中国大陆科学钻探先导孔零偏VSP资料解释

用六级三分量检波器在中国大陆科学钻探先导孔中实施了零偏VSP测量.数据处理结果表明,中国大陆科学钻探孔区超高压变质岩石的地震波速度主要介于4500～7000m/s之间,显著高于一般的沉积岩地区,而且随深度变化不明显.声波测井速度系统地稍低于VSP层速度,可能是由于井壁处岩石的完整性受到破坏而造成的.地震波速度与岩石密度和岩性存在明确的对应关系,榴辉岩的密度和地震波速度均显著高于片麻岩类岩石;由榴辉岩退变生成的斜长角闪岩类岩石,其密度和地震波速度均呈现出较大的变化,主要与其退变质程度有关;超基性岩中的裂隙系统导致其密度和地震波速度大幅度下降.由于榴辉岩与其他岩石类型之间存在较大的波阻抗差异,因此用零偏VSP资料标定该区地震波的地质层位是有效的.关于地震波反射的原因,通过综合研究地震波(包括反射纵波、上行转换横波、井筒波)的特征、岩石速度和密度分布以及井径变化,认为主要是岩性分界面、韧性剪切带和断裂(带),但还有一些因素尚待进一步研究.     

牛庄凹陷砂岩体的地震解释新方法之探讨

在牛庄凹陷下第三系生油岩地层中,由于三角洲沉积作用,形成了较多的砂岩透镜体油藏。这些砂体具有分布范围小、横向变化快、且互不连通的特点。勘探开发这类油藏的难度较大。本文从该地区的沉积特点出发,分析了砂岩体的地震反射特征,以王50砂体为例,系统地介绍了钻井资料,及综合利用合成记录、地震模型、波阻抗等各种信息,准确标定砂体反射波和定量解释的新方法;同时,对无井区砂体预测在方法上也进行了深入的研究,其成果经钻探验证,取得了很好的地质效果。     

浙江省台州-昌化深部构造特征探测

采用高分辨折射和宽角反射/折射综合地震探测方法,在浙江省中部沿黄岩、临海、东阳、桐庐、昌化进行深部构造探测,获得一条长约350km的速度结构剖面。探测结果表明,地壳结构具有明显的多层性,存在3个速度间断面;基底速度结构图像揭示了速度结构的横向非均匀性,这种不均匀性既对应于地质构造单元的分界线或断裂构造带,也反映出东西部构造特征的差异性。     

三峡重庆地区形变场及构造应力场研究

首次利用三峡重庆地区GPS、钻孔应变及数字地震资料,综合研究该地区水平形变场及构造应力场。结果表明,各站点相对丰都龙河站运动速率在0～3 mm/a,呈现一定的右旋特征;整个区域表现为压性特征,区域主压应变方向为NW向及NE向;最大剪应变等值线在渝西南、渝东北及与渝东南分别出现高梯度带,与主要地震活动区域相对应。     

Research on ray tracing in VTI medium based on different models

The study on seismic anisotropy is one of the difficult problems in the field of geophysics nowadays.As a method of ray theory,the seismic anisotropy ray tracing is an important means to study the anisotropic seismic wave propagation. The traditional ray tracing system formulated in terms of elastic parameters in the anisotropy is more complicated than that in the isotropic case. Considering the difficulty,a kind of ray tracing system formulated in terms of phase velocity and group velocity is introduced. The new method is similar to the expressions for isotropic media,and avoids the trouble of determining the eigenvalue vector at each time. Besides the ray tracing numerical simulation of different models of vertical transversely isotropic( VTI) medium is carried out,in order to verify the accuracy and applicability of the method and further study the characteristics of wave field propagation in different VTI mediums. The study is certainly valuable in reference for later processing of the anisotropic seismic data.     

