含峭壁V形峡谷对地震SH波散射的解析解

地表地形常引起地震动的局部放大,这是由于地震波传播至局部地形时产生了散射现象.本文利用波函数展开方法和区域匹配技术,提出了含峭壁V形峡谷对平面SH波散射问题的解析解,并进行了退化验证.通过频域内的参数分析,揭示了峭壁深度、入射波频率和角度等因素对峡谷场地地面运动的影响规律,发现上部峭壁会增强峡谷对地震动的地形放大效应....     

Scattering of plane harmonic SH,SV, P and rayleigh waves by non-axisymmetric three-dimensional canyons: A wave function expansion approach

Scattering of elastic waves by three-dimensional canyons embedded within an elastic half-space is investigated by using a wave function expansion technique. The geometry of the canyon is assumed to be non-axisymmetric. The canyon is subjected to incident plane Rayleigh waves and oblique incident SH, SV and P waves. The unknown scattered wavefield is expressed in terms of spherical wave functions which satisfy the equations of motion and radiation conditions at infinity, but they do not satisfy stress-free boundary conditions at the half-space surface. The boundary conditions are imposed locally in the least-squares sense at several points on the surface of the canyon and the half-space. Through a comparative study the validity and limitations of two-dimensional approximations (antiplane strain and plane strain models) have been examined. It is shown that scattering of waves by three-dimensional canyons may cause substantial change in the surface displacement patterns in comparison to the two-dimensional models. These results emphasize the need for three-dimensional modelling of realistic problems of interest in strong ground motion seismology and earthquake engineering.     

地震体波斜入射情形下台阶地形引起的波型转换

本文首次对地震体波斜入射情形下竖直、倾斜台阶地形引起的波型转换进行了数值模拟，结果表明：地震波的斜入射会使台阶上角点引起更强的转换面波；转换Rayleigh面波最大振幅可达弹性半空间表面自由场位移的1.1倍左右。     

SV波入射情况下V型河谷地形对地震动的影响分析

基于局部人工边界的显式有限元方法,给出了二维V型河谷地形在SV波垂直人射下地面运动数值解,并分析其地震动分布规律以及两侧不同的边坡角度对于地震动分布规律的影响.数值结果表明:谷底的角点、两岸靠近河谷的点、两侧谷坡靠近谷底的点以及靠近两岸的点,对地表位移有放大作用,而对其邻近区域地表位移有抑制作用.这是由于角点处存在面的...     

翡翠河谷地震动地形效应解析分析

地表不规则地形的存在往往会引起地震波的散射,进而产生局部地震动放大或衰减的现象.虽然地形效应最早在异常地震记录中被发现,然而利用地形影响台阵记录到的地震动数据却少之又少.基于1992年在我国台湾翡翠河谷上观测到的六条地形影响台阵记录,利用线源SH波入射下非对称V形河谷地震波传播解析理论,模拟得到了河谷台阵各点的地震动,...     

P波入射下断层参数对地表地震动的影响

基于应用透射人工边界条件的显式有限元法计算断层破碎带宽度及力学参数变化、地震动入射角变化时二维断层场地模型P波入射下地表地震动场的分布。结果表明:(1)低速度破碎带的存在导致整个场地都有P波转换为SV波的分量,且在断层破碎带的区域出现断层陷波;(2)低速度破碎带的存在使输入场地恒定的能量向破碎带集聚放大,随着破碎带宽度增大或其介质波速降低集聚放大效应增大;(3)场地放大效应是频率相关的,宽度较宽或介质波速较低的断层破碎带对输入地震动中较低的频率成份放大显著;(4)竖向断层破碎带能阻隔斜入射地震P波,随着入射角增加隔震效应更显著。     

