藏速率的主要控制因素。【结论】 滦河三角洲沉积物中有机碳浓度相对较低,但是在全新世三角洲沉积速率较高,使得有机碳埋藏速率也相对较高,因此具有一定的碳储能力。     

三江平原典型湿地剖面有机碳分布特征与积累现状

研究了三江平原3类典型湿地（泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸）沉积物剖面有机碳的组分与分布特征。结果表明,泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸剖面有机碳分布具有明显的储碳层和淀积层。储碳层厚度分别约为110、60和15 cm,有机碳平均含量分别为295、280和60 g/kg（干物质重）。泥炭沼泽和腐殖质沼泽储碳层内,有机碳主要组分为分解程度低的轻组碳（约占总有机碳的70%以上）,沼泽化草甸的储碳层内轻组碳约为16%。储碳层以下淀积层的有机碳含量都 < 30 g/kg,轻组碳含量很少。3种类型湿地剖面轻组碳与总有机碳之间有着极显著的正相关关系（[WTBX]P[WT]=0.01）。初步建立了湿地有机碳储量的估算方法,得到3种类型湿地剖面1 m内的有机碳储量分别为6.62×104、4.90×104和1.44×104 t/km2,2 m内分别为8.16×104、6.81×104和2.24×104 t/km2。     

黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域有机碳迁移与沉积通量

我国目前水土流失严重,确定土壤侵蚀究竟属于碳汇还是碳源,对认识我国土壤有机碳含量具有重要意义。以黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域为研究区域,采集松嫩平原南部河水和悬浮物样品以及沉积物样品各10套,垂向剖面14条,扎龙湿地沉积柱2个,生物样品405件,根系土305件,对采集的原水进行过滤和测试。根据样品的主量元素、微量元素分析及210Pb1、37Cs、粘土矿物、磁化率、反射光谱、粒度的测试结果,开展黑龙江乌裕尔河流域土壤有机碳侵蚀通量、流域内有机质迁移方式及扎龙湿地沉积速率等研究,认为:本区影响土壤有机碳稳定性的主要因素包括温度、降雨量和土壤质地;乌裕尔河流域每年主要以溶解形式在水体中长距离迁移的方式向扎龙湿地输入有机碳,其总量估计为2.91×106kg;扎龙湿地每年沉积的有机碳总量估算为2.71×106kg,近几年的平均沉积速率约为0.34 g/(cm2.a)。根据本区的有机碳循环数据分析,乌裕尔河流域的侵蚀土壤最终进入扎龙湿地进行沉积,属于碳汇的范畴。研究结果对于查明土壤侵蚀对土壤有机碳汇/源影响提供了依据。     

从沉积物组成变化看三峡水库蓄水对大宁河沉积环境的影响

对2006年10月采自长江重要支流大宁河中上游河底沉积物约42cm长的岩芯样品进行X射线衍射（XRD）、总碳（TC）和有机碳（TOC）分析。实验结果表明:（1）该研究时段内沉积物中主要的矿物类型是石英和方解石,总碳含量为33～57g／kg,有机碳含量为8～34g／kg;（2）沉积剖面中总碳和有机碳含量从10cm深的部位向岩芯顶部都发生了急剧的下降,沉积物颜色也在此处由灰色转为红褐色,这可能反映了三峡水库蓄水后,在较低的流速状态下,原来处于位置较高、含碳较低的褐红色粘土受水体淹没并被大量输入河流沉积物中,从而引起了泥沙沉积速率的迅速增加;（3）双龙沉积剖面中有机碳的变化结果还显示,在17～10cm深处沉积物有机碳含量大幅度增加,可能是本区域内该时段人类活动引起有机物质急剧输入到河流中的反映。      