浅地震反射剖面揭示地震小区划覆盖层厚度及隐伏断裂——以九江芳兰规划区为例

以九江芳兰规划区为例,利用浅层地震反射方法获取小区划工区的覆盖层厚度,并查明周边隐伏断裂位置及特征。结合钻孔资料对比解译,对地震小区划工作提供基础地震地质信息,同时为该区的活断层探测和地震危险性评价提供参考资料。     

塔里木盆地顺北5号走滑断裂带北段超深层裂缝储层的地震属性表征方法研究及应用

塔里木盆地顺北5号走滑断裂及其伴生裂缝的分布控制了储层的形成和油气的运聚成藏。如何选择对裂缝储层响应好的地震属性并用其描述储层的空间展布, 是裂缝型储层预测的研究基础。由于研究区不同尺度断裂裂缝发育规模差异较大及客观上存在地震分辨率的差异, 在实际研究过程中需要采用不同的技术方法及其组合对不同尺度和特征的断裂裂缝进行识别。地震属性对比测试表明倾角约束的高精度相干体和面状特征属性可表征断距超过40 m的大尺度断裂; 分频融合相干和应变能属性可表征断距15~40 m的中尺度断裂; 断裂似然体刻画和缝洞增强体可表征断距15 m以下的小尺度断层和裂缝。然后将典型地震属性与成像测井解释得到的实际裂缝数据及裂缝密度曲线进行相关性拟合, 进而优选出混沌属性、面状属性、结构张量第三分量、分频融合相干4种属性, 并将4种属性融合成新的属性用于裂缝密度体计算, 最后用该方法半定量预测裂缝的分布。裂缝预测结果表明以走滑断裂带中部的压扭性断裂处为中心, 约1.5 km范围的鹰山组下段地层整体裂缝最为发育, 为优势储层勘探开发区。      

残余和现今应力场重迭法预测强震危险时区

以红河断裂带测区为例，用Ｘ射线法测量了测区的古构造残余应力场及其应变能密度场，用有限单元法计算了测区在两种边界条件下的水平最大剪应力场，用实验和理论证明了古构造残余主压应力大小和方向对岩石破坏、破裂扩展和震级的影响。用上述方法预测，松平—南涧、玉溪—开远、普洱为测区内强震危险区段。结合地球自转角速度相对变率的天文观测曲线在时间轴上的外延，预测得１９８９－１９９６、１９９９－２００４、２００７－２０１３、２０１６－２０１８年为测区内强震危险时段。     

Fracture property identification method based on shrinkage factor particle swarm optimization

In the multi-wave and multi-component seismic exploration,shear-wave will be split into fast wave and slow wave,when it propagates in anisotropic media. Then the authors can predict polarization direction and density of crack and detect the development status of cracks underground according to shear-wave splitting phenomenon. The technology plays an important role and shows great potential in crack reservoir detection. In this study,the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on shrinkage factor is combined with the Pearson correlation coefficient method to obtain the fracture azimuth angle and density. The experimental results show that the modified method can improve the convergence rate,accuracy,anti-noise performance and computational efficiency.     

PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA FROM A SONOBUOY REFRACTION SEISMIC SECTION IN THE EAST CHINA SEA SHELF MARGINALRIDGE

INTRODUCTIONThemannerefraCtionseisAncmehodisirnP0Ftantf0rstudyofmarinecrustandregionalgeo1ogicalteCtonics.Mufauchi(1968),Leyden(l973),Ludwig(l973),JinXianglongetal.(l986)reportedsonobu0yreffoCtionseisAncrmurernentSintheEesandtheOkinawaTroughregion,studiedthetaltatarysequenceandthickness0fthebasernent,andcomPataltheveoCityugeoftheuppercrustallayers.beetal.(l98O)werethefustto0btainaMohodepthofl5kminthecentralaxisoftheOkinawaTroughbyusingtwo-shipreffoCtionseisAncrneh0ds.Usingl8ocanb…     

Experimental study of seepage characteristics of single rock fracture based on stress states and stress history

Through seepage tests under different loading and unloading confining pressures and different hydraulic gradients,the authors studied the effects of stress states and stress history on fracture permeability evolution for single granite fracture and sandstone fracture. The results show that there exists a linear relationship between the seepage discharge and osmotic pressure in sandstone fissure under each level of confining pressure. With the increasing in the confining pressure,the permeability of the fracture decreases,but the decreasing rate is changeing. During the unloading process,the fracture seepage velocity cannot be fully recovered to the size of the loading process. Therefore,in the unloading process of the confining pressure,the recovery of fracture permeability shows obvious hysteresis effects. The flow rate of the fracture remains unchanged during five cycles of loading and unloading processes of the confining pressure. In each cycle,the evolution character of the flow rate with the confining pressure remains unchanged. These experiments show that the seepage characteristics of sandstone and granite fractures are not the same under the same stress state.     

