飑与冷锋过境的区别及其判定

飑是一种天气系统的活动，通常在冷锋前、切变线附近生成，多出现于夏季。飑是突然发作的强风，出现时风速的大小并无规定。但是飑出现时，风速达到大风标准，则要加记大风现象。     

Atypical occlusion process caused by the merger of a sea-breeze front and gust front

An atypical occlusion process that occurred in North China on 14 July 2011 is studied based on both observations and a real-data Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulation. The results show that this atypical occlusion process was significantly different from the traditional, synoptic-scale occlusion process that occurs within extratropical cyclones. It was caused by the merger of two cold-type mesoscale fronts. One of the fronts developed from the gust front of convective storms, while the other was a sea-breeze front. As the two fronts moved towards each other, the warm air between them was squeezed and separated from the surface. An atypical occluded front was formed when the two fronts merged, with the warm air forced aloft. This kind of occlusion is termed a "merger" process, different from the well-known "catch-up" and "wrap-up" processes. Moreover, local convection was found to be enhanced during the merger process, with severe convective weather produced in the merger area.     

记录飑现象依据的分析

飑:突然发作的强风,持续时间短促。出现时瞬间风速突增,风向突变,气象要素随之亦有剧烈变化,常伴随雷雨出现。这里只给出了飑现象一个比较笼统、概括的定义,造成有些测报人员对它的理解存在模糊和误区,而天气现象的记录主要依据其定义描述的特征来进行判断,这样就使得有的台站在工作中所依据的标准并不十分明确,出现了判断标准不一致,导致飑现象记录的不规范,甚至出现了漏记现象。现就造成这一现象的原因作以下分析,供测报人员参考。1所依据的特征及各要素变化的次序不明确定义里提到的风速突增,风向突变;压、温、湿气象要素随之有剧烈变化,…     

梅雨锋锋生过程的诊断分析

本文分析了一次梅雨锋的锋生过程,并利用锋生函数和温度平衡方程,讨论了影响梅雨锋形成和维持的因子。结果表明:感热加热是使江淮流域低层锋区消失的主要原因,潜热加热以及水平运动造成的变形是维持梅雨锋存在的重要因素。     

渤海湾海风锋与阵风锋碰撞形成雷暴天气的诊断特征

对2007年8月13日天津多普勒天气雷达(CIN RAD WSR/98D)探测的雷暴天气个例进行分析,结果表明:此次雷暴天气是由渤海湾海风锋与阵风锋碰撞形成的;碰撞后,在海风锋前端、阵风锋前部有新的雷暴单体形成;阵风锋后部的对流回波主体加强,对流回波主体由椭圆状加强为典型的弓状。应用天津36个自动气象站的地面六要素资料和北京850 hPa以上探空资料,组成新的诊断资料,对该个例进行诊断分析,结果表明:雷达探测的海风锋前端具有较强的低层垂直风切变梯度和露点温度梯度大值区,海风锋前沿与0～3 km垂直风切变梯度密集区相对应,且与露点温度梯度变化较快的区域基本吻合;海风锋与阵风锋相互碰撞时,0～3 km垂直风切变在2 h内变化较快,且有明显的增加趋势,CAPE(convective available potential energy,对流有效位能)值在雷暴形成前有较明显增加;随着雷暴天气结束,上述特征随之消失。     

Summertime polar front over the Russian plains

The geographical position of the climatological polar front over the Russian plains in summer of 1948–1960, 1961–1990, and 1991–2007 is detailed. The location of the polar front is derived using the frequency of cyclonic centers and the module of horizontal temperature gradient computed from the reanalysis data of UEA CRU 2.5° × 2.5°. The East European and Asian branches of the polar front are reliably distinguished by all indicators. The geographical position of branches differs from S.P. Khromov’s polar front map in July in details only. The present-day southward shift of the polar front over the East European Plain and the northward shift over the West Siberian Plain are revealed relative to the period of 1948–1990.     

A tidal front influenced by river discharge

The detailed structure of an oceanic front found in Osaka Bay, Japan, was observed on board R/V Toyoshio-Maru in May, 1987. The front separates the stratified nearshore region from the well-mixed region of the central part of the bay. The differences of water temperature, salinity and density (σ t) across the front are ∼ 1.5°C, 4.0‰ and 3.0, respectively. The strength of the tidal mixing may be represented by a reciprocal of the parameter H/U³ (where H is the water depth in m and U is the amplitude of the tidal current in m s⁻¹). The front runs in the domain where the value of log(H/U³) ranges from 2.5 to 3.0, showing that tidal stirring plays an important role in its formation. However, the critical value for Osaka Bay is considerably smaller than that for other tidal fronts. The influence of river discharge is taken into account, and it is shown that the front found in Osaka Bay has the nature of a tidal front highly influenced by river discharge. Furthermore, temporal observations of the current, temperature and salinity at the station near the front revealed its vivid and changeable structure.     

一次由海风锋触发的强对流天气分析

1986年8月2日午后天津市出现了一次由海风锋触发引起的强雹暴天气。本文分析了这次雹暴天气过程出现前的环流背景,指出海风锋对这次强对流天气的触发作用,并讨论了这次雹暴天气的中尺度特征及近地面风场的变化。     

Mixing at the front of gravity currents

Observations made with the help of a movable-bed tank designed and operated to freeze the motion of gravity current fronts indicate that both the scale of the apparatus and the magnitude of the current Reynolds number have a strong influence on mixing rates. Low mixing rates are associated with fronts in relatively shallow fresh water depths and low Reynolds numbers. Mixing rates increase more rapidly as the ratio of current thickness to fresh water depth increases. For the deepest fresh water flow conditions, when scale effects can be expected to be negligible, the dimensionless mixing rate is approximately equal to three times the relative current thickness and has an upper limit of about 0.3. Lower mixing rates are observed as the current Reynolds number decreases, suggesting that viscous effects can still exist even for deep fresh water conditions. Application of the experimental results to estimate some parameters of a hypothetical gravity current on the continental shelf yield reasonable values. However, it is clear that, owing to the scale and Reynolds number effects that might be present in laboratory experiments, particular care should be exercised when trying to extrapolate results to gravity currents in nature.