南海沉积物总量的统计：方法与结果

通过收集包括大洋钻探钻井岩芯在内的大量地质地球物理资料，获得了南海的沉积物厚度分布格局，并统计了自渐新世以来的沉积总量以及E3、N11、N21、N31、N2、Q各时期的沉积量。结果表明，在前渐新世基底之上，南海海盆中共有7.01×106  km3的沉积物，总质量为1.44×1016吨。以渐新世33 Ma的年龄计，南海的平均堆积速率是12.8 g/(cm2·ka)。南海沉积物主要堆积在陆架和陆坡上，中央海盆的沉积总量不及全部的5%。陆架和陆坡上发育的沉积盆地，如果以沉积厚度2 km为边界，则只占南海总面积的34%，却堆积了南海沉积总量的82%，表明沉积盆地是南海接受沉积物的主体。晚渐新世是南海沉积量最大、堆积速率最高的时期，与全球沉积速率演变有明显差异，显示出边缘海盆地的沉积作用，首先受该地构造作用的控制。     

黄河三角洲内陆到潮滩土壤中碳、氮元素的梯度分布规律

黄河三角洲是我国典型的通过黄河冲积泥沙填海造陆形成的近代沉积区。区域受到黄河冲积、沉积等自然过程和农业耕种熟化等人类活动的双重影响。本研究通过在黄河三角洲地区内陆到河口海湾不同距离采集典型土壤类型剖面发生层样品,探讨土壤有机碳、总氮等生源要素的空间分布规律,为阐明我国典型海岸带地区陆源碳、氮的输送及循环特征提供基础依据。研究结果表明,黄河三角洲内陆与河口地区呈现出完全不同的土壤碳、氮分布规律。表层土壤碳、氮含量在黄河沿岸及三角洲南部均表现出由陆向海逐级递减的空间分布特征,而在黄河刁口流路和清水沟流路沿行水方向有梯度升高的趋势。内陆地区土壤碳、氮与盐分呈一定的负相关关系,表明土壤碳、氮主要受到耕作熟化过程的影响;而在河口地区两者呈显著的正相关关系（p〈0.01）,表明靠近海湾地区土壤碳、氮积累可能受到细颗粒泥沙沉积和滩涂湿地厌氧等环境影响。表层土壤碳、氮比变幅在3.6~8.6之间,说明该地区土壤有机质分解较快,不利于有机碳的积累。土壤剖面中,一些特殊发生层如红色夹黏层、黑色泥炭层对土壤碳、氮的富集具有明显的作用,其中红色夹黏层的土壤碳、氮含量接近耕层土壤。总之,黄河三角洲土壤在耕作垦殖、泥沙沉积等综合作用下形成的空间分布格局以及剖面特征发生层是影响碳、氮封存、释放和增汇等循环过程的关键驱动因素。     

藏南地区海相白垩系富有机质沉积的影响因素浅析

藏南地区白垩纪时期广泛沉积了一套海相富有机质沉积物,而其中与C-T界线缺氧事件有关的黑色页岩引起了广泛关注。但是,其有机碳含量与西特提斯相比明显偏低。因此,有关该区对海相白垩纪富有机质沉积影响机制的认识显得尤为重要。文中选取前人研究程度较高的岗巴宗山Ⅱ剖面、定日贡扎剖面和江孜加不拉剖面、床得剖面,利用其相关数据,定量计算了这些剖面的沉积速率、堆积速率和古生产力值。结果表明,藏南地区沉积速率以C-T界线时期最高,而岗巴、定日地区与江孜地区的沉积速率表现出较大的差异,这主要与沉积环境有关;并且在沉积速率<4cm/ka时,随着沉积速率的增加,有机碳含量随之增加,而沉积速率较大时,则关系不明显。江孜地区初级生产力较低,其缺氧期黑色页岩的形成并不是高生产力的结果,可能与缺氧条件的保存作用相关;对于岗巴和定日地区而言,尽管计算的古生产力较低,但碳同位素正偏以及推测存在的沿岸上升洋流表明,该区白垩纪富有机质沉积拥有高的初级生产力和缺氧的保存条件,表明该区有良好的古海洋条件,富有机质沉积的形成是高生产力、缺氧的保存条件以及低的沉积速率(<4cm/ka)共同作用的结果。而产生有机碳偏低,从而使得计算的古生产力值偏低的原因,则可能与成岩后期强烈的风化作用,导致有机碳的损失有关;另外定日地区C-T期有机碳含量偏低则还与其沉积物粒度有关。     

