融合形状和光谱的高空间分辨率遥感影像分类

提出了一种像元形状指数及基于形状和光谱特征融合的高（空间）分辨率遥感影像分类方法。形状和光谱是遥感影像纹理的具体表现形式,尤其在高分辨率影像中地物细节得到充分表达,相邻像元的关系及其共同表征的形状特性成为分类的重要因素。本文用像元及其邻域的关系来描述其空间结构,同时为了更全面地利用影像特征,提出了基于支持向量机的形状和光谱融合分类方法。实验证明,该方法计算简便且能有效表达高分辨率影像的地物特征,提高分类精度。     

Analyzing fine-scale wetland composition using high resolution imagery and texture features

In order to monitor natural and anthropogenic disturbance effects to wetland ecosystems, it is necessary to employ both accurate and rapid mapping of wet graminoid/sedge communities. Thus, it is desirable to utilize automated classification algorithms so that the monitoring can be done regularly and in an efficient manner. This study developed a classification and accuracy assessment method for wetland mapping of at-risk plant communities in marl prairie and marsh areas of the Everglades National Park. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers were tested using 30.5 cm aerial imagery, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), first and second order texture features and ancillary data. Additionally, appropriate window sizes for different texture features were estimated using semivariogram analysis. Findings show that the addition of NDVI and texture features increased classification accuracy from 66.2% using the ML classifier (spectral bands only) to 83.71% using the SVM classifier (spectral bands, NDVI and first order texture features).     

广义马尔可夫随机场及其在多光谱纹理影像分类中的应用

在二维马尔可夫随机场模型的基础上，提出顾及波段间的空间相关性，发展了一种适用于多光谱纹理影像分类的广义马尔可夫随机场模型。鉴于广义马尔可夫随机场模型的复杂性，利用最大伪似然法建立了求解模型参数的简化方程式，实现了纹理特征的快速提取。结合提取的纹理特征影像和光谱特征影像，采用概率松弛算法实现影像的分类。实验证明，提出的基于广义马尔可夫随机场的多光谱纹理影像分类算法克服了传统的基于光谱特征的分类算法的局限性，提高了纹理影像的分类精度。     

Vegetation species mapping in a coastal-dune ecosystem using high resolution satellite imagery

Vegetation mapping is a priority when managing natural protected areas. In this context, very high resolution satellite remote sensing data can be fundamental in providing accurate vegetation cartography at species level. In this work, a complete processing methodology has been developed and validated in a complex vulnerable coastal-dune ecosystem. Specifically, the analysis has been carried out using WorldView-2 imagery, which offers spatial and spectral resolutions. A thorough assessment of 5 atmospheric correction models has been performed using real reflectance measures from a field radiometry campaign. To select the classification methodology, different strategies have been evaluated, including additional spectral (23 vegetation indices) and spatial (4 texture parameters) information to the multispectral bands. Likewise, the application of linear unmixing techniques has been tested and abundance maps of each plant species have been generated using the library of spectral signatures recorded during the campaign. After the analysis conducted, a new methodology has been proposed based on the use of the 6S atmospheric model and the Support Vector Machine classification algorithm applied to a combination of different spectral and spatial input data. Specifically, an overall accuracy of 88,03% was achieved combining the corrected multispectral bands plus a vegetation index (MSAVI2) and texture information (variance of the first principal component). Furthermore, the methodology has been validated by photointerpretation and 3 plant species achieve significant accuracy: Tamarix canariensis (94,9%), Juncus acutus (85,7%) and Launaea arborescens (62,4%). Finally, the classified procedure comparing maps for different seasons has also shown robustness to changes in the phenological state of the vegetation.     

利用面向对象的分类方法从IKONOS全色影像中提取河流和道路

传统的基于像素的统计特征的分类方法在处理高分辨率影像的分类问题上遇到了很大的困难。本研究利用面向对象的影像分析方法对IKONOS全色影像进行了河流与道路的分类,包括利用影像对象的光谱特征的初次分类和利用子目标对象的线特征的二次分类两个过程;其中初次分类由于仅依据光谱信息,不能很好地将河流或道路与其他光谱特征相似的地物区分开,而通过引入子目标的形状特征进行二次分类,就可以准确地将河流与道路提取出来。试验结果表明,面向对象的分类方法能够满足高分辨率或纹理影像的分类需要,具有很大的应用潜力。     