含流体层的河谷场地对地震波散射的间接边界元法模拟

结合单相介质动力格林函数和流体域格林函数,将间接边界元方法拓展到含流体层河谷对地震波散射的求解,并结合具体算例进行大量参数分析。研究结果表明,含流体层河谷地形对平面P波、SV波入射时的地震响应受控于入射波频率、入射波角度及流体深度等多种因素。总体来看:① 在低频域内,含流体河谷底部及附近地表的频谱特性与不含流体的河谷反应基本一致;② P波入射时在水层体系共振频率处,河谷底部位移缩小效应显著,而此频率处流体表面位移达到最大;③ 流体层具有吸收地震波能量的作用,流体深度越大,河谷表面及附近地表的地震动位移越小。研究成果可在一定程度上为河谷地形附近地震动效应的评估及防震减灾工作提供理论依据。      

A new solution to estimate the time delay on the topographic site using time domain 3D boundary element method

This study focuses on investigating spatial variation of ground motion that has great influence on the dynamic behavior of the large structures located on the surface topography. One of the most effective parameters on the spatial variation of ground motion is the difference between the arrival time of seismic waves in different points located on the abutments. In this research, a three-dimensional model of the Pacoima Dam site is prepared. The time domain 3 D boundary element method is used to apply non-uniform excitation at the dam supports. This model is subjected to vertically propagating incident SH and P waves. The time delay can be characterized by calculating the value of the time delay for which the cross-correlation between two records is maximized. Finally, to obtain the time delay in a topographic site, a function considering effective parameters such as the height from the canyon base, wave velocity and predominant frequency, is presented. Furthermore, a code was developed for generating the spatially variation of seismic ground motions. The results show that the proposed functions have an acceptable accuracy in estimating the time delay to generate non-uniform ground motion.     

三维沉积盆地对地震动的放大效应间接边界元法模拟

基于一种高精度间接边界元法(IBEM), 实现了沉积盆地三维地震响应的频域、 时域精细求解, 并以半空间中椭球形沉积盆地对平面P波和SV波的散射为例, 着重探讨了入射角度、 入射波型、 入射频率、 盆地长宽比和深宽比对沉积盆地地震动放大效应的影响规律． 结果表明: 盆地形状对地震波的放大效应和空间分布状态具有显著影响, 且具体规律受控于入射波频段． ① 随着盆地深度增大, 盆地边缘面波发育更为充分, 在较宽频段内均会出现显著的地震动放大效应, 且深盆地的放大区域集中于盆地中部． ② 圆形盆地对地震波的汇聚效应最为显著, 而狭长盆地对地震波的汇聚作用相对较弱, 高频情况下可在盆地内部形成多个聚焦区域． ③ 不同波型入射下, 盆地对地震动放大效应的机制有所差异: P波入射下, 竖向位移放大主要是由于盆地边缘面波由四周向中部汇聚所致; SV波入射下, 边缘面波汇聚效应相对较弱, 而当盆地较深时, 底部透射体波和边缘面波易形成同相干涉从而显著放大地震动． 按盆地内外介质波速比为1/2, P波和SV波垂直入射下频域最大放大倍数分别为25和15, 时域放大倍数约为4.0和3.7(雷克子波)． ④ 低频波入射下, 位移从盆地中部向边缘逐渐减小, 且浅层沉积盆地对地表位移幅值的放大作用不明显． ⑤ P波和SV波的入射角度对盆地地震动放大幅值及空间分布特征也具有显著影响．      

场地地震动局部地形效应研究进展

本文对地震动地形效应的影响因素及其规律进行了阐述和分析.主要对局部地形几何形状,入射波的入射角度、频率,震源相对位置及震源深度等因素对地形效应影响的国内外研究现状进行了综述.同时,介绍了地震数值模拟在地震动地形效应研究中的应用,并对进一步研究提出了一些建议.     

黄土斜坡动力响应特征分析

斜坡动力响应特征与斜坡形态密切相关,若入射地震波主频接近斜坡卓越频率就会放大斜坡动力响应,甚至造成斜坡失稳。汶川地震对远离震中的黄土地区造成了较为严重的破坏,局部场地震害和地震动放大效应显著。选取汶川地震典型黄土斜坡场地,利用地形台阵流动观测和数值模拟计算相结合的方法,系统开展强震动作用下黄土斜坡场地动力响应特征研究。结果表明:坡顶卓越频率最小,其PGA放大系数甚至达到坡底的1.98,这种现象可能与斜坡高差和入射波波长之比密切相关,比值0.2时坡顶放大效应达到最大。随斜坡坡度增加,放大效应增强,坡顶反应谱卓越周期放大系数可达5,说明斜坡地形对强震地面运动有显著影响。数值计算结果与实际强震观测基本吻合,其结果对黄土地区建设工程抗震设防具有重要的科学与实际意义。     

