Variability features of the width of the tropical belt from COSMIC radio occultation data

In this work, we analyzed time-series and trends of the tropical belt edges and widths with three methods based on the tropopause using new global positioning system radio occultation(GPS RO) data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate(COSMIC) mission for September 2006–February 2014. The results from the three methods agreed well with previous studies and new features were found. To avoid the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation(QBO) influence, we applied a simple multiple linear regression model to the monthly anomalies to obtain the tropical belt edges and width trends. During the study, we found equatorward movements of the tropical belt edges on both hemispheres. The narrowing of the tropical belt mainly occurred in the Pacific Ocean. We also found that the deseasonalized monthly anomalies of the tropical belt width were closely related with the ENSO and QBO. The tropical belt at a height of 15 km was mostly closely related with the ENSO. The correlations between the QBO and the tropical belt were consistent for the three methods.     

A CONTROL OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL BODY ANOMALIES*

In magnetic routine interpretation the comparison of two-dimensional model curves with measured magnetic anomalies is widely used for an approximate evaluation of the position and depth of magnetic models. Before starting an interpretation of a survey by means of two-dimensional models, it is very useful to have an idea of the shape of anomalies caused by extended but finite bodies, taking into account various strike directions: Three sets of anomalies of thin plates (horizontal length 19, downward length 9, width 1) dipping 30°, 60°, and 90° resp. for various strike directions and an inclination of 20° were computed. Some of these anomalies, e.g. those with nearly N-S strike direction look rather complicated, and at the first glance one would not expect that they are caused by such simple bodies. Several profiles crossing the computed anomalies perpendicularly were interpreted two-dimensionally. For less extended anomalies the depths determined for the top of the plates are 10-20% too small, the magnetization amounts to 50–75 % of the value of the finite bodies. The interpretation of the profiles covering more extended anomalies gave very accurately the same values for the position, depth and magnetization for the two-dimensional body as for the original three-dimensional model. Anomalies of vertical prisms with varying extensions in the y-direction were computed. Their differences in amplitude and in the distance maximum-minimum show that interpretation of short anomalies by two-dimensional methods yields depth errors of up to 20 percent. To see the possibilities of the separation of superimposed anomalies dike anomalies were added to the anomaly of a broad body in great depth and several attempts were made to interpret parts of the composite anomalies. The interpreted bodies lie too deep. In complicated cases the depth values can have large errors, but experienced interpreters should be able to keep the errors in the range of one third of the depth values.     

应用加强解析信号倾斜角进行位场数据的边界检测

边界检测在地球物理位场数据解释中占有重要位置.现有的传统边界识别方法有的不能同时显示不同振幅的异常边界,有的虽然能均衡不同振幅的异常,但识别出来的边界信息中含有一些额外的错误的边界信息,尤其是当测量的异常中同时含有正异常和负异常时.目前已有的去除额外错误边界信息的方法存在着一定的人为主观性.为了解决这些问题,本文定义了加强解析信号倾斜角来进行地质体边界识别.通过模型试验证明了该方法不仅能同时清晰地识别深部和浅部地质体的边界,而且能有效地避免引入一些错误边界信息.最后将该方法应用到四川盆地的重力异常数据中,并取得了良好边界结果.     