基于SVM决策支持树的城市植被类型遥感分类研究

城市植被类型不同,生物量不同,其生态功能与绿化效应也不同。在目前难直接获取城市“绿量”实测数据的情况下,可以绿地面积和植被类型间接反映绿地的生物量和绿化效应。本文利用高分辨率卫星影像IKONOS,以实验区与验证区城市植被类型信息为对象,在对常用的参数和非参数分类方法进行对比实验的基础上,对SVM的核函数进行了分析,构建了基于SVM决策树的城市植被类型分类模型。分类实验结果表明：与其他传统方法分类结果比较,SVM的决策树分类方法对植被类型的分类精度达到83．5％,绿化面积总精度接近95％,取得了良好的效果。     

高分辨率影像的植被分类方法对比研究

高分辨率影像的纹理信息可解决用光谱分类面临的“同物异谱”和“同谱异物”问题,更精确地分辨地物的细微变化,但将纹理作为主要信息进行植被分类的研究较少。本文以南京市钟山景区为例,利用IKONOS影像数据的纹理信息进行植被分类,并将结果与用光谱信息、植被指数信息的分类结果比较。共使用了4个灰度共生矩阵纹理量：CON（对比）、COR（相关）、HOM（同质）和MCON（改进的对比）分析各类植被的纹理表征设阈值分割;用3个植被指数：NDVI（归一化指数）、MSAVI（改进的土壤调节指数）和SAVI（土壤调节指数）（L取0.5和5）选择发现SAVI5最能区分。对纹理和指数信息均设各类型的阈值进行分割提取;基于光谱信息分别用最小距离监督分类和ISODATA非监督分类。研究中先进行数据恢复,再分别用三种信息将试验区植被分为6类：草地、竹林、常绿针叶林、常绿阔叶林、混交林和园地,最后将三种方法4个结果进行比较。精度评价的结论是：纹理信息分类的精度最高,植被指数次之,光谱信息中的非监督分类最低,纹理反映地物光谱及差异信息,可作为最佳方法用于植被分类。     

Evaluation of Morphological Texture Features for Mangrove Forest Mapping and Species Discrimination Using Multispectral IKONOS Imagery

This letter aims to exploit morphological textures in discriminating three mangrove species and surrounding environment with multispectral IKONOS imagery in a study area on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Morphological texture features are utilized to distinguish red (Rhizophora mangle), white (Laguncularia racemosa), and black (Avicennia germinans) mangroves and rainforest regions. Meanwhile, two fusion methods are presented, i.e., vector stacking and support vector machine (SVM) output fusion, for integrating the hybrid spectral–textural features. For comparison purposes, the object-based analysis and the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) textures are adopted. Results revealed that the morphological feature opening by reconstruction (OBR) followed by closing by reconstruction (CBR) and its dual operator CBR followed by OBR gave very promising accuracies for both mangrove discrimination (89.1% and 91.1%, respectively) and forest mapping (91.4% and 93.7%, respectively), compared with the object-based analysis (80.5% for mangrove discrimination and 82.9% for forest mapping) and the GLCM method (81.9% and 87.2%, respectively). With respect to the spectral–textural information fusion algorithms, experiments showed that the SVM output fusion could obtain an additional 2.0% accuracy improvement than the vector-stacking approach.      

高分六号宽幅多光谱数据人工林类型分类

高分六号(GF-6)卫星于2018年成功发射,2019-03正式投入使用。由于GF-6宽幅相机的WFV(Wide Field of View)影像较GF-1的同类影像新增2个红边波段,将会提高对农业、林业、草原等资源监测能力。为了分析GF-6的WFV影像在人工林分类方面的能力,促进高分数据在林业领域的应用,本文选取广西高峰林场为研究区,以最新的GF-6 WFV影像为数据源,结合地面实测类型数据,进行广西南宁高峰林场的桉树,杉木等人工林类型提取。主要运用随机森林(random forests)的分层分类法:首先计算6种植被指数,并利用随机森林法进行植被指数的特征优选,然后确定4种波段组合数据集的分类方案,4种数据集分别为(1)无红边的前4个波段,(2)有红边的8个波段,(3) 8个波段加上未优化的植被指数特征组合,(4) 8个波段加上优化的植被指数特征组合。再进行WFV影像4种数据集的随机森林分类,随机森林采用分类回归树(CART)算法来生成分类树,结合了bagging和随机选择特征变量的优点,是一种有效的分类方法。最后比较4个方案的分类结果并进行精度验证。结果表明:方案2比方案1精度提高了4.99%,Kappa系数提高了0.058。说明包含红边的8波段数据比4个波段数据精度有大幅提升。方案4的8波段加上优化植被指数特征组合的分类精度最高,达到了85.38%,比方案2包含红边波段组和方案1无红边波段组的精度分别提高了3.98%,8.97%,Kappa系数分别提高了0.046,0.104。说明WFV影像加入红边波段比无红边波段精度明显增高。由结果可知,红边指数的引入,增强了植被信息,能够较准确地反映人工林类型特征差异,明显提升了人工林的分类精度。本研究方法可以有效改善广西人工林类型信息提取效果,为GF-6影像质量的评价及其在林业应用潜力提供科学参考依据。     