Carbon Sequestration and Sediment Accretion in San Francisco Bay Tidal Wetlands

Tidal wetlands play an important role with respect to climate change because of both their sensitivity to sea-level rise and their ability to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Policy-based interest in carbon sequestration has increased recently, and wetland restoration projects have potential for carbon credits through soil carbon sequestration. We measured sediment accretion, mineral and organic matter accumulation, and carbon sequestration rates using ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb downcore distributions at six natural tidal wetlands in the San Francisco Bay Estuary. The accretion rates were, in general, 0.2?C0.5?cm?year^?1, indicating that local wetlands are keeping pace with recent rates of sea-level rise. Mineral accumulation rates were higher in salt marshes and at low-marsh stations within individual sites. The average carbon sequestration rate based on ²¹⁰Pb dating was 79?g?C?m^?2?year^?1, with slightly higher rates based on ¹³⁷Cs dating. There was little difference in the sequestration rates among sites or across stations within sites, indicating that a single carbon sequestration rate could be used for crediting tidal wetland restoration projects within the Estuary.     

河北平原土壤有机碳储量及固碳机制研究

利用2005年多目标区域土壤地球化学调查及20世纪70年代末全省第二次土壤普查土壤有机碳数据,对河北平原土壤有机碳密度及碳储量的时空变化规律、固碳机制及固碳潜力等问题进行了研究。结果表明,全省第二次土壤普查时土壤有机碳储量124．86Mt,2005年为176．08Mt,26年中增加了41．02％,表现出“碳汇”效应。据...     

Soil Organic Carbon Storage Changes in Coastal Wetlands of the Liaohe Delta,China, Based on Landscape Patterns

Growing wetland loss along a coastal area in China was examined through shoreline recession and land use changes. Carbon storage or sequestration in coastal wetland soils was based on vertical marsh accretion and aerial change data. Marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon through vertical accretion; however, large amounts of carbon previously sequestered in the soil profile are lost through rapid land use changes and shoreline recessions. The Liaohe Delta (LHD) was divided into nine landscape types based on Landsat TM digital images from 1991 to 2011. The distributed areas and transfer matrices of each landscape type were calculated. Combined with the organic carbon content and bulk density of 202 soil surface samples from field investigations in 2012, the soil organic carbon pools and stocks were estimated. Results showed that the soil organic carbon pools varied from 0.58 to 9.75 kg m^?2, and organic carbon storage in the upper 20 cm of soil was 1935.92 × 10⁴ and 1863.87 × 10⁴ t in 1991 and 2011, respectively. We attributed these large losses of carbon to rapid land use changes. The construction of levees along the shoreline has triggered large instantaneous losses of previously sequestered carbon through the destruction of 278.06 km² of tidal flats. Our results reveal that the LHD wetlands might not serve as a desired sink of carbon if maladministration practices are applied. These results can provide scientific guidance for decision makers in determining an effective way to maintain the soil carbon pool in the wetlands of the LHD.     