SV波在饱和土体自由表面的反射

基于饱和两相介质弹性波动方程分析SV波在饱和土体自由表面的反射问题,引入波动方程的势函数解答,求解出二维问题中SV波入射情况下饱和土体自由场的位移、速度、加速度和应力响应。在饱和土体自由场响应解析解基础上,建立SV波入射下饱和土体自由场静、动力有限元模型。建模中考虑了如下几方面因素:(1)在不同分析步,对土体单元赋予不同材料本构。通过*model change命令进行单元生死设定,从而实现在初始应力场平衡的静力状态下采用DuncanChang本构模型,而地震波动输入时采用Davidenkov动力本构模型;(2)采用多孔介质黏弹性人工边界条件,在人工边界上分别施加固相和液相介质的弹簧和阻尼来模拟饱和土体中能量的传播;(3)将地震波转化为作用在人工边界上的等效地震荷载,施加到人工边界节点上;(4)土体单元采用4结点平面应变孔压单元(CPE4P)。有限元计算与解析解比较结果表明:SV波在垂直入射和掠入射时,竖向位移响应为零;在45°左右入射时,水平位移响应最大;60°左右入射时,竖向位移响应最大。这些结论与解析解吻合较好,本文模型为建立土-结构动力相互作用模型打下良好的基础。     

三维复杂山谷地形SV波垂直输入地震反应分析

本文基于显式有限元法研究了地震波垂直入射时三维复杂山谷地形对地震地面运动的影响,在数值分析中应用了三维化二维的解法和黏弹性人工边界的处理方法,实现了地震波垂直输入下三维复杂场地地震动数值模拟,并验证了该方法的合理性.以四川桃坪地区一山谷地形作为研究对象,基于地表高程数据分别建立了二维和三维场地模型,对比研究表明:在复杂地形情况下考虑二、三维模型时具有明显差异,三维模型能更真实地反映地形变化对地震动的影响,复杂地形条件下有必要考虑三维实际场地模型.本文对边界自由场的处理方法也可用于处理三维复杂场地地震动斜入射问题,为三维复杂地形场地地震效应研究提供参考.     

圆弧形凹陷在SH波入射下瞬态反应的解析解

针对现有地震波散射问题的解析解均在频域内给出,其适用的频带较窄,不能获取到可靠的瞬态反应解析解的问题,本文利用宽频带频域解析解进一步获取了不同空间点地震反应的宽频带频响函数,并基于傅里叶变换得出SH波入射下圆弧形凹陷地形瞬态动力响应的解析解.以上述为基础,研究了输入脉冲与实际地震动时凹陷的瞬态反应的基本特征,并重点分析...     

Effects of canyon topography and geological conditions on strong ground motion

The finite and infinite element coupling system is used to study the effects of canyon topography and geological conditions on strong ground motion. The system is first applied to a semi-cylindrical shaped canyon using SH wave propagation to verify its accuracy. It is concluded that different topography conditions may have important effects on the ground motions along the canyon. The geological conditions, by which we mean different softening of weathered strata of the canyon surface, will have significantly amplified effects on the free field motions. This fact suggests that a deep weathered rock excavation of arch dam abutments for stability purposes will also benefit earthquake resistance of the dam due to the reduction of ground motions of the sound rock.     