Structural model of the Trieste Gulf: A proposal

The onshore geology of the Trieste Gulf is well known in Italian reliefs, as well as in Slovenian and Croatian ones (Istria peninsula). In the northeastern and southern part carbonate platforms outcrop mainly in shelf facies of the Cretaceous to the Paleogene ages and are covered by Eocene flysch deposits. In the northern part the Gulf is closed by the coastal line of the Friuli plain composed mainly of glacio-fluvial deposits of Quaternary age.From a structural point of view, overthrusts set in a typical Dinaric NW–SE direction dominate and where one can identifiy many tectonic units with a SW vergence, tending to overlap the Mesozoic–Paleogene carbonate units which lie over the Eocene terrigenous ones. In this general picture, some sub-vertical faults with an anti-Dinaric NE–SW orientation and a strike-slip activity, cut the previous overthrusts.On the other hand the offshore geological knowledge of the Gulf is scarce due also to the absence, in the inner part of the Gulf, of exploration wells.Only recent studies on some tectonic structures of the Trieste Gulf revealed by geophysical explorations made a few years ago, have suggested making a hypothesis on its formation that has never been studied before. The model proposed here starts from the hypothesis that all tectonic lines that come from the Italian, Slovene and Croatian coastline, continue offshore. This is validated by highlighting all the geometries and morphologic anomalies obtained by analyzing various documents that regard the buried subsoil and obtained through geophysical prospections. With this idea, the maps showing the isobaths of the top of the limestones, the depth and structures of the top of the flysch, the isobaths of the base of the Quaternary deposits and the morphology of the actual sea bed were compared.All these documents present many morphological elements, found repeatedly on maps with different finalities but which appear coherent with the general picture of the structural outcrop and with the starting hypothesis. Hence, the Gulf of Trieste, is situated on a graben defined by master faults in an anti-Dinaric NE–SE direction. These extend into the Gulf from two vertical faults documented in the onshore with a transtensional effect, and cut the NW–SE Dinaric thrusts that carry on length-wise into the offshore from the Istria coast. On the basis of the geometry of the top of the buried limestones and other pieces of evidence, we hypothesize also a new line, NE–SW oriented (Aquileia line) that could actually separate two buried sectors of limestone platform each with a different evolution.     

位场数据解释的Theta-Depth法

Theta图是利用位场(重磁)数据识别边界的常用方法,其表达式为重磁异常水平变化与垂直变化的比值函数.该方法计算浅源地质体边界的效果较好,而由于深源位场数据在换算过程中会产生趋同效应,在深源地质体识别应用中计算结果不准确,为此,本文提出Theta-Depth法并进行地质体埋深的计算.首先给出直接利用Theta图像进行场源体深度估算的方法,然后推导出基于Theta导数的线性方程来自动估算场源位置参数,本文方法可有效地利用Theta图像的特征为约束条件来提高反演结果的精度.理论模型试验证明本文提出的Theta-Depth法能有效地计算出场源体位置和深度.将该方法应用于满都拉地区实测磁数据的解释,帮助圈定了矿脉的分布.     

OFFSHORE USE OF THE SELF-POTENTIAL METHOD*

An offshore self-potential array, towed behind a small boat, has recorded anomalies of up to ?300 mV. These anomalies were related to conductive onshore deposits, and appear to be caused by offshore extensions of the deposits. Along with locating onshore deposits and their offshore extensions, the system may be useful for locating offshore deposits with no onshore extension. The background noise level of the system typically is a few tenths of a millivolt, allowing reliable recording of one millivolt gradient anomalies under average sea conditions.     

鄂东南富水金矿带成矿地质特征及找矿标志

本文介绍了富水金矿带区域地质、金矿带地层、构造及典型矿床地质特征,矿床属中、低温渗滤热卤水型金矿-卡林型金矿,金为微细粒浸染型金,肉眼甚至一般光学显微镜中均不可见。作者根据本区金矿体的分布及赋存情况,结合区域成矿地质条件和化探异常分布,对金矿带找矿标志进行了总结。     

基于水平方向解析信号的均衡重力位场边界识别方法

边界识别技术是位场数据解释中一项基本的工作,现有的边界识别方法多存在边界识别结果发散和不能均衡深浅地质体异常的缺点.目前一些均衡边界识别方法会因正负异常同时存在而引起额外的错误边界或者存在人为主观因素去除错误边界信息的缺点.本文充分利用重力位场张量梯度的多信息成分,提出利用水平方向解析信号及其垂向导数与传统的均衡边界识别方法做结合的方式定义新的探测边界的方法.通过理论模型试验证明新方法同传统方法相比,能够更加清晰、准确的圈定出深浅地质体的边界.最后将新的边界识别方法应用到实测重力异常数据解释中,取得了良好的边界识别结果并能够发现更多的构造细节.     