Contemporary Rates of Carbon Sequestration Through Vertical Accretion of Sediments in Mangrove Forests and Saltmarshes of South East Queensland,Australia

Mangrove forests and saltmarshes are important habitats for carbon (C) sequestration in the coastal zone but variation in rates of C sequestration and the factors controlling sequestration are poorly understood. We assessed C sequestration in Moreton Bay, South East Queensland in mangrove forests and tidal marshes that span a range of environmental settings and plant communities, including mangrove forests and tidal marshes on the oligotrophic sand islands of the eastern side of Moreton Bay and on the nutrient enriched, western side of the bay adjacent to the city of Brisbane. We found that rates of C sequestration in sediments were similar among mangrove forests over the bay, despite large differences in the C density of sediments, because of different rates of vertical accretion of sediments. The C sequestration on the oligotrophic sand island tidal marshes, dominated by Juncus kraussii, had the highest rate of C sequestration in the bay while the western saltmarshes, which were dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora, had the lowest rate of C sequestration. Our data indicate C sequestration varies among different tidal wetland plant community types, due to variation in sediment characteristics and rates of sediment accretion over time.     

Contemporary Deposition and Long-Term Accumulation of Sediment and Nutrients by Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands Impacted by Sea Level Rise

Contemporary deposition (artificial marker horizon, 3.5 years) and long-term accumulation rates (²¹⁰Pb profiles, ~150 years) of sediment and associated carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) were measured in wetlands along the tidal Savannah and Waccamaw rivers in the southeastern USA. Four sites along each river spanned an upstream-to-downstream salinification gradient, from upriver tidal freshwater forested wetland (TFFW), through moderately and highly salt-impacted forested wetlands, to oligohaline marsh downriver. Contemporary deposition rates (sediment, C, N, and P) were greatest in oligohaline marsh and lowest in TFFW along both rivers. Greater rates of deposition in oligohaline and salt-stressed forested wetlands were associated with a shift to greater clay and metal content that is likely associated with a change from low availability of watershed-derived sediment to TFFW and to greater availability of a coastal sediment source to oligohaline wetlands. Long-term accumulation rates along the Waccamaw River had the opposite spatial pattern compared to contemporary deposition, with greater rates in TFFW that declined to oligohaline marsh. Long-term sediment and elemental mass accumulation rates also were 3–9× lower than contemporary deposition rates. In comparison to other studies, sediment and associated nutrient accumulation in TFFW are lower than downriver/estuarine freshwater, oligohaline, and salt marshes, suggesting a reduced capacity for surface sedimentation (short-term) as well as shallow soil processes (long-term sedimentation) to offset sea level rise in TFFW. Nonetheless, their potentially large spatial extent suggests that TFFW have a large impact on the transport and fate of sediment and nutrients in tidal rivers and estuaries.     

长江三角洲典型地区土壤-水稻系统中Cd的分布及其迁移制约因素

为了弄清楚长江三角洲土壤-水稻系统中Cd污染和迁移制约因素,采集了典型地区的水稻土壤、秸秆、籽实等样品共66组,测试了这些样品中重金属元素和常量元素的含量、土壤pH值和总有机碳含量等参数指标,并对这些参数进行相关性分析,评估水稻土壤与籽实中的Cd污染,探讨Cd空间分布,讨论土壤中pH值和有机质以及其他金属元素对Cd在水稻中积累的制约作用。结果表明：长江三角洲典型地区水稻土壤和籽实都存在Cd含量超标现象,土壤样品中Cd质量分数为（81.39～1 441.00）×10-9,平均值277.40×10-9,而水稻籽实样品中Cd质量分数为（10.44～692.40）×10-9,平均值55.63×10-9;根据土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618—1995）的二级标准,水稻土壤超标率为9.09%,超标样品主要分布在苏州、镇江和常州;根据食品中污染物的限量标准（GB 2762—2005）,水稻籽实Cd含量超标率为4.55%,超标样品集中在苏州和无锡;影响水稻积累Cd的因素有土壤中总有机碳、CaO、MgO、P的含量和pH值;水稻中S和Se含量与Cd含量关系密切,Cd与Zn表现为协同作用,土壤中S、Se和Zn的含量对水稻积累Cd无明显影响;提高土壤中pH值以及增加土壤总有机碳含量,能适当降低水稻中Cd的积累,适当增加土壤中Ca、Mg和P的含量能在一定程度上降低水稻对Cd的吸收。