地貌学的基本范式及其在教学科研中的作用

自吉尔伯特和戴维斯的时代开始,地貌学的研究即已遵从理论优先的观察背负模式。从以描述为主的侵蚀循环学说、强调定量分析的地表过程、水力几何学到目前系统地貌学的研究,此中充盈着大量的范式、原理和基本概念,它们是地貌学作为一门科学存在和发展的理论基础。在课堂教学与课程发展层面上,从地貌学史的角度注重对基本范式的归纳和讲授,是培养与激发学生学习兴趣和专业素养的主要途径。通过对经典文献的研读,学生可以从中直接学习到详尽地描述和思辨方法,同时还会意识到对地貌学思想的传承和理论的接受应该批判地进行。在学科建设和科学研究方面,基于范式研究是利用共同的学术语言融入国际地貌学界的前提,凝练学科整体关心的科学问题,开展有组织持续有效的基础理论研究,是复兴国内地貌学的最佳途径。     

福州城市片林与草坪生物量及碳贮量

城市绿地是城市生态系统中重要的碳贮存库．采用平均标准木法与收获法估算福州市南江滨公园内的3种（南洋杉、番石榴、黄花槐）片林及其毗邻草坪的生物量与碳贮量,结果表明：南洋杉平均单株生物量为27．52kg,番石榴为48．60k,黄花槐为15．08kg;其中树干是主体,占整株生物量的58．0％～69．4％;3种林木的根系生物量也较高,占整株生物量比例达25％以上,其中黄花槐最高,达到33％;3块草坪生物量分别为31．11t·hm^-2（南洋杉毗邻草坪）、21．00t·hm^-2（番石榴毗邻草坪）、33．07t·hm以（黄花槐毗邻草坪）;片林各器官的碳含量比较接近（除叶在41％左右外）,波动范围为45．8％-47．2％,草坪各器官碳含量较低,波动范围为36．5％～41．3％;3种片林的植被碳贮量分别为24．69t·hm^-2（南洋杉）、38．19t·hm^-2（番石榴）、17．71t·hm^-2（黄花槐）;3块草坪的植被碳贮量分别为12．47t·hm^-2（南洋杉毗邻草坪）、8．48t·hm^2（番石榴毗邻草坪）、13．21t·hm^-2（黄花槐毗邻草坪）．     

北京城市广场及校园表土(灰尘)中重金属水平与健康风险

通过对北京市城市广场和学校表层土壤与相应的地表灰尘中重金属含量调查,探讨土壤与灰尘之间元素分布的差异及来源,评估青少年在校期间通过灰尘摄入重金属的健康风险。研究表明:城市广场和校园土壤中Cu、Pb和Zn、灰尘中As、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd显著高于北京市土壤重金属背景值,土壤(灰尘)中As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd超过背景值的样本比率分别为67%(27%)、13%(63%)、83%(100%)、73%(100%)、83%(100%)和53%(100%)。土壤中Cu、Pb和Zn存在一定积累,灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn积累较重。灰尘中Cu、Pb和Zn显著高于土壤。校园土壤中Ni显著高于城市广场土壤,其他元素两者之间差异不大;校园灰尘中Ni、Pb和Zn显著高于城市广场。中学生通过校园灰尘摄入没有导致明显的健康风险。     

Variations in Ageing in Home and Ageing in Neighbourhood

This paper takes a new approach to investigating people who age in place. It provides an explanation for why people age in a place that can be useful in government and corporate planning. Our research investigates the principal factors that drive the decision of a rising number of older Australians to age in place. Many older people wish to age in place rather than move in with their children or be institutionalised. They wish to continue to be active in their local communities and maintain their existing social ties. The concept of ageing in place covers two distinct groups: those who are able to stay in their current dwellings and age in home and those who move house but remain in their local community and age in neighbourhood. Age-friendly home modification is a response to ageing in home, whereas the provision of institutional healthcare and the provision of age-suitable housing to facilitate downsizing are associated with ageing in neighbourhood. Using Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey data, this research examines the mobility decisions of older Australians and identifies the major determinants of a decision to age in place. This research argues for a better understanding of ageing in place, differentiating between those ageing in home and those ageing in neighbourhood.     

