化学分散原油的生物降解

海洋生态系围隔实验为油溢事件中化学分散原油的生物降解提供有效的研究方法。化学分散原油的生物降解是溢油净化的重要途径。分散剂的分散作用促进了原油的生物降解过程。石油烃的浓度变化、细菌生物量增长、多糖的生物合成和絮凝物的形成都是分散原油生物降解的结果。降解速率是评价生物降解能力的重要参数,本文介绍和推导生物降解速率的计算公式。     

红树林间隙水溶解态陆源有机质的光降解和生物降解行为分析

红树林输送的溶解态陆源有机质是海洋中陆源有机质的主要来源之一,对其光降解和生物降解过程的研究有助于进一步了解红树林生态系统输出的有机质在近岸的归宿以及对近岸水体生物地球化学过程的影响,因此于2010年4月在海南省清澜港红树林采集间隙水,并进行了光降解和生物降解培养实验。分析了光培养(光降解)和暗培养过程(生物降解)中溶解态有机碳(DOC)、细菌以及溶解态木质素等的变化。结果显示经历128 d的暗培养后,DOC由初始的2 216 μmol/L下降至718 μmol/L,表明红树林间隙水的生物可利用性约为70%左右;经历11 d的自然光照后,DOC下降至800 μmol/L。木质素在光降解过程中的移除速率(-0.132 d-1)远高于生物降解过程(-0.008 d-1)。光培养中,木质素的下降速率高于总体DOC。不同系列溶解态木质素的下降速率不同,随着培养的进行,紫丁香基酚类(S)与香草基酚类(V)的比值(S/V)呈下降趋势,而V系列的酸醛比值((Ad/Al)v)呈上升的趋势。对比光培养和暗培养过程中DOC和木质素的变化可以得出生物消耗是引起红树林间隙水DOC从水体中移除的主要因素;而光照则是陆源有机质从水体中移除的主要因素;光培养和暗培养过程中细菌变化的差异表明光照可以促进细菌对溶解态有机碳的利用。与其他地区比较发现,海南红树林间隙水的光降解速率与热带河流(刚果河)相近,高于温带密西西比河流,降解过程中各参数的变化[S/V和(Ad/Al)v]与其他区域接近。     

大亚湾大鹏澳油污染状况和自净能力的研究 --污染有机物可降解性研究

将已知浓度的污染物石油烃加入到取自大亚湾大鹏澳天然海水中，进行污染物自净能力实验室模拟试验，探讨了各种条件下微生物对有机物降解的影响，用有机物浓度、ATP、DO、BOD5、COD描述了有机物的降解过程。根据实验结果，得出BOD5和ATP可用来指示降解过程中微生物量的变化；此外，在一定条件下，石油烃的生物降解一级反应方程可描述为OIL=17.442e^-0.1949d。     

东海闽浙沿岸泥质区T08柱样的木质素特征

为了解古植被对气候变化的响应,本文对从闽浙沿岸泥质区采集的T08柱状沉积物的木质素特征进行了分析,结合TOC和δ13 C参数分析,探讨了2000多年以来沉积物中陆源有机碳的来源和降解变化规律。该柱样上半段木质素的含量(∑8、Λ8)显著高于下半段,表明现代陆源输入的增加。紫丁香基酚类/香草基酚类(S/V)、肉桂基酚类/香草基酚类(C/V)和木质素酚类植被指数(LPVI)三者变化趋势基本相同,显示该沉积柱中木质素主要来源于被子植物木本和草本组织,裸子植物草本组织也有一定的贡献。植被参数的变化一定程度上反映了陆源植被对气候变化的响应,但存在时间滞后现象。S、V系列的酸醛比((Ad/Al)s、(Ad/Al)v)和P/(V+S)(P:对羟基酚类)分析表明木质素经历了中等程度的氧化降解和去甲基/去甲氧基降解,且降解程度没有随着深度的增加而增加。木质素降解参数对气候变化的响应,基本不存在时间滞后现象。     