珊溪水库地震波速比时空分布特征

选取P波、S波到时差Δt≤14s的台站数据,使用多台和达法计算珊溪水库地震序列地震波速比,结合地震序列的时空分布特征和发震构造,分析序列的波速比时空分布特征。1)珊溪水库90%的地震波速比分布在1.66~1.75,波速比平均值为1.70;2)珊溪水库地震序列包含有多组地震活动,每组地震的波速比呈开始快速下降之后缓慢上升的变化,每两组地震之间的波速比呈现逐渐增大的趋势,其波速比的变化特征可以归纳为"下降-回升-发生一组地震";3)波速比的变化和震中位置的迁移有一定关系,地震迁移到新的位置时最初几次地震的波速比较大,随后波速比逐渐减小;4)波速比沿深度方向和双溪-焦溪垟断裂方向分布不均匀,位于水库淹没区的双溪-焦溪垟断裂西北段波速比较小,位于水库库岸的双溪-焦溪垟断裂东南段波速比在深度方向上的变化最复杂,存在两个高、低值相间的区域,4级以上地震均发生在这一段5~8km深度处的波速比高、低值过渡区域。     

龙马溪组层状页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征

层状页岩的微观非均质性及力学各向异性对研究井壁稳定以及水力裂缝扩展形态具有重要意义。为了向页岩优化钻井、压裂工艺参数提供一定的理论和试验依据,对沿不同角度取心的页岩试样开展单轴压缩实验,配合场发射扫描电镜、原子力显微镜观测实验和波速测试等,研究龙马溪组层状页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征,并讨论这些物理力学特征对水力裂缝形态的影响规律。结果表明:受层理面的影响,龙马溪组页岩呈现出较强的微观非均质性和宏观力学各向异性特征。具体的,微观孔隙结构特征方面,随着观测方向与层理方向之间夹角β的增大,微观孔隙结构的发育程度逐渐增加,说明气体的储集和空间呈增加趋势;宏观力学特征方面,单轴压缩条件下,随着加载方向与层理方向间夹角θ的增加,页岩试样的破坏模式从贯穿层理面的张拉破坏,先转变为剪切破坏,再变为劈裂-剪切混合破坏;龙马溪组层状页岩的单轴抗压强度、泊松比随着θ的增加呈现出先减小后增大的"U"形各向异性模式,弹性模量、横纵波速则逐渐减小,胶结程度较弱的页岩层理面会先于基质体发生破坏,进而显著影响岩石整体的力学性质;页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征在一定程度上影响压裂过程中水力裂缝的扩展行为,以及停泵后压裂液的渗流路径。研究结果可为页岩压裂工艺参数优选提供一定依据。      

重力异常反映的郯庐带中南段构造边界与应力场

为解决传统基于重力场数据一阶导数定义的总水平导数和解析信号振幅存在无法均衡深浅异常振幅的问题,应用重力全张量梯度数据,提出改进的倾斜导数地质体边界识别方法NTD_M。经模型验证,NTD_M在收敛性、抑噪性和边界识别精度方面均有提升。利用NTD_M将郯庐带中南段及邻区划分为14个边界较为清晰的构造单元,借助垂线偏差数据对郯庐带中南段的构造应力场和壳幔密度差进行反演。结果显示,二者在水平方向上存在显著差异,在空间上显著相关,构造应力最大差异值约为16 MPa,壳幔密度差约为0.2 g/cm³,构造应力等值线密集处与构造单元划分的边界以及地震分布情况对应较好。郯庐带中段最大主应力方向为NEE-EW,南段主应力方向以EW-NWW为主,总体呈EW向,与震源机制解、地应力测量和GPS反演结果具有较好的一致性。     

Processing and interpretation of data from a sonobouy refraction seismic section in the East China Sea shelf marginal ridge

Refraction seismic data obtained from a sonobuoy (SB7) in the East China Sea shelf marginal ridge was processed and interpreted. Intercept times and layer velocities were used to set up a one-dimension depth-velocity model based on which a two-dimenssion depth-velocity crustal model was established through two-dimension ray-tracing. The computation results showed that the upper crustal depth-velocity model beneath lineSB7 is composed of four layers with primary wave velocities of 1.80–2.20, 2.85–2.90, 3.24–3.34 and 4.55–6.00 m/s respectively. Neighbouring reflection seismic data and data on the East China Sea (ECS) regional geology were used to study the relationship between the velocities and their formation ages and also the contact relationship between the velocity boundaries. Contribution No. 3259, from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Project 49376266 supported by NSFC.     

