The spatial distribution characteristics of shallow fissures of a landslide in the Wenchuan earthquake area

Shallow fissures, being the main infiltration paths of fluid on the surface of a slope, played an important role in the whole process of a landslide. However, the spatial distribution characteristics of fissures in the slope are difficult to be determined. In this study, we attempted to characterize the variation pattern of slope fissures along depth in the Wenchuan earthquake area in Sichuan Province by combining engineering geological investigation, geomorphologic analysis and geophysical investigation. The geophysical methods that were used in this study include Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). The results suggested that geophysical parameters (shear wave velocity, electromagnetic signals attenuation and resistivity) could provide valuable information for the spatial network of shallow fissures. Through the verification by engineering geological survey and geophysical sensitivity analysis, this work highlighted that MASW was the most appropriate technique to delineate the propagation of shallow fissures in a gravel soil slope.     

Investigation of fractured rock aquifer in South China using electrical resistivity tomography and self-potential methods

Assessment of fractured rock aquifers in many parts of the world is complicated given their strong heterogeneity. Delineation of the subsurface geological formation in the weathered terrain is essential for groundwater exploration. To achieve this goal, 2D electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) and self-potential(SP) in combination with joint profile method(JPM) and boreholes have been carried out to delineate the subsurface geological units, detect the fracture/fault zones in hard rock, monitor the groundwater flow, and estimate the groundwater reserves contained within the weathered terrain at a complex heterogeneous site of Huangbu, South Guangdong of China. The integration of resistivity images with the borehole lithology along three profiles delineates three subsurface distinct layers namely topsoil cover, weathered and unweathered layers. The incorporation of ERT and SP with JPM reveal five fractures/faults, i.e., F_1, F_2, F_3, F_4 and F_5. 2D ERT models interpret the less resistive anomalies as the fractures/faults zones, and high resistive anomalies as the fresh bedrock. The inversion program based on the smoothness-constraint is used on the resistivity field data to get more realistic three layered model. SP measurements are obtained along the same electrical profiles which provide the negative anomalies clearly indicating the groundwater preferential flow pathways along the fracture/fault zones. Hydraulic parameters namely hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were determined to estimate the groundwater resources contained within the fractures/faults. The integrated results suggest that the fractures/faults zones are most appropriate places of drilling for groundwater exploration in the investigated area. Geophysical methods coupled with the upfront borehole data provides better understanding about the conceptual model of the subsurface geological formations. The current investigation demonstrates the importance of the integrated geophysical methods as a complementary approach for groundwater assessment in the hard rock weathered areas.     

琼东南盆地陵水区中央峡谷水道沉积数值模拟

深水峡谷是当今海洋油气勘探领域的研究热点。南海西北部琼东南盆地的中央峡谷已部署了多口深水钻井来勘探沉积充填的岩性油气藏,然而,由于这些探井数量相对有限、井间距离大以及地震资料分辨率较低,峡谷内砂体的叠复关系、边界接触关系以及沉积演化等问题尚不清楚,严重制约着储层空间分布与储层物性的精细刻画。对琼东南盆地陵水区中央峡谷开展了沉积数值模拟研究,根据研究区具体地质背景建立了地质模型和数学模型,通过流体动力学软件ANSYS FLUENT正演模拟了多个沉积期次和多套砂组在不同初始条件（如物源和入流速度）下的浊流沉积几何形态,包括砂体平面分布特征和隔夹层分布特征。模拟结果表明:峡谷平直段内,浊流受底床摩擦力的持续影响,流速降低且湍流强度减弱,使得较粗颗粒可沉降于底床,细颗粒可随浊流头部涡流悬浮;峡谷狭窄段内,浊流头部的湍流较强,侵蚀峡谷壁并使峡谷走向发生偏移,悬浮颗粒受离心力作用形成溢岸沉积;峡谷内砂体展布具有垂向分异性,砂体内部泥岩以夹层为主,厚度一般较小且横向连续性差。与现有地震、钻井资料的对比分析显示本次数值模拟结果具有有效性。本研究成果揭示了中央峡谷不同沉积期次和不同砂组的沉积水动力学过程,进而预测了砂体的空间展布特征,为储层物性预测提供了坚实支撑。      