Monitoring Detailed Land‐Cover Changes in Shrubland Habitat Reserves Using Multi‐temporal IKONOS Data

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore the utility of multi‐temporal, multi‐spectral image data acquired by the IKONOS satellite system for monitoring detailed land cover changes within shrubland habitat reserves. Sub‐pixel accuracy in date‐to‐date registration was achieved, in spite of the irregular relief of the study area and the high spatial resolution of the imagery. Change vector classification enabled features ranging in size from tens of square meters to several hectares to be detected and six general land cover change classes to be identified. Interpretation of the change vector classification product in conjunction with visual inspection of the multi‐temporal imagery enabled identification of specific change types such as: vegetation disturbance and associated increase in soil exposure, shrub removal, urban edge vegetation clearing and fire maintenance, increase in vegetation cover, spread of invasive plant species, fire scars and subsequent recovery, erosional scouring, trail and road development, and expansion of bicycle disturbances.     

面向对象分类的特征空间优化

为提高图像处理效率, 探讨了面向对象分类的特征空间优化方法。以区域增长算法获得的对象为处理单元, 根据植被在IKONOS影像上的表征, 初步选择了6个形状、2个位置、17个光谱和6个纹理特征, 共计31个作为初始特征空间。首先根据每组中特征所代表的信息量和特征之间的相关性, 去掉与其他特征相关性强而方差较小的特征, 将特征空间维降到23;以识别城区植被为目标, 根据220个植被样本计算2—23维特征空间的类间J-M距离, 以最小J-M和平均J-M距离为依据选择最优特征空间, 将特征空间维降到14;最后利用     

An object-based approach for mapping forest structural types based on low-density LiDAR and multispectral imagery

Mapping forest structure variables provides important information for the estimation of forest biomass, carbon stocks, pasture suitability or for wildfire risk prevention and control. The optimization of the prediction models of these variables requires an adequate stratification of the forest landscape in order to create specific models for each structural type or strata. This paper aims to propose and validate the use of an object-oriented classification methodology based on low-density LiDAR data (0.5 m^?2) available at national level, WorldView-2 and Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery to categorize Mediterranean forests in generic structural types. After preprocessing the data sets, the area was segmented using a multiresolution algorithm, features describing 3D vertical structure were extracted from LiDAR data and spectral and texture features from satellite images. Objects were classified after feature selection in the following structural classes: grasslands, shrubs, forest (without shrubs), mixed forest (trees and shrubs) and dense young forest. Four classification algorithms (C4.5 decision trees, random forest, k-nearest neighbour and support vector machine) were evaluated using cross-validation techniques. The results show that the integration of low-density LiDAR and multispectral imagery provide a set of complementary features that improve the results (90.75% overall accuracy), and the object-oriented classification techniques are efficient for stratification of Mediterranean forest areas in structural- and fuel-related categories. Further work will be focused on the creation and validation of a different prediction model adapted to the various strata.     

Examining the Effect of Ancillary and Derived Geographical Data on Improvement of Per-Pixel Classification Accuracy of Different Landscapes