利用加强水平方向总水平导数对位场全张量数据进行边界识别

位场全张量梯度数据以其信息量大、含有更高频的信号成分,能更好地描述小的异常特征等优点在地球物理领域中得到广泛应用.边界检测是位场解释中不可缺少的任务,需要新的边界探测器来处理位场梯度张量数据.为了充分利用位场梯度张量数据的多信息成分,本文定义了方向总水平导数和加强方向总水平导数,并利用其定义新的边界检测器.为了能同时显示不同振幅大小异常的边界,本文对其进行了归一化处理.通过模型试验,证明了归一化方法能更加清晰准确地显示浅部和深部的地质体边界信息.最后将该边界检测方法用于加拿大圣乔治湾实际测得全张量重力梯度数据和中国朱日和地区的磁异常数据中,并得到了较好的边界检测结果.     

南海东北部滨海断裂带的研究现状与展望

南海东北部滨海断裂带由于其在南海中所处的特殊地理位置及在华南沿海和南海北部陆架两个构造区域中的重要作用，一直倍受中外地球工作者关注。本文总结了滨海断裂带地球物理方面的最新研究成果及目前所存在的问题，阐明了滨海断裂带两测地壳结构特征明显不同，并特别指出，加强滨海断裂带深部结构研究，同时综合周边已知的地球物理资料，解决滨海断裂带的构造属性问题、中地壳低速层问题及探讨滨海断裂带与地震活动性的关系是今后的研究重点与突破方向。     

二度体重、磁异常频谱与三度体重、磁异常频谱关系的理论问题

设F（x-ξ,y,z,η,ζ,α,…）为一在x方向无限薄的层的异常,若物体的异常可表示为: T（x,y）=integral from n=a to （a+2c）（F（x-ξ,y,z,η,ζ,α,…））dξ T（y）=integral from n=-∞ to ∞（F（x-ξ,y,z,η,ζ,α,…））dξ 则有 式中T（v）和T（u,v）分别为T（y）和T（x,y）的频谱,2c是物体在x方向的宽度,（x,y,z）和（ξ,η,ζ）分别为观测点和物体上任一点的坐标。 如果2c=dξ,则物体即为薄层本身;如果2c=dξ,薄层的面积无限缩小,则物体即为一质点;如果2c=dξ,薄层只有长度而无宽度,则物体即为一曲线。 对于形状复杂的物体,可以将物体分成若干简单而又符合所述条件的物体元,而有式中2c_m为第m个物体元在x方向的宽度,T_m（v）为第m个物体元当其沿x方向的长度为无限长时的异常的频谱。     

Strong intrusions of the Northern Mediterranean Current on the eastern Gulf of Lion: insights from in-situ observations and high resolution numerical modelling

The Northern Mediterranean Current is the return branch of the cyclonic circulation of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Because of geostrophic constraints, this warm and oligotrophic current is forced to flow westward along the continental slope of the Gulf of Lion. But, occasionally, it penetrates on the shelf and strongly impacts the local biogeochemistry and in turn the primary production. By combining in situ observations and high-resolution modelling, it is shown that intrusions on the eastern part of the gulf are mainly forced by easterly or northwesterly wind events, through physical mechanisms that are very different in nature. Easterlies induce a piling of water along the Gulf of Lion coast that drives, through geostrophy, an alongshore shelf-intruding current. This intrusive current occurs independently of the stratification and is concomitant with the wind forcing. On the other hand, intrusions due to northwesterlies only occur during stratified conditions and are related to the development of upwellings along the Gulf of Lion coasts. When the upwelling develops, a northwestward alongshore pressure force balances the Coriolis force associated with the onshore flow at depth. When the winds drop, the upwelling relaxes and the onshore flow weakens. Consequently, the Coriolis force no longer counterbalances the pressure force that ultimately dominates the momentum balance, causing the displacement of the Northern Current on the Gulf of Lion shelf approximately 1 day after the wind relaxation. This time lag between the northwesterlies decrease and the intrusions permits to anticipate possible changes in the biogeochemistry of the Gulf of Lion.     