应用木质素示踪楚科奇海表层沉积物中有机碳的来源和降解程度

埋藏在海洋沉积物中的有机碳是大气二氧化碳的净汇,而埋藏过程主要发生在陆架区。北冰洋拥有全球最大的陆架,接收大量来自河流和沿岸侵蚀输运的陆源有机碳,楚科奇海作为北冰洋的边缘海,是有机碳埋藏的重要海区之一。本研究选用楚科奇海和海台的表层沉积物（陆架区33~82.69 m,陆坡区164.63~3 763 m）,通过木质素,结合粒度、比表面积、有机碳百分含量（OC%）、有机碳稳定同位素（δ13C）等指标来示踪楚科奇海沉积物有机碳的来源和降解程度。结果表明,有机碳载荷从陆架到陆坡有明显的降低趋势;δ13C的范围指示有机碳可能来自苔藓、草本裸子植被、浮游植物和冰藻等;木质素丁香基酚（S）与香草基酚（V）的比值（S/V）和肉桂基酚（C）与香草基酚（V）的比值（C/V）表明裸子植物的草本组织贡献了更多的陆源有机碳;此外,较高含量的C9DA二酸（干酪根氧化产物）表明干酪根也可能是楚科奇海表层沉积物中有机质来源的重要组成。指示降解的参数[（Ad/Al） s、（Ad/Al） v、（Ad/Al） p、3,5-Bd/V]在陆架和陆坡沉积物中的差异表明陆坡沉积物中有机质的降解过程受到水动力分选以及原位降解等因素的影响更为明显。     

木质素作为湿地陆源性溶解有机质(DOM)示踪剂的研究进展

近年来,由于人类各种活动的增加,使得湿地中陆源性溶解有机质(DOM)的含量在湿地总DOM中所占的比重不断增加,日益引起人们的关注。木质素为陆地维管束植物细胞壁的特有组分,也是湿地陆源性DOM的特有组分,在湿地环境中具有较高的化学稳定性和抗微生物降解能力,因此成为湿地中一种良好的陆源性示踪剂。利用木质素的这种独特性和稳定性,对湿地中陆源性DOM进行辨识已经成为现代研究的一个方向。本文主要对木质素作为陆源性DOM示踪剂的指示原理以及木质素在湿地陆源性DOM辨识中的具体应用进行了综述。总结提出了木质素作为陆源性DOM的示踪剂在湿地陆源性DOM识别研究中存在的问题,并对其研究前景进行了展望,为木质素在湿地中陆源性DOM的辨识提供理论参考。     

长江口水淘选分级颗粒物中有机碳的来源、分布与降解

对河流颗粒有机碳的来源和归宿的认识是全球碳循环研究的重要方面,而从分级的角度研究颗粒有机碳的输运过程,有助于深入了解其迁移转化过程。于2012年3月采集了长江口的表层悬浮颗粒物,采用水淘选法对其进行了分级分离,分析了这些颗粒物的有机碳含量、稳定碳同位素丰度及木质素等参数,结合颗粒物的质量百分组成,讨论了不同粒级颗粒物有机碳的分布、来源及降解情况。从质量分布上来说,长江口悬浮颗粒物的主要组成部分是32μm粒级的颗粒物。随粒径增大,颗粒有机碳的含量逐渐降低,但并不是最小粒级赋存最多的有机碳,大部分站位颗粒有机碳集中在16~32μm粒级颗粒物上(55%以上)。粗颗粒物(63μm)中有机碳含量低,N/C比较小,13 C较亏损,木质素含量较高,说明粗颗粒物中陆源有机碳的贡献较大,而在细颗粒物,尤其是8μm和8~16μm颗粒物中,除δ13 C外,其它参数的变化均与粗颗粒物的相反,其13 C则比粗颗粒物还要亏损,说明在这些粒级中,除了陆地高等植物外,土壤有机碳或淡水浮游植物的贡献可能也很重要。长江口不同粒级悬浮颗粒物的C/V值和S/V值均较小,表明颗粒物中木质素是被子植物组织与裸子植物组织的混合来源。随粒径增大,木质素降解参数,如(Ad/Al)v、P/(S+V)和3,5-Bd/V均逐渐降低,表明细颗粒物中木质素的降解程度最高。     