Effective conservation and management of natural resources requires up-to-date information of the land cover (LC) types and their dynamics. Multi-resolution remote sensing (RS) data coupled with additional ancillary topographical layers (both remotely acquired or derived from ground measurements) with appropriate classification strategies would be more effective in capturing LC dynamics and changes associated with the natural resources. Ancillary information would make the decision boundaries between the LC classes more widely separable, enabling classification with higher accuracy compared to conventional methods of RS data classification. In this work, we ascertain the possibility of improvement in classification accuracy of RS data with the addition of ancillary and derived geographical layers such as vegetation indices, temperature, digital elevation model, aspect, slope and texture, implemented in three different terrains of varying topography—urbanised landscape (Greater Bangalore), forested landscape (Western Ghats) and rugged terrain (Western Himalaya). The study showed that use of additional spatial ancillary and derived information significantly improved the classification accuracy compared to the classification of only original spectral bands. The analysis revealed that in a highly urbanised area with less vegetation cover and contrasting features, inclusion of elevation and texture increased the overall accuracy of IKONOS data classification to 88.72% (3.5% improvement), and inclusion of temperature, NDVI, EVI, elevation, slope, aspect, Panchromatic band along with texture measures, significantly increased the overall accuracy of Landsat ETM+ data classification to 83.15% (7.6% improvement). In a forested landscape with moderate elevation, temperature was useful in improving the overall accuracy by 6.7 to 88.26%, and in a rugged terrain with temperate climate, temperature, EVI, elevation, slope, aspect and Panchromatic band significantly improved the classification accuracy to 89.97% (10.84% improvement) compared to the classification of only original spectral bands, suggesting selection of appropriate ancillary data depending on the terrain.     

Landcover Classification in the Taieri River Catchment,New Zealand: A Focus on the Riparian Zone

Abstract

Riparian vegetation has a fundamental influence on the biological, chemical and physical nature of rivers. The quantification of riparian landcover is now recognised as being essential to the holistic study of the ecosystem characteristics of rivers. Medium resolution satellite imagery is now commonly used as an efficient and cost effective method for mapping vegetation cover; however such data often lack the resolution to provide accurate information about vegetation cover within riparian corridors. To assess this, we measure the accuracy of SPOT multispectral satellite imagery for classification of riparian vegetation along the Taieri River in New Zealand. In this paper, we discuss different sampling strategies for the classification of riparian zones. We conclude that SPOT multispectral imagery requires considerable interpretative analysis before being adequate to produce sufficiently detailed maps of riparian vegetation required for use in stream ecological research.     

A multi-resolution satellite imagery approach for large area mapping of ericaceous shrubs in Northern Quebec, Canada

Invasive ericaceous shrubs (e.g. Kalmia angustifolia, Rhododendron groenlandicum, Vaccinium spp.) may reduce the regeneration and early growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) seedlings, the most economically important boreal tree species in Quebec. Our study focused, therefore, on developing a method for mapping ericaceous shrubs from satellite images. The method integrates very high resolution satellite imagery (IKONOS) to guide classifiers applied to medium resolution satellite imagery (Landsat-TM). An object-oriented image classification approach was applied using Definiens eCognition software. An independent ground survey revealed 80% accuracy at the very high spatial resolution. We found that the partial use (70%) of classified polygons derived from the IKONOS images were an effective way to guide classification algorithms applied to the Landsat-TM imagery. The results of this latter classification (78.4% overall accuracy) were assessed by the remaining portion (30%) of unused very high resolution classified polygons. We further validated our method (65.5% overall accuracy) by assessing the correspondence of an ericaceous cover classification scheme done with a Landsat-TM image and results of our ground survey using an independent set of 275 sample plots. Discrimination of ericaceous shrub cover from other land cover types was achieved with precision at both spatial resolutions with producer accuracies of 87.7% and 79.4% from IKONOS and Landsat, respectively. The method is weaker for areas with sparse cover of ericaceous shrubs or dense tree cover. Our method is adapted, therefore, for mapping the spatial distribution of ericaceous shrubs and is compatible with existing forest stand maps.     

航空影像农田类型分类在地理国情监测中的应用研究

航空影像的植被信息提取是遥感影像分类中的难点,仅利用光谱信息难以提取农田类型。本文以江苏农田为主要覆盖的典型区域为研究对象,选择航空影像利用随机森林算法提取不同的农田信息。本研究采用多尺度的分割方法,面向对象实现特征信息提取。根据光谱、纹理以及几何形状特性筛选出较为合适的特征作为参数,利用随机森林算法实现植被二级分类,分类精度达到84.60%,KAPPA系数为0.753,可为地理国情生产提供一定的参考。     

Combined use of LiDAR data and multispectral earth observation imagery for wetland habitat mapping