倒楔运动与地震带的关联性研究

研究认为,地震是楔块运动引起的,楔块运动的主要动力来自于楔块内部的隐爆一均衡作用。“两堑夹一垒”是楔块运动系统的基本形式。研究发现,大洋中脊地震带、环太平洋地震带和大陆裂谷地震带（以郯庐断裂地震带为例）均位于“两堑夹一垒”楔块系统中,其中一垒的活动,即倒楔的运动与地震带紧密相关。     

Fate of drilling waste discharges and ecological risk assessment in the Egyptian Red Sea: an aquivalence-based fuzzy analysis

Egypt is located in the Northeast of Africa where oil and gas (O&G) are produced offshore from the Gulf of Suez and the Southeast part of the Mediterranean. The O&G production in Egypt is distributed as follows: 70% from Gulf of Suez, 16% from Western desert, 8% from the Sinai Peninsula and 6% from Eastern desert. Past O&G activities, refining and transport have resulted in chronic pollution in Egyptian offshore and numerous environmental programs have been initiated to protect new development areas from the environmental impacts. The offshore drilling process uses drilling fluids (mud) and generates waste fluids and cuttings, which could be the largest discharges going into the receiving water bodies. There are several options to manage offshore drilling wastes: offshore discharge, offshore down-hole injection and onshore disposal. Water-based drilling fluids (WBF) are commonly employed for drilling in Egyptian offshore because of their expected environmental benign behavior. The main objective of this paper is to develop a methodology to determine the fate of heavy metals associated with WBF drilling waste in the marine environment and estimate the associated ecological risks. Proposed contaminant fate model is based on an aquivalence approach, which has been integrated with fuzzy-based analysis to study the uncertainties. This research concluded that the impacts of heavy metals associated with the drilling waste discharges in the receiving waters are minimal.     

Hierarchy modeling of subsurface palaeochannel reservoir architecture

The studies on fluvial reservoir architecture are mainly aimed at outcrop and modern deposition,but rarely at the subsurface reservoir,so there are few effective methods to predict the distribution of subsurface reservoir architectures. In this paper,taking the meandering river reservoir of Guantao formation Gudao Oilfield,Jiyang depression,Baohai Gulf Basin,East China as an example,the archi-tectural modeling method of complex meandering belt reservoir is proposed,that is hierarchy con-straint,pattern fitting and multi-dimensional interaction. Architectures of meandering river reservoir can be divided into three hierarchies: meandering channel sandbody,point bar and lateral accretion body. Different hierarchies of the quantitative architecture pattern are fitted to subsurface well data (including dynamic monitoring data) in different hierarchies through one-dimensional hole,2D profiles and plane and 3D space,which are verified by each other. And then 3D model in different hierarchies is established. At the same time,the quantificational relationship between width of active river and the scale of point bar is set up,and the scale of lateral accretion sand body and shale beddings is con-firmed with horizontal well data. The study not only has significant meaning on the development of geology,but also can improve the oilfield exploitation greatly.     

张渤地震带及邻区近震体波成像及孕震环境分析

针对张渤地震带深部孕震构造环境和地幔岩浆对地壳底侵作用的问题,本文充分收集了华北地区区域数字地震台网176个固定台站记录到的观测数据,应用近震体波层析成像方法,获得了华北地区地壳的P波三维速度结构和V_P/V_S波速比.依据V_P/V_S波速比能反映岩石物理性质和流变学特征的特性,并结合人工地震测深剖面、大地电磁测深、地球化学等成果,讨论了张渤地震带的孕震环境和动力学机制等问题.研究结果显示：张渤地震带强震位于高低速异常分界线附近或偏向高速体一侧,震源体下方均存在广泛的低速异常分布,据此推测这些低速异常的存在可能与流体有关,同时也揭示出张渤地震带地震主要分布在上地壳,从震源深度分布及地壳物性结构分析上地壳具有发震的构造背景,也有发震的物性基础,是一个易震层和多震层.张渤地震带地壳内部在20 km下方存在偏高的波速比特征,这些可能反映了在该区域内中、上地壳幔源物质的侵入和热状态的岩体在横向上的变化,可能是地幔岩浆长期底侵作用的结果.由于深部幔源物质的侵入,使得地壳深部流体的供给量增加,在地壳发震层下长期存在的流体会影响断裂带的结构,降低断裂带的强度,使区域应力场发生变化从而导致断裂带上应力的集中,进而引发地震发生.     