明清时期凉山地区水旱灾害时空分布特征

在对四川凉山地区明清时期地方志及四川省志、档案材料、水旱灾害调查材料、今人水旱灾害史料汇编、旱涝分布图集、相关论著等所载水旱灾害史料搜集整理基础上,对四川凉山地区明清时期水灾和旱灾时空分布特征进行了量化统计分析。研究表明:明清时期四川凉山地区水旱灾害频发,而水灾较旱灾更为频繁;水旱灾害发生时间主要集中在春夏季节,其他季节分布较少;水灾与旱灾多隔年发生,较少同年爆发;水旱灾害等级以一般性水旱灾害和大水旱灾害为主,特大水旱灾害相对较少;水旱灾害多发地带集中在金沙江下游一带、安宁河流域一带,其他地域相对较少。明清时期四川凉山地区水旱灾害发生规律对当前凉山地区水旱灾害的防灾减灾具有一定的借鉴意义。     

中国地貌与第四纪研究的近今进展与未来展望

近年来,在来自国民经济建设巨大需求的推动下,我国地貌与第四纪学服务于国民经济建设,取得了长足的进展.本文对近年来(主要为2006-2008年间)我国在地貌与第四纪方面所取得的主要进展进行了综述,包括构造地貌、流水地貌、风沙地貌、冰川地貌、河口与海岸地貌和第四纪环境演变方面的进展.同时,还指出了学科发展中存在的问题.文中对未来发展进行了展望,提出了推动学科发展的若干建议:(1)加强地貌学基本理论研究;(2)加强应用地貌研究,更好地为国家建设的重大需求服务;(3)加强地貌学的实验研究;(4)加强人才队伍建设.     

土壤水盐运移模型研究进展及展望

回顾了国内外土壤水盐运移模型的发展历程,根据土壤水盐运移模型构成的原理和发展趋势,将土壤水盐运移模型分为水盐平衡模型、物理模型和系统模型。借助国内外文献对已有模型的原理和应用进行了介绍,并对存在的问题进行了分析;展望了新形势下土壤水盐运移模型的未来发展趋势和研究重点,旨在为今后土壤水盐运移模型研究提供新的思路。     

3个时期河南省湿地的分布及变化

利用1990年、2000年和2007年的TM影像数据,研究了3个时期河南省不同类型湿地的分布和变化.结果表明,1990年、2000年和2007年河南省湿地的面积分别为98.69×10(4)hm2,91.11×10(4)hm2,和105×10(4)hm2:河南省湿地可以分为沼泽、河渠、湖塘、水田和滩地5种类型:水田面积在...     

Factor analysis of trends in energy and metals production and consumption in developed and developing countries

This paper presents a methodology used to combine energy and mineral market variables between Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and Developed Countries (OECD) over the past 24 years (1966–1990). LDCs include all countries, except OECD and central planned economies (CIS) and other countries in Eastern Europe. This period permits a comprehensive view of the impact of the energy crisis and the changes in economic growth patterns, correlated with changes in trends of production and consumption of energy and metals in both country blocs. This complex relationship was evaluated by a factor model of consumption and production variables using the aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc industries. The following variables are used in the factor model: export dependence, geographic concentration of mining production, geographic concentration of refined demand, geographic concentration of refined production, import dependence, refined demand growth, stability of demand, income elasticity of refined demand, price stability, intensity of use, and intensity of energy. The model for all commodities shows that the factor scores projections for LDCs and OECD blocs depicted a clearly divergent trend after the two oil shocks (1973–1979), when the intensity of energy variable presents high loading in the factor. The results are in substantial agreement with findings that the demand for energy, as well as for metals, is growing more rapidly in LDCs than OECD.     

Heat refraction and heat production in and around granite plutons in north-east England

Summary. Existing surface heat flow determinations in north-east England indicate a difference in thermal structure between the Alston block of the North Pennines and the coastal regions. New heat flow determinations in the Askrigg block and on the coast support the original indications of higher heat flow in the positive blocks, which are underlain by 400 Myr old granites, than in their marginal sedimentary troughs along the present coastline. Although the two blocks are geophysically and geologically similar, surface heat flow in the Alston block is 30mW m^-2 higher than it is in the Askrigg block 50km to its south. Heat flow refraction around high conductivity plutons with high heat production may significantly affect the interpretation of heat flow measurements made on a regional scale but in the present case its effect, if any, is to emphasize the heat flow difference between the two otherwise similar blocks. The chemical differences between the Wensleydale and the Weardale granites – cupolas of the granites underlying the Askrigg and Alston may be representative of the granites as a whole and the blocks respectively – difference in surface heat flows may result from a contrast in radiogenic heat production between the two granites extending to mid-crustal depths.     

干旱半干旱区土壤水分研究进展

土壤水分调控着陆表-大气相互作用过程,是土壤-植物-大气连续体水分和能量交换的重要影响因子,也是影响生态系统水文、生物和生物化学过程的关键因素,是陆地生态系统中不可或缺的组成部分.本文简要回顾和评述了土壤水分点、面尺度的监测、分析方法,系统阐述了干旱半干旱区土壤水分的国内外研究进展,并结合目前的研究进展,提出了未来干旱...     