Scattering of plane sh waves by a semi-cylindrical canyon

The two-dimensional scattering and diffraction of plane SH waves by a semi-cylindrical canyon is analysed for a general angle of wave incidence. The closed-form solution of the problem shows that the surface topography can have prominent effects on incident waves only when the wavelengths of incident motion are short compared to the radius of a canyon. The surface amplification of displacement amplitudes around and in the canyon changes rapidly from one point to another, but the amplification is always less than 2. The over-all trends of amplification pattern are determined by two principal parameters: (1) γ, the angle of incidence of plane SH waves, and (2) η, the ratio of radius of the canyon to one-half wave length of incident waves. The higher η leads to greater complexity of the pattern of surface displacement amplitudes characterized by more abrupt changes of amplification from one point to another, while γ mainly determines the over-all trends of displacement amplitudes. For grazing and nearly grazing incidences, for example, a strong shadow zone is developed behind the canyon. The qualitative analysis of the topographic effects on the Pacoima Dam accelerogram,¹ based on the semi-cylindrical canyon, suggests that this strong-motion record was not seriously affected by surface topography of the recording site.     

Effect of seawater on incident plane P and SV waves at ocean bottom and engineering characteristics of offshore ground motion records off the coast of southern California,USA

The effect of seawater on vertical ground motions is studied via a theoretical method and then actual offshore ground motion records are analyzed using a statistical method. A theoretical analysis of the effect of seawater on incident plane P and SV waves at ocean bottom indicate that on one hand, the affected frequency range of vertical ground motions is prominent due to P wave resonance in the water layer if the impedance ratio between the seawater and the underlying medium is large, but it is greatly suppressed if the impedance ratio is small; on the other hand, for the ocean bottom interface model selected herein, vertical ground motions consisting of mostly P waves are more easily affected by seawater than those dominated by SV waves. The statistical analysis of engineering parameters of offshore ground motion records indicate that:(1) Under the infl uence of softer surface soil at the seafl oor, both horizontal and vertical spectral accelerations of offshore motions are exaggerated at long period components, which leads to the peak spectral values moving to a longer period.(2) The spectral ratios(V/H) of offshore ground motions are much smaller than onshore ground motions near the P wave resonant frequencies in the water layer; and as the period becomes larger, the effect of seawater becomes smaller, which leads to a similar V/H at intermediate periods(near 2 s). These results are consistent with the conclusions of Boore and Smith(1999), but the V/H of offshore motion may be smaller than the onshore ground motions at longer periods(more than 5 s).     

Scattering of plane sh waves by a semi-elliptical canyon

In this paper we analyse the two-dimensional scattering and diffraction of plane SH waves by a semi-elliptical canyon. The exact series solution of the problem, for general angle of incidence of the plane SH waves, has been used to examine the dependence of surface amplifications inside and near the canyon. The nature of ground motion has been found to depend on two key parameters: (a) The angle of incidence. (b) The ratio of the canyon width to the wave length of incident SH waves. For short incident waves surface displacement amplitudes change rapidly from one point to another, while for the long waves and shallow canyons displacement amplitudes display only minor departure from the uniform half-space amplification of 2. For shallow canyons and long incident waves, the angle of incidence introduces only minor changes into the overall behaviour of surface amplitudes. For deep canyons and nearly grazing incidences, a prominent shadow zone is realized behind the canyon.     

SV波全反射作用下地震动的合成及振动特性

越来越多的研究表明来自基岩的地震波并不是垂直地面向上传播的。地震波在斜入射与垂直入射时所产生的场地效应有很大不同,由于存在全反射现象,SV波在斜入射时产生的场地效应更为复杂。文章基于均匀弹性半空间地震波传播理论,分别推导得到SV波入射角在小于、大于等于临界角时地震动的计算表达式,通过模型算例研究SV波全反射作用下的地震动特性。研究发现：由SV波产生的地震动主要由入射波和反射波构成,滑行波作用可以忽略;地面运动轨迹具有面波旋转振动特点;随着入射角的增大,地面震动从以水平方向振动为主逐渐过渡到以垂直方向振动为主,两个方向的振动均小于入射波峰值的2倍。     

地震体波斜入射下的断层台阶地震反应分析

应用显式有限元法对倾斜断层台阶在地震体波斜入射下的地震反应进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明，P波入射时的竖向运动分量和SV波入射时的水平向运动分量在台阶上角点处存在极大值、在台阶下角点处存在极小值，同时在上下台面还出现由角点激发、向台阶外传播的转换体波与面波。这一结果说明，在断层台阶场地建设重大工程时应离开上角点一定距离，并考虑上下水平表面地面运动的差异性。