Attempt to identify seismic sources in the eastern Mitidja basin using gravity data and aftershock sequence of the Boumerdes (May 21, 2003; Algeria) earthquake

In order to try to identify the seismogenic sources in the epicentral area, we interpreted data collected from gravity and aftershocks in the eastern part of the Mitidja basin after the occurrence of the 21 May 2003 Boumerdes earthquake (Mw = 6.8). The residual gravity anomaly and the horizontal gradient maps revealed the basement shape and density discontinuities. A seismotectonic model obtained from the aftershocks distribution and gravity data is proposed. This model highlights three active faults: one offshore and two onshore. The offshore reverse fault striking NE-SW, parallel to the coast, is consistent with the USGS focal mechanism of the main event, which is assumed to have the most moment release. The two onshore dipping blind active faults are postulated at crossing angles near the SW tip of the main fault. The interpretation is based mainly on the re-location and distribution of aftershocks, and their focal solutions. It is also supported by the basin structures obtained from the inversion and interpretation of residual gravity anomalies, as well as by additional compiled information such as the pattern of coastal co-seismic uplift. This configuration puts forward the failure mode complexity during the main shock. The topography of the basement obtained from 3D gravity inversion shows that all the onshore located aftershocks occurred in the basement, and the area between the two onshore faults rose as a consequence of their sliding.     

基于改进的小子域滤波的重力异常及重力梯度张量边缘增强(英文)

针对利用重磁资料增强地质体边界在图像中的视觉效果和提高地质解译的准确性问题,提出应用改进的小子域滤波方法对重力异常及重力梯度张量数据进行增强处理。根据滑动窗口子域平均选择原理,探讨了改进的小子域滤波方法在位场异常数据含有高斯白噪声时,不同窗口大小对地质体边界的识别效果及其在具有不同边界延伸方向地质体中的应用效果。模型试验结果表明,利用改进的小子域滤波对重力梯度张量数据进行增强处理,得到的地质体边界形态失真更小,且受滤波窗口大小、噪声以及地质体边界方向的影响较小;对深部场源体,通过增大滤波窗口的方式,可以较好地反映深部场源体的边界。结合黑龙江省虎林盆地重力异常以及计算的重力梯度张量的处理实例表明改进的小子域滤波法较传统的小子域滤波法增强了对断裂水平位置信息的识别。     

空间归一化边界识别方法用于判断地质体的水平位置及深度(英文)

边界识别是重磁数据解释中的常用方法之一,依据其结果可划分出地质体的水平范围。边界识别结果受地质体埋深及导数计算误差的影响所识别边界与真实边界之间存在一定的差距,且边界识别法无法直观地给出地质体的深度信息。为了获得异常体的水平位置和深度信息,本文提出空间归一化边界识别方法,其对不同深度的边界识别函数进行归一化计算,空间归一化边界识别法的最大值对应于异常体的水平位置和深度。常规边界识别结果的误差随理深的减小而减小,而空间归一化边界识别法是通过最大值来判断地质体的位置,最大值是在地质体处获得,因此归一化边界识别方法所获得的结果是准确的。通过理论模型试验证明归一化边界识别方法能有效地完成异常体的水平位置和深度的计算,所获得的水平位置和深度信息与理论值相一致,为下一步的勘探计划提供了更加可靠的依据。将其应用于实际航磁数据的解释,获得了断裂的具体分布形式。     

青藏高原北部地区弱震空间图像特征与中短期地震预测方法

通过对青藏高原北部地区31次地震的研究,确定了震前地震活动图像的中短期预测指标以及中期向短期过渡的异常判据及预测方法。研究结果表明,中强地震前普遍存在地震空区、弱震条带、前兆地震或震群、地震活动增强和平静等异常图像,所表现出的异常时间存在很大的差异。具有中短期特征的弱震空区(段)和条带一般出现在震前1～3a,平均持续时间1a,在空区解体后1～6个月发生地震。大多数前兆地震或震群活动属于短临异常,一般出现在震前几天至6个月,震级差为1．0～2．3,距离震中5～60km,空间上主要集中在祁连山地震带。地震活动增强以应力集中为主,属于短期异常特征。异常图像在时间上表现为中期阶段以孕震空区、弱震条带、地震活动增强和平静等异常,异常比较显著且不同步;短临阶段出现前兆地震和地震空区停止活动而形成的临震前的相对平静。异常图像在空间上具有较明显的分区性,与区域活动构造有一定的关系。