黄河济南段柱状沉积物中木质素的分布特征

河流是有机物从陆地向海输送的重要纽带。研究河流沉积环境中有机物的来源、贡献和分布情况,对于评估陆源有机物的碳循环以及反演环境演变具有重要意义。本文以黄河济南段的柱状沉积物为例,利用碱性CuO把木质素氧化分解为不同的单体并通过GC-FID测定,初步探讨了木质素的垂直分布特征和有机物来源。研究结果表明:木质素的含量Σ8(mg/10gds)的变化范围0.0029~0.60mg/10gds,其Σ8的值整体较低,少数值几乎接近检出限,可能与黄河含沙量大,砂质颗粒物的有机质本身含量较低有关,同时低Σ8很好地揭示了沉积物样品的贫有机质特征;木质素的植被参数S/V和C/V表明其母源植被多以被子植物的叶或草为主,部分区段掺杂着裸子植物草本组织。其降解参数(Ad/Al和P/(V+S))则揭示了木质素经历了中高程度的氧化降解和较强的去甲基/去甲氧基降解。此外,C/V和3,5-Bd/V(3,5-双羟基苯甲酸/V)的关系说明该研究区域有机物主要来自土壤的贡献。     

东海表层沉积物中中性糖的赋存特征及其在有机质降解中的指示

中性糖作为有机质的重要组分,其丰度和组成对于沉积物中有机质的来源和降解等生物地球化学过程具有重要的指示意义。本文在对2009年和2010年采集自东海的24个表层沉积物中有机质和中性糖组成以及分布特征进行分析的基础上,探讨了中性糖及其组分在指示东海表层沉积物有机质来源和降解程度中的作用。结果表明:东海表层沉积物中有机碳(TOC)和中性糖(NS)含量较高,分别为66.8—1441.7?mol/g和0.40—4.87?mol/g,平均浓度分别为(409.4?55.2)?mol/g和(3.07?0.31)?mol/g,NS占有机碳的碳摩尔百分数为1.88%—8.93%;随着沉积物粒径增大,TOC、NS含量降低,NS中的葡萄糖组分摩尔百分数增大,而半乳糖、甘露糖和木糖组分摩尔百分比减小,表明沉积物中有机质降解程度增大。同时发现,葡萄糖和海藻糖的摩尔分数之和与半乳糖和阿拉伯糖的摩尔分数之和的比值可作为判断沉积有机物降解程度的指标,其值越大,说明沉积有机物的生物降解程度越小。     

海洋沉积物中生物扰动对微生物降解石油烃的影响

室内试验研究小头虫的生物扰动作用对沉积物油污降解的影响。实验在混加定量20~#柴油的小生境中进行6个月。期间对氧化还原电位不连续展(RPD)深度,Eh,烃类氧化菌菌量以及油浓度等参数做了连续测定。结果表明,小头虫的生物扰动作用通过改善沉积物次表层氧含量水平而促进了烃类氧化菌的生长,并因此使得沉积物中油污的生物降解提高了15％。     

Sediment contaminants and contaminant levels and biomarkers in caged mussels (Mytilus trossulus) in the southern Baltic Sea

Sediment from four southern Baltic Sea locations and caged mussels were analyzed for PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg). In mussels, which were additionally analyzed for 16 individual PAHs, a set of biomarker responses was measured to derive an integrated biomarker response (IBR) index as a part of integrative assessment of pollution in this area. Concentrations of PCBs, ΣDDT, and metals in sediment and mussels, greatest within the Gulf of Gdańsk area, showed decreasing gradients outwards from the Gulf. Sediment quality quotients (SQQs) and biological impact quotients (BIQs), reflecting on sediment- and mussel-accumulated contaminants' potential for biological effects, respectively, pointed out to the Gulf of Gdańsk to be of greatest concern among the examined sites. The IBRs corresponded poorly with the SQQs and BIQs, nevertheless, provided a line of evidence indicative of biological effects of contaminants to support more complex processes of environmental status assessment.     

Carbon isotopes and lignin phenols for tracing the floods during the past 70 years in the middle reach of the Changjiang River

The Lake Tian E Zhou(TEZ,an oxbow lake)was formed during the rerouting of the Changjiang River in 1972,with strong influences from the main river channel and flood events.Herein,a sediment core was collected from the Lake TEZ for the measurements of carbon isotopes and biomarkers,including stable carbon isotopes(δ13C),radiocarbon composition(?14C),and lignin phenols,as well as lead-210 to reconstruct recent heavy flood events over the past 70 years.At the 24–26 cm interval,the sediment contained the highest OC%,TN%,and lignin phenols content,as well as significantly depleted 13C but enriched 14C,corresponding to the extreme flood event in 1998.In addition,statistics from t-test showed that lignin phenols normalized to OC(Λ8),the concentration of 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid(3,5-BD),and the ratio of p-hydroxy benzophenone to total hydroxyl phenols(PHB/HP)were all significantly different between the layers containing flood deposits and the layers deposited under normal non-flood conditions(p<0.05).These results indicate that the later three parameters are highly related to flood events and can be used as compelling proxies,along with sediment chronology,for hydrological changes and storm/flood events in the river basin and coastal marine environments.     