基于高斯过程回归和高压压汞测定致密砂岩渗透率:以鄂尔多斯盆地长7段致密砂岩为例

致密砂岩由于滑脱效应的存在, 其气测渗透率存在一定误差, 测定绝对渗透率对明确致密砂岩渗流特征有重要意义。高斯过程回归方法是目前最先进的机器学习算法, 在处理石油领域非线性和多维数复杂问题具有优势。以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长7段致密砂岩为研究对象, 将平方指数(SE)和马特恩(Matern)函数作为高斯过程回归模型中两个协方差函数, 通过高压压汞测试的孔隙度、未饱和汞体积比、门槛压力和分形维数来预测致密砂岩的绝对渗透率, 并结合误差分析来研究不同协方差模型预测渗透率的效果。结果表明, 马特恩协方差(Matern)模型的相对误差均值(MMRE)、均方根误差(RMSE)、标准偏差(STD)分别为32%, 0.16和0.57, 准确度较高, 尤其当渗透率小于0.1×10-3 μm2时, 马特恩协方差(Matern)模型精度明显好于平方指数协方差(SE)模型和Winland经验公式。致密砂岩用马特恩模型预测渗透率精度更高。此外, 敏感性分析表明孔隙度对渗透率正影响最大, 门槛压力对渗透率负影响最大; 杠杆值和标准化残差证明高斯过程回归模型预测渗透率的有效性。综上, 马特恩协方差(Matern)模型对渗透率小于0.1×10-3 μm2致密砂岩适用性好, 对微纳米级孔喉发育的致密砂岩勘探评价有重要意义。      

Application of high-frequency magnetotelluric method in porphyry copper deposit exploration: a case study of Duobaoshan deposit area

The Duobaoshan mine area in Heilongjiang is located in the northeast section of Xingmeng orogenic belt and is in the west side of Hegang Mountain-Heihe fault zone .There exist many deposits in this area , and its metallogenic conditions are superior , which has been one of the hotspots in geological prospecting and metal -logenic research in Northeast China .On the basis of previous studies , the authors used the EH-4 electromagnet-ic imaging system to carry out the data acquisition of three survey lines in Woduhe Village , Duobaoshan Town , Nenjiang County .Through the analysis of apparent resistivity section under TE and TM polarization modes , in-tegrating regional geological data , it is concluded that:①the electrical characteristics of the metal ore in this area show a relatively low resistance , and according to its resistivity difference with surrounding rocks , the geo-metrical structures and apparent resistivity parameters of the low resistivity bodies in the lower section of the sur -vey line are defined , and the electrical anomalies can be identified;②faults F1 and F2 may have a good metal-logenic environment , so they are recommended for further exploration;③low resistance metal ore bodies have good correlation with local small structures or faults , which may play an iconic role for the delineation of key target areas;④in the process of using apparent resistivity to define the geometric structures of ore bodies un -derground , comprehensive analysis integrating the advantages of TE and TM models should be carry out to achieve more reliable inversion results .     

乌石凹陷M油田低对比度油藏成因机理及渗透率评价

乌石凹陷M油田主力油组砂体规模较大, 岩性主要为含砾中粗砂岩和砂砾岩, 其次为细砂岩。砂砾岩油层由于受特殊沉积和成岩作用影响, 浅层油层表现为高阻特征, 中深层部分油层电阻率与水层相差不大, 为测井流体性质识别及渗透率定量评价带来较大困难。以核磁、压汞、铸体薄片等实验资料为基础, 从微观研究高阻油层与低对比度油层储层特征的差异, 并且将储层按粒间孔、混合孔、铸模孔分为3类, 建立了M油田储层类型划分标准及渗透率预测模型。结果表明: 孔隙结构的复杂性造成的高束缚水饱和度是导致区域低对比度油层形成的主要原因; 储层分类后渗透率计算精度明显提高, 为油田开发方案的制定与实施及钻后评价奠定了坚实的基础。      

探地雷达方法在特殊含油污水管道渗漏探测中的应用

基于含油污水管道内输送液体温度高、无压和检测区域面层为硬化混凝土的特点,对某厂区含油污水铸铁管道地下渗漏问题,利用探地雷达方法进行了探测.分析表明,污染物在地层中的扩散形态、污染物与孔隙水的导电性和综合介电常数是影响探测结果的主要因素,而这些因素又受到土层孔隙度、饱和度和污染物与孔隙水的相互作用影响,从而改变了土壤污染...     