The relationship between herders and trees in space and time in northern Cameroon

Extensive herding is an important activity in northern Cameroon, in terms of both the local social economy and local land management. However, this activity is strongly linked to the availability and accessibility of fodder resources. Due to territorial processes, such as land clearance and wood harvesting, this resource is receding and pasturelands are becoming fragmented. Herders are facing new challenges to secure their livelihoods, and, in this context, fodder trees are emerging as a key resource, allowing herds to subsist up to the end of the dry season. Increasingly, trees are playing a significant part in the herders' strategies to feed their herds in time and space and to 'root' their activities to particular lands. This trend requires an analysis of the importance of fodder trees in the definition of territorial strategies operated by herders in northern Cameroon, in the context of various herding systems (nomadic herding, agro herding using transhumance, and settled agro herding). A discussion of herding strategies needed to address the decreasing access to fodder resources highlights the problems of current extensive herding systems and leads to proposed alternatives.     

关中平原明代霜雪灾害特征及小波分析研究

通过对关中平原明代历史文献资料的搜集和统计分析,研究了该区明代霜雪灾害等级、阶段与灾害发生周期等。结果表明,关中平原明代霜雪灾害可划分为轻度、中度、重度三级,各占总灾害频次的23%,54%,23%。该区明代霜雪灾害可划分为4个阶段,第1阶段(1368～1448年)和第3阶段(1508～1568年)为灾害少发期,第2阶段(1449～1507年)和第4阶段(1569～1644年)为灾害多发生期。小波分析显示,关中平原明代轻度、中度和重度霜雪灾害分别存在11 a、8 a、44 a的周期变化。初步确定关中平原明代1618～1631年发生了1次寒冷气候事件。     

川渝地区气候与物候的变化特征分析

利用川渝地区44个气象台站的气象资料和2个物候观测站的物候资料分析了该地区的气候与物候变化特征:最近10 a年均温度比前30多a高0.68℃,年均降水量基本无变化。低温主要分布在川西高原,低温天数、低温积温绝对值都在减少。日均最高温度在高原南部、西南山地减少,其它地区都增加;日均最低温度都在增暖。降水在四川盆地下降,在重庆西部、川西高原增加。降水日数在高原西部增加,其它地区都下降。春始期仁寿略微推迟,北碚微弱提前;秋始期都推迟。展叶期的杏树、刺槐、水杉、紫荆、梧桐推迟,紫藤、毛桃提前。落叶期仁寿刺槐提前,北碚的植物全部推迟。     

Life in de facto statelessness in enclaves in India and Bangladesh

Drawing on conceptualization of statelessness and ethnographic research on crucial insights of rightessness, this paper investigates how the politico‐geographic‐legality constructs statelessness in the enclaves in India and Bangladesh. Following the decolonization process in 1947, both India and Pakistan/Bangladesh inherited more than 200 enclaves, which comprise 80 per cent of the world's enclaves. With improved bilateral relations, India and Bangladesh officially exchanged the enclaves on 1 August 2015, and the enclave dwellers will gradually be granted citizenship rights over the next few years. In this period of transition from statelessness to statehood, this paper can be read as contemporary history. This paper will draw attention to three aspects of statelessness. First, conceptualization of statelessness not only applies to the refugeehood or de‐territorialization of people but also relates to the process of constructing transterritorial stateless people. Second, this paper will discuss the condition of statelessness constructed in a politico‐geographic‐legal trap. And finally, the paper calls for a wider empirical and critical focus on the hidden geographies of de facto statelessness.     

中国大城市低收入邻里及其居民的贫困集聚度和贫困决定因素

基于2007 年在中国6 个大城市开展的大规模家庭户调查,采用FGT指数法和逻辑回归分析方法,探讨中国大城市低收入邻里及其居民的贫困集聚程度和决定因素。研究发现,老城衰败邻里的贫困集聚度最高,同时承受多重不利状况的下岗/失业人员的贫困集聚度也是最高;事实贫困、被剥夺感与社会福利分配之间存在不匹配现象。在贫困的决定因素方面,制度保障和市场薪酬对城市贫困的发生具有同等重要的作用,但对不同低收入邻里和不同社会群体又表现出不同的关联性。随着市场作用的加强,市场薪酬机制正在成为贫困产生的更为重要的决定性因素。     

云南的圣境及其在环境和生物多样性保护中的意义

圣境是由于传统的信仰文化的原因而建立和被保护的一类特殊自然－人文景观单元，对圣境的起源、分类在云南的分布和数目、生态价值和其它特征进行了描述和举例分析，提出了传统信仰文化和将乡土保护体系运用于农村生态恢复和生态多样性管理的潜在价值。以及将其纳入现代保护和开发项目的必要性。