Sources and distributions of terrigenous organic matter in a mangrove fringed small tropical estuary in South China

The sources and distributions of terrigenous organic matter (OM) were investigated in a small tropical estuary in the Hainan Island, South China. Plants, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and surface sediments samples in the estuary and coast were collected. Bulk properties [organic carbon (OC%), total nitrogen (TN%), stable carbon isotope (δ13C) and grain size] and lignin phenol concentrations were measured. OC% of mangrove plants was (43.4 ± 2.1)%, which is similar to the values reported for mangrove plants in other regions. OC% of sediment samples ranged from 0.07% to 1.42%, and they were related to the sediment texture. Lignin phenols in the sediment ranged from 5.16 mg/100 mg OC in the uppermost station to 0.51mg/100mg OC in the coast. The molar ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen (C/N) (～7) and δ 13 C (～-31.1×10-3 ) of riverine SPM revealed that the major OM sources of riverine SPM were aquatic OM (phytoplankton and/or bacteria). Moreover, the lower lignin concentration (Λ8) and higher (Ad/Al)v of lignin phenols suggest that terrestrial OM in riverine SPM were mainly from soil. Furthermore, C/N ratio, δ13C and lignin phenols reveal that mangrove plants were the predominant OM sources of mangrove surface sediment. Based on the δ13C and lignin phenols, it can be concluded that the major OM sources in estuarine and coastal surface sediments were marine phytoplankton, riverine SPM and mangrove surface sediment. In addition, the higher (Ad/Al)v of lignin phenols in those coastal sediments indicate that seagrass might be a potential OM source in coastal sediments, however, the lower (Ad/Al)v in the estuarine sediments in turn suggests that seagrass could not be transported to the mangrove fringed region. A three-end-member model which is based on lignin concentrations and δ13C was applied to evaluate the contribution of mangroves to the organic matter preserved in the surface sediments. Around the mangrove fringed region, mangrove could contribute more than 50% to the sedimentary OM, and this value is much higher than riverine OM. Nevertheless, mangrove OM could not be efficiently transported to the coastal region. Our study suggests that mangrove forest is an important OM source in this small estuary.     

Variation in microbial biomass and community structure in sediments of peter the great bay (sea of japan/east sea), as estimated from fatty acid biomarkers

Variation in the microbial biomass and community structure found in sediment of heavily polluted bays and the adjacent unpolluted areas were examined using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Total microbial biomass and microbial community structure were responding to environmental determinants, sediment grain size, depth of sediment, and pollution due to petroleum hydrocarbons. The marker fatty acids of microeukaryotes and prokaryotes - aerobic, anaerobic, and sulfate-reducing bacteria -were detected in sediments of the areas studied. Analysis of the fatty acid profiles revealed wide variations in the community structure in sediments, depending on the extent of pollution, sediment depth, and sediment grain size. The abundance of specific bacterial fatty acids points to the dominance of prokaryotic organisms, whose composition differed among the stations. Fatty acid distributions in sediments suggest the high contribution of aerobic bacteria. Sediments of polluted sites were significantly enriched with anaerobic bacteria in comparison with clean areas. The contribution of this bacterial group increased with the depth of sediments. Anaerobic bacteria were predominantly present in muddy sediments, as evidenced from the fatty acid profiles. Relatively high concentrations of marker fatty acids of sulfate-reducing bacteria were associated with organic pollution in this site. Specific fatty acids of microeukaryotes were more abundant in surface sediments than in deeper sediment layers. Among the microeukaryotes, diatoms were an important component. Significant amounts of bacterial biomass, the predominance of bacterial biomarker fatty acids with abundance of anaerobic and sulfate-reducing bacteria are indicative of a prokaryotic consortium responsive to organic pollution.     