鄂尔多斯盆地高桥地区本溪组砂岩储层微观孔隙多重分形特征

选取鄂尔多斯盆地高桥地区上古生界本溪组11块砂岩样品,基于岩石薄片及扫描电镜分析储层岩性特征及孔隙结构特征,引入多重分型理论,对砂岩样品核磁共振T₂分布数据进行了研究,探讨了砂岩储层孔隙多重分形特征,并分析了多重分形参数与砂岩孔隙结构参数、矿物组成及砂岩物性参数之间的关系。结果表明:本溪组砂岩多为石英砂岩及岩屑石英砂岩,石英体积分数63%~85%,平均71.45%;岩屑体积分数3%~17.5%,平均10.91%,不含长石,胶结物以高岭石（φ_B为3%~10%,平均6.3%）及碳酸盐（φ_B为0~9%,平均5.65%）为主。储层孔径分布具有多重分形特征,多重分形参数D_min-D_max介于1.16~1.83、D_min/D_max介于2.73~6.92、Δα介于1.37~4.33。研究表明,f（α）-α多重分形奇异谱及q-D_q广义多重分形参数均可用于定量评价储层。多重分形参数与石英含量及岩屑含量分别呈微弱正相关及负相关关系,与填隙物含量呈明显负相关关系。多重分形参数大小与储层渗流能力密切相关,随着渗透率不断增大,多重分形参数表现为先增大、后减小的趋势,因此,并非非均质性越小,储层越好,大量晶间孔的发育可降低储层非均质性,但也会大大制约储层渗流能力。相对较大孔隙发育,且未经过强烈压实、胶结等成岩作用改造,储层非均质性较弱的储层是油气勘探的有利区域。      

内蒙古狼山山前断裂中段大地电磁探测研究

对一条穿过狼山山前断裂中段的宽频带大地电磁剖面进行精细化处理和二维反演,获得该断裂中段及其两侧地块的深部电性结构特征。结果表明,狼山山前断裂表现出明显的高低阻电性边界带,断裂西侧的狼山隆起上地壳表现出较为完整的高阻特征,中下地壳以低阻体为主;狼山山前断裂东侧的临河盆地浅部存在5 km厚的低阻沉积层,沉积层下方可能存在高阻基底。该分布特征表明狼山山前断裂是一条切割地壳尺度的深大断裂,同时具有孕育强震的风险。     

高密度电法在隐伏断裂探测中的应用

应用高密度电法中的温纳和偶极两种探测方法,对北京地区的黄庄 高丽营隐伏断裂进行了探测,结果表明,该断裂的走向、倾向与浅层地震勘探和探槽剖面探测结果非常一致,说明电法探测技术在隐伏断裂探测中有着良好的应用前景。     

镇北-环县地区长4+5油层储层特征及其控制因素

对陇东镇北-环县地区延长组长4+5油层的储集砂体进行了储层岩石学、储层物性、孔隙结构及储层控制因素的研究,结果表明:该区砂岩以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩组成;储层孔隙类型以粒间孔和溶蚀孔为主;孔喉组合以小孔隙-微细喉道为主,压汞实验表明孔隙结构较好,主流喉道半径较大。长4+5储层物性整体相对较好,孔隙度平均11.5%,渗透率平均1.47×10-3μm2。造成储层相对高渗的原因主要是沉积作用和成岩作用,沉积作用控制了砂体的展布,在河道主体部位发育相对高渗储层,砂岩粒径及砂体成分影响储集性能;有利的成岩作用控制了相对高渗储层的分布,中-弱压实、弱胶结的成岩强度,伴随强烈溶蚀的发生,是造成镇北-环县地区储层相对高渗的重要原因。      

内蒙古克鲁伦凹陷伊敏组下段砂岩铀成矿条件、特征及成因

为查明内蒙古克鲁伦凹陷伊敏组下段砂岩铀成矿规律和成因,系统总结了内外部铀源、构造环境、岩性-岩相特征、后生氧化作用等关键控矿条件以及铀成矿特征,较精准厘定了目的层时代及其铀成矿年龄,进而构建了砂岩铀成矿模式。结果表明:克鲁伦凹陷的主攻找矿目的层为伊敏组下段,侏罗纪中酸性火山岩、海西期花岗岩、下白垩统伊敏组和地下水的U含量高,指示了内外部铀源十分丰富;目的层形成于断-坳转换期,发育扇三角洲相—滨浅湖相沉积体系,(水下)分流河道微相灰色砂体发育,岩性以含砾粗砂岩、砂砾岩为主,结构疏松,透水性好;原生砂体中富含碳屑及植物茎干,自身还原容量较高,是一套良好的含矿建造;该砂体普遍发育强烈的褐黄色面状古潜水(局部古潜水-层间)后生氧化作用,进而控制了矿体的形成和形态;矿体埋深一般小于150 m,每平方米U质量为0.46~1.00 kg,主要呈透镜状和似层状;铀矿化砂岩全岩U-Pb定年获得了(67.1±5.9)Ma和(63.7±5.2)Ma的等时线成矿年龄;结合凹陷构造演化史,建立了伊敏组下段4个阶段的古潜水-层间氧化铀成矿模式,即早白垩世早期成矿前富铀建造准备阶段、早白垩世中晚期含矿目的层形成阶段、古近纪主成矿阶段和新近纪成矿停滞保存阶段,并指出区内深部(500 m以浅)仍具有较好的古潜水-层间氧化带型铀矿成矿潜力。     

