地形积层混合云模式数值试验研究

本文采用数值试验对比分析的方法,利用一维半地形积层混合云模式,分别进行引入与不引入极端水汽源的模拟试验.研究表明,一旦引入极端水汽源,地形积层混合云系统即成为一个极为有效的造雨系统.极端水汽源的引入提供了更加饱和的环境,维持更久的辐合场,还增大了冰相粒子对云水的碰并.这些初步认为是暴雨产生的主要物理原因.     

一维半地形积层混合云模式简介

本文介绍了地形积层混合云的一维半数值模式.该模式在垂直方向上分21层,模拟空间从地面到10600m高度.模式考虑了混合云中水汽、云滴、雨滴、冰晶、霰、雪等6种水质的16种微物理过程,利用卫星云图、常规探空等实测资料提供软件系统的初始启动信息.     

一维半地形积层混合云模式简介

本文介绍了地形积层混合云的一维半数值模式.该模式在垂直方向上分21层,模拟空间从地面到10600m高度.模式考虑了混合云中水汽、云滴、雨滴、冰晶、霰、雪等6种水质的16种微物理过程,利用卫星云图、常规探空等实测资料提供软件系统的初始启动信息.     

东北地区一次积层混合云过程的数值模拟

积层混合云是中国主要的降水云型之一,它的动力和热力特征比单一的层状云或对流云都要复杂。利用NCEP的 1°×1°再分析资料,通过WRF模式对东北地区一次典型积层混合云过程进行数值模拟,通过对模拟结果分析并结合实际资料,从热力和动力方面研究了积层混合云的形成过程。结果表明：从稳定性上分析,此次过程属于潜在不稳定型,在积云初始生成时,对流有效位能并不大,假相当位温随着高度递减,有利于对流的发展;在积云嵌入大片层状云的过程中,水汽高低空辐合辐散场的变化起了决定性作用,热力作用为积层混合云过程提供了条件,动力因素起主要作用。     

辽宁省7～8月降水回波特征

为配合辽宁省夏季人工催化积云试验,沈阳、鞍山雷达和雨量站网在2002~2003年7~8月进行了系统的观测。本文利用雷达资料,分析了辽宁夏季降雨回波类型,并重点研究了积层混合云降水的主要特征。结果得出,辽宁夏季冷涡天气系统降水和江淮梅雨一样,以积层混合云降水为主,大到暴雨常属于强积层混合云降水。     

北京一次积层混合云系结构和水分收支的数值模拟分析

本文利用中国气象科学研究院(CAMS)中尺度云分辨模式对2007年10月的一次积层混合云降水过程进行了数值模拟。利用模拟结果结合实测资料, 研究了积层混合云系的宏微观结构和降水特征, 并分析了云系的水分收支及降水效率。结果表明:积层混合云是导致此次北京降水的主要云型;积层混合云降水分布不均匀, 云系中微物理量的水平和垂直分布都不均匀, 具有混合相云的云物理结构。冷云降水过程占主导地位, 雪的融化对雨水的形成贡献最大。北京区域降水过程的主要水汽源地为黄海海面及蒙古国, 两支气流在陕西北部汇合后的西南气流将水汽输送到华北地区, 北京区域以外, 水汽和水凝物主要从西边界和南边界输送到域内。北京区域降水主要时段内, 水物质通量在水平方向上为净流入。对北京区域水汽、水凝物和总水物质的水分收支各项的估算表明, 水物质基本达到平衡。北京区域从2007年10月5日20时至6日14时, 总水成物降水效率、凝结率、凝华率及总水凝物降水效率分别为5.6%、4.77%、4.19%、44.9%。     

积层混合云数值模拟研究(Ⅱ)──云相互作用及暴雨产生机制

用文（Ⅰ）积层混合云数值模式及暴雨云的平均大气层结模拟研究了暴雨积层混合云的演变过程、两种云的相互作用、云体结构及降水特征，并分析了暴雨产生的物理原因。结果表明，在积层混合云中，当对流发展时其周围层状云减弱甚至消散，层状云的降水强度随着离开对流云距离增大而增大。数值试验说明：层状云给积云提供良好的发展条件，饱和的环境及伴随层状云的辐合场使对流云具有长生命期、产生持续性的高强度降水和间歇性的特高强度降水；积层混合云是一非常有效的降水系统，这些及冰相微物理过程是暴雨产生的主要物理原因。     

石家庄的云、降水和水汽特征

应用1972~2003年石家庄17个站的云、降水资料分析了各类云的发生频率及其降水特征,结果表明:全年而言,积层混合云出现频率高,且降水概率、降水率较大;夏季积状云出现频率高,降水概率、降水率大,对两者增雨机会多。应用2000~2004年常规天气图,对造成石家庄降水的天气系统、云、降水、水汽进行分析,结果显示:西来槽、冷切变、东蒙冷涡和华北低涡出现频率较高,造成的降水次数多,实施增雨的机会多;气旋类、西南涡出现频率低,但过程雨量大,降水持续时间长,是人工增雨不可忽视的天气系统;冷涡类降水时间最短,降水强度大,对其实施人工增雨,作业时机的把握很重要。石家庄上空的水汽含量呈单峰型季节变化,空中水汽资源量明显地受到大气环流和天气系统影响。对水汽通量场分析表明,对流层中高层水汽多来自于孟加拉湾和南海,低层水汽主要来自于东海、黄海,地面近地层水汽源多为黄渤海。     

一次山地积云并合扩展层化过程的数值模拟

因复杂地形下热力和动力抬升对近地面空气的扰动作用,贵州地区容易形成内部嵌有许多小对流单体的积层混合云.选取2005年5月29日发生在贵州省的一次积层混合云降水个例进行分析,并利用WRF模式模拟该云系的生成、发展过程.结果表明:积层混合云由积云并合扩展层化形成,其发展过程经历三个典型的并合阶段.云系的降水特点是降水范围很大,分布不均匀,雨区中存在多个强降水中心,降水量累计最大值可达60 mm,且强降水中心与云中小对流单体的位置对应;积层混合云形成过程中,地面产生强降水的最终原因是,云并合过程中释放的不稳定能量改变了云中的气流场和含水量场.     

福建省古田试验区云系回波特征与人工增雨作业条件分析

利用2008—2012年4—6月古田试验区的新一代天气雷达、探空及地面雨量观测等资料,结合天气形势分析,研究古田试验区云系的回波特征与人工增雨作业条件,结果表明:影响古田试验区的主要天气系统分别为低涡切变、暖区辐合、高空槽和大陆高压。降水云系以积层混合云为主,其次为积状云。天气系统所对应的云系回波类型及降水情况有明显差异,积层混合云的结构有利降水;积层混合云大于25 d Bz的回波面积明显比积状云大,且平均回波顶高和最大回波顶高均比积状云低;积状云的垂直积分液态水含量明显比积层混合云大;积状云和积层混合云的负温层厚度超2 km;积层混合云的最大回波强度、大于25 d Bz的回波面积和负温层厚度与区域平均日雨量有着明显的对应关系。古田试验区积层混合云的作业指标为回波强度大于25 d Bz,大于25d Bz的回波面积S25 d Bz要大于400 km~2,回波顶高大于5.5 km,负温层厚度大于1.5km,垂直积分液态水含量大于1 kg/m~2。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.