琼东南盆地陵水区中央峡谷水道沉积数值模拟

深水峡谷是当今海洋油气勘探领域的研究热点。南海西北部琼东南盆地的中央峡谷已部署了多口深水钻井来勘探沉积充填的岩性油气藏,然而,由于这些探井数量相对有限、井间距离大以及地震资料分辨率较低,峡谷内砂体的叠复关系、边界接触关系以及沉积演化等问题尚不清楚,严重制约着储层空间分布与储层物性的精细刻画。对琼东南盆地陵水区中央峡谷开展了沉积数值模拟研究,根据研究区具体地质背景建立了地质模型和数学模型,通过流体动力学软件ANSYS FLUENT正演模拟了多个沉积期次和多套砂组在不同初始条件（如物源和入流速度）下的浊流沉积几何形态,包括砂体平面分布特征和隔夹层分布特征。模拟结果表明:峡谷平直段内,浊流受底床摩擦力的持续影响,流速降低且湍流强度减弱,使得较粗颗粒可沉降于底床,细颗粒可随浊流头部涡流悬浮;峡谷狭窄段内,浊流头部的湍流较强,侵蚀峡谷壁并使峡谷走向发生偏移,悬浮颗粒受离心力作用形成溢岸沉积;峡谷内砂体展布具有垂向分异性,砂体内部泥岩以夹层为主,厚度一般较小且横向连续性差。与现有地震、钻井资料的对比分析显示本次数值模拟结果具有有效性。本研究成果揭示了中央峡谷不同沉积期次和不同砂组的沉积水动力学过程,进而预测了砂体的空间展布特征,为储层物性预测提供了坚实支撑。      

山西地区地壳S波速度结构

利用山西及周边共44个宽频地震台2014-01~07地震噪声数据,反演瑞利波群速度和相速度频散,得到研究区域的三维剪切波速度。上地壳中,山西断陷带表现为较低的速度异常,而两侧的隆起区则显示高速异常;中下地壳主要表现为以北纬38.5°左右为界的南高北低的速度特征。大同盆地从浅部到中下地壳整体呈现为低速特征,与该地区广泛存在的火山群有关。     

Seismic inversion modeling method for faulted basins:a case study of Liaohe Beach in Bijialing region

There is not much correlation between sand content and P-wave impedance in faulted basins , and the prediction results cannot be guaranteed .Due to sedimentary facies control , there is inconsistency between sand content and low frequency trend of P-wave impedance , causing problems for seismic inversion modeling , which directly affects final seismic inversion results .The acoustic impedance increases with burial depth .When the same layers of sand and shale formation endure different compaction , the acoustic impedance values will be dif-ferent .Therefore , The seismic inversion modeling of faulted basin is different from that of conventional basins . The authors built an inversion model using uncompact sandstone percentage , directly compensating for the low frequency trend of the inversion model .In addition, the model's intermediate frequency is similar to P-wave im-pedance , ensuring that the inversion results are converged correctly .The final results of the inversion can be used directly as sandstone percentage .The aforementioned method was applied to Liaohe Beach in the Bijialing region and obtained optimistic lithology inversion effects:the results were correlated well with the depositional facies map and with lithology in the well borehole .The inversion results can be used to define the sand body horizontally and can separate sand bodies vertically , which is very difficult on conventional seismic section . Therefore the inversion results played an important role in reservoir prediction .     

TSP隧道地震预报空洞模型的数值模拟研究

采用有限元方法模拟隧道地震波场,采用波场快照与时间记录相结合的方法,研究空洞对隧道地震波场传播的影响,并对含空洞模型的时间记录进行处理,得到数值模型的速度云图和反射层位图。经数据处理表明,采用TSPwin设定默认值处理得到的速度云图与模型设定的空洞位置比较一致,在提取反射层位图上,空洞反射层呈现条带状特征,需要结合速度云图来确定空洞位置,且P波预报的准确性相对较高。对TSP系统的抗噪性进行研究,表明其具有良好的抗噪性能。最后通过对工程实例的处理,验证了数值模拟所得的结论。     

油气田裂缝密度定量研究方法

本文首先简要评述了目前研究裂缝方法的优缺点。用实例介绍了裂缝密度的定量估计方法,这种方法能将岩芯资料和地震资料有机地结合起来。应用这种方法不但能预测区域性裂缝及油气分布规律,而且能回答所获得成果的正确程度。