Modified Method for Estimating Organic Carbon Density in Discontinuous Karst Soil Using Ground-Penetrating Radar and Geostatistics

The conventional method which assumes the soil distribution is continuous was unsuitable for estimating soil organic carbon density(SOCD) in Karst areas because of its discontinuous soil distribution. The accurate estimation of SOCD in Karst areas is essential for carbon sequestration assessment in China. In this study, a modified method,which considers the vertical proportion of soil area in the profile when calculating the SOCD, was developed to estimate the SOCD in a typical Karst peak-cluster depression area in southwest China. In the modified method, ground-penetrating radar(GPR) technology was used to detect the distribution and thickness of soil. The accuracy of the method was confirmed through comparison with the data obtained using a validation method, in which the soil thickness was measured by excavation. In comparison with the conventional method and average-soil-depth method,the SOCD estimated using the GPR method showed the minimum relative error with respect to that obtained using the validation method. At a regional scale, the average SOCDs at depths of 0-20 cm and 0-100 cm, which were interpolated by ordinary kriging,were 1.49(ranging from 0.03-5.65) and 2.26(0.09-11.60) kgm-2based on GPR method in our study area(covering 393.6 hm2), respectively. Therefore, the modified method can be applied on the accurate estimation of SOCD in discontinuous soil areas such as Karst regions.     

电法在日照市丘陵区找水中的应用

电法勘探在寻找浅层地下水时,主要利用含水地质体与围岩的电阻率差异来间接找水,通过综合分析日照市不同地下水类型50余例物探找水定井资料,总结了其含水层的测深曲线特征,若围岩为高阻,则含水层曲线特征表现为平缓上升或变异下降;若围岩为低阻,则含水层曲线特征为明显上升段。对于含水性特征不明显的,开展激发极化法多参数测量,依据视极化率、半衰时等参数综合判断。对于日照市丘陵区松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水和构造裂隙水的不同电性特征,选择利用联合剖面法寻找含水构造,多参数激电测深法确定储水构造位置,经验系数法推断富水地层深度,能够快速、高效的确定井位,为今后日照市丘陵区的找水工作提供了经验。     

基于CPML边界条件的水下地质雷达数值模拟

水下的地质雷达探测与常规的地质雷达探测具有显著的不同点。文中对CPML吸收边界条件的公式进行推导,并通过数值模拟对均匀介质以及非均匀介质中吸收边界条件的吸收效果进行了验证,数值模拟的波场快照证明了CPML吸收边界条件在水下的地质雷达数值模拟中具有很好的吸收效果。通过对水平层状介质模型以及倾斜层状介质模型开展数值模拟,并结合实际探测的雷达图像,证明地质雷达对于水下地层的探测能够取得良好的效果;通过对空洞体位于不同深度时的数值模拟,证明了地质雷达对于水下的空洞探测也能对其位置及规模进行较为准确的判断。这为水下地质灾害的探测提供了理论依据及指导。     

综合沉积正演与多点地质统计模拟辫状河三角洲: 以塔河T区为例

为有效提高三角洲沉积相模拟的精度,以塔河T区为例,应用地震、岩心及测井资料,通过定量评估可容纳空间、物源供给和沉积搬运之间复杂的关系,建立该地区辫状河三角洲砂体沉积正演模型,并将此转化为多点地质统计模拟的三维训练图像,进行研究区辫状河三角洲多点地质统计模拟。研究表明:辫状河三角洲砂体分布受沉积正演模拟控制参数影响,其中砂质供应体积分数、沉积物流入比例、水流载荷量及洪水期间隔均属于强敏感性参数,对研究区三角洲砂体分布影响较大;砂岩含量沉积正演模型体现了辫状河三角洲退积式沉积过程,符合研究区沉积特征,将其转化为三维训练图像,多点地质统计模拟结果在三维空间具有受训练图像约束的特征,体现了训练图像所反映的相带接触关系,并且与钻井认识一致。所提出的这种新的获取三角洲沉积体三维训练图像的方法,综合了沉积正演模拟与多点地质统计模拟的优势,取得了一定的应用效果,对类似沉积体三维地质建模具有一定的借鉴作用。      