Although wetlands play a key role in controlling flooding and nonpoint source pollution, sequestering carbon and providing an abundance of ecological services, the inventory and characterization of wetland habitats are most often limited to small areas. This explains why the understanding of their ecological functioning is still insufficient for a reliable functional assessment on areas larger than a few hectares. While LiDAR data and multispectral Earth Observation (EO) images are often used separately to map wetland habitats, their combined use is currently being assessed for different habitat types. The aim of this study is to evaluate the combination of multispectral and multiseasonal imagery and LiDAR data to precisely map the distribution of wetland habitats. The image classification was performed combining an object-based approach and decision-tree modeling. Four multispectral images with high (SPOT-5) and very high spatial resolution (Quickbird, KOMPSAT-2, aerial photographs) were classified separately. Another classification was then applied integrating summer and winter multispectral image data and three layers derived from LiDAR data: vegetation height, microtopography and intensity return. The comparison of classification results shows that some habitats are better identified on the winter image and others on the summer image (overall accuracies = 58.5 and 57.6%). They also point out that classification accuracy is highly improved (overall accuracy = 86.5%) when combining LiDAR data and multispectral images. Moreover, this study highlights the advantage of integrating vegetation height, microtopography and intensity parameters in the classification process. This article demonstrates that information provided by the synergetic use of multispectral images and LiDAR data can help in wetland functional assessment     

Evaluating the impact of red-edge band from Rapideye image for classifying insect defoliation levels

The prospect of regular assessments of insect defoliation using remote sensing technologies has increased in recent years through advances in the understanding of the spectral reflectance properties of vegetation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of the red edge channel of Rapideye imagery to discriminate different levels of insect defoliation in an African savanna by comparing the results of obtained from two classifiers. Random Forest and Support vector machine classification algorithms were applied using different sets of spectral analysis involving the red edge band. Results show that the integration of information from red edge increases classification accuracy of insect defoliation levels in all analysis performed in the study. For instance, when all the 5 bands of Rapideye imagery were used for classification, the overall accuracies increases about 19% and 21% for SVM and RF, respectively, as opposed to when the red edge channel was excluded. We also found out that the normalized difference red-edge index yielded a better accuracy result than normalized difference vegetation index. We conclude that the red-edge channel of relatively affordable and readily available high-resolution multispectral satellite data such as Rapideye has the potential to considerably improve insect defoliation classification especially in sub-Saharan Africa where data availability is limited.     

Assessing integration of intensity,polarimetric scattering,interferometric coherence and spatial texture metrics in PALSAR-derived land cover classification

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an important alternative to optical remote sensing due to its ability to acquire data regardless of weather conditions and day/night cycle. The Phased Array type L-band SAR (PALSAR) onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) provided new opportunities for vegetation and land cover mapping. Most previous studies employing PALSAR investigated the use of one or two feature types (e.g. intensity, coherence); however, little effort has been devoted to assessing the simultaneous integration of multiple types of features. In this study, we bridged this gap by evaluating the potential of using numerous metrics expressing four feature types: intensity, polarimetric scattering, interferometric coherence and spatial texture. Our case study was conducted in Central New York State, USA using multitemporal PALSAR imagery from 2010. The land cover classification implemented an ensemble learning algorithm, namely random forest. Accuracies of each classified map produced from different combinations of features were assessed on a pixel-by-pixel basis using validation data obtained from a stratified random sample. Among the different combinations of feature types evaluated, intensity was the most indispensable because intensity was included in all of the highest accuracy scenarios. However, relative to using only intensity metrics, combining all four feature types increased overall accuracy by 7%. Producer’s and user’s accuracies of the four vegetation classes improved considerably for the best performing combination of features when compared to classifications using only a single feature type.     

面向对象与卷积神经网络模型的GF-6 WFV影像作物分类

GF-6 WFV影像是中国首颗带有红边波段的中高分辨率8波段多光谱卫星的遥感影像,对于其影像及红边波段对作物分类影响的研究利用亟待展开。本文结合面向对象和深度学习提出一种适用于GF-6 WFV红边波段的卷积神经网络(RE-CNN)遥感影像作物分类方法。首先采用多尺度分割和ESP工具选择最佳分割参数完成影像分割,通过面向对象的CART决策树消除椒盐现象的同时提取植被区域,并转化为卷积神经网络的输入数据,最后基于Python和Numpy库构建的卷积神经网络模型(RE-CNN)用于影像作物分类及精度验证。有无红边波段的两组分类实验结果表明:在红边波段组,卷积神经网络(RE-CNN)作物分类识别取得了较好的效果,总体精度高达94.38%,相比无红边波段组分类精度提高了2.83%,验证了GF-6 WFV红边波段对作物分类的有效性。为GF-6 WFV红边波段影像用于作物的分类研究提供技术参考和借鉴价值。