探地雷达在地下考古遗存探测中的实验与应用

近年来,探地雷达被越来越多地应用于考古探查中。由于反演多解性问题的存在,雷达图像上的异常既可能是考古目标引起的,也可能是由于地下环境介质的不连续性引起的,所以探究不同类型的考古遗存在探地雷达图像上的典型异常响应,有助于准确识别雷达图像上的“真”异常,剔除一些“假”异常。首先,本文基于西北干旱-半干旱区文物埋藏环境,在河北省怀来县遥感综合试验站试验区设计实施了地下目标体探地雷达探测实验,分析了不同材质的小尺度目标体及夯土结构在探地雷达图像上的响应特征;然后,进一步将探地雷达应用于悬泉置遗址地下城墙基址的探测,对城墙在雷达图像上的响应特征进行了分析。实践表明,探地雷达技术在埋藏浅、小尺度、物性差异不大的考古探查中具有很好的效果,得到并解释了点状、线状、面状等不同考古目标体在探地雷达图像上的响应规律。     

青海大场金矿田北缘灭格滩矿区土壤地球化学异常信息提取及找矿预测

灭格滩矿区位于青海北巴颜喀拉造山带大场金矿田北缘。三叠系巴颜喀拉山群昌马河组砂板岩是矿区主要赋矿地层。矿区内构造发育,矿(化)体主要沿NW向构造破碎带分布,产状受破碎带控制。围岩蚀变主要有硅化、黄铁矿化、毒砂化、绢云母化等。1∶10 000土壤地球化学测量Au、As、Sb、Hg元素丰度明显偏高,异常明显,浓集中心突出,各元素异常套合较好,呈NW向带状分布。剖面上元素含量峰值与矿体位置对应良好,据此构建了地质-地球化学找矿模型,能有效指导隐伏矿体的找矿勘查工作。在综合分析矿区地质及土壤地球化学异常特征的基础上,圈定了找矿靶区和成矿远景区,可以为灭格滩金矿区乃至矿田核心区外围找矿勘查工作提供重要参考。      

苏北盆地张家垛油田阜三段储层特征及主控因素

利用岩心观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及阴极发光等,研究苏北盆地张家垛油田阜三段.结果表明:该储集层岩石类型主要由泥岩、粉砂岩及薄层细砂岩组成;砂泥岩呈互层分布,存在大量泥质条带和生物扰动构造,其中以泥岩、粉砂岩最为发育;粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、杂基内微孔隙是主要孔隙类型,其中粒内溶孔最为发育;研究区为浅湖亚相沉积,发育坝砂、滩砂和浅湖泥沉积微相,沉积相带、成岩因素是影响研究区储集层物性的重要条件.阜三段储层主要以坝砂为主,其次是滩砂;坝砂粒度较粗,杂基含量低,粒间孔、溶孔发育,砂体厚度大,储集性能好,而滩砂粒度较细,杂基含量高,微孔发育,胶结作用弱,砂体厚度薄,物性相对较差.     

Effect of rainfall on a colluvial landslide in a debris flow valley

A colluvial landslide in a debris flow valley is a typical phenomena and is easily influenced by rainfall. The direct destructiveness of this kind of landslide is small, however, if failure occurs the resulting blocking of the channel may lead to a series of magnified secondary hazards. For this reason it is important to investigate the potential response of this type of landslide to rainfall. In the present paper, the Goulingping landslide, one of the colluvial landslides in the Goulingping valley in the middle of the Bailong River catchment in Gansu Province, China, was chosen for the study. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), together with traditional monitoring methods, were used to monitor changes in water content and the deformation of the landslide caused by rainfall. ERT was used to detect changes in soil water content induced by rainfall. The most significant findings were as follows:(1) the water content in the centralupper part (0~41 m) of the landslide was greater than in the central-front part (41~84 m) and (2) there was a relatively high resistivity zone at depth within the sliding zone. The deformation characteristics at the surface of the landslide were monitored by TLS and the results revealed that rainstorms caused three types of deformation and failure: (1) gully erosion at the slope surface; (2) shallow sliding failure; (3) and slope foot erosion. Subsequent monitoring of continuous changes in pore-water pressure, soil pressure and displacement (using traditional methods) indicated that long duration light rainfall (average 2.22 mm/d) caused the entire landslide to enter a state of creeping deformation at the beginning of the rainy season. Shear-induced dilation occurred for the fast sliding (30.09 mm/d) during the critical failure sub-phase (EF). Pore-water pressure in the sliding zone was affected by rainfall. In addition, the sliding L1 parts of the landslide exerted a discontinuous pressure on the L2 part. Through the monitoring and analysis, we conclude that this kind of landslide may have large deformation at the beginning and the late of the rainy season.