Organic geochemistry of sediments from the continental margin off southern New England,U.S.A. — part I. Amino acids,carbohydrates and lignin

Total organic carbon (TOC), lignin, amino acids, sugars and amino sugars were measured in recent sediments from the continental margin off southern New England. The various organic carbon fractions decreased in concentration with increasing distance from shore. The fraction of the TOC that was accounted for by these major components also decreased with increasing distance from shore. The concentration of lignin indicated that only about 3–5% of the organic carbon in the nearshore sediment was of terrestrial origin. The various fractions were highly correlated, which was consistent with a simple linear mixing model of shelf organic matter with material from the slope and rise and indicated a significant transport of sediment from the continental shelf to the continental slope and rise.     

长江口南槽沉积物特征和运移趋势

根据2003年9月采集的长江口48个沉积物样品和在该区进行的海岸带调查所测取的沉积物资料分析表明，南槽沉积物渐趋细化。进一步利用Mclaren泥沙输运概率模型分析实测资料，结果发现南槽沉积物自北向南输运入海后，主要转向杭州湾北岸输移。此外，分析长江口不同潮时采集的沉积物粒度特征说明，不同潮时的动力作用下，大潮期间的沉积物粒度参数和物质组成与中、小潮期间相应的沉积物粒度参数及物质组成有所不同，因而对长江口不同时期的沉积物作比较分析时，选择同一湖时的沉积物可能更有意义。     

Sources,transport, and partitioning of organic matter at a highly dynamic continental margin

Continental shelves play a major role as transition zone during transport of multiply-sourced organic matter into the deep sea. In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the origin and fractionation processes of organic matter at the NW Iberian margin, 40 surface sediment samples were analyzed for a structurally diverse range of lipid biomarkers, lignin phenols, grain size distribution, organic carbon content (TOC), its stable carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³CTOC), and the organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (TOC/TN). The biomarker inventory reflected a heterogeneous mixture of organic matter from various marine and terrestrial sources. Soil- and vascular plant-derived continental organic matter, indicated by lignin phenols and plant-derived triterpenoids, was primarily associated with the silt fraction and transported by river run-off. The spatial distribution patterns of higher plant-derived waxes, long-chain n-alkanes, n-alcohols, and n-fatty acids suggested distinct different transport mechanisms and/or sources. The branched tetraether index, a molecular proxy expressing the relative abundance of branched dialkyl tetraethers vs. crenarchaeol and considered to signal soil-derived organic matter, was not as sensitive as the other molecular indicators in detecting continental organic matter. Hydrodynamic sorting processes on the shelf resulted in a separation of different types of terrestrial organic matter; grass and leaf fragments and soil organic matter were preferentially transported offshore and deposited in areas of lower hydrodynamic energy. Algal lipid biomarker distributions indicated a complex community of marine plankton contributing to organic matter. Spatial and seasonal patterns of phytoplankton growth primarily controlled the distribution of algal organic matter components. The interplay of all of these processes controls production, distribution, and deposition of organic matter and results in three distinct provinces at the Galicia–Minho shelf: (I) fresh marine organic matter dominated the inner shelf region; (II) high inputs of terrestrial organic matter and high TOC content characterized the mid-shelf deposited mudbelt; (III) lower concentrations of relatively degraded organic matter with increased proportions of refractory terrestrial components dominated the outer shelf and continental slope.     

基于遥感反演的莱州湾水色变化的多时相分析

悬浮泥沙和叶绿素是海洋水色的重要部分,是反映河口海岸地区生态环境状况的重要指标。本文基于Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像,在不依赖地面实测数据的条件下,结合水文气象数据,利用光谱信息建立水色遥感模型对莱州湾1996—2015年不同时期的悬浮泥沙和叶绿素变化进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)此模型可以快速反演出较大空间尺度内的水色时空分布情况。(2)1996—2015年这一时期内悬浮泥沙浓度变化明显,枯水期的悬浮泥沙扩散范围总体大于丰水期,悬浮泥沙高浓度区主要分布在黄河口附近海域和沿岸区域,泥沙主要来源于陆源输沙和海水中的泥沙再悬浮,悬浮泥沙的扩散主要受潮流的影响,风和波浪等动力因素也在一定程度上影响着悬浮泥沙的扩散;(3)此外,莱州湾叶绿素高浓度区主要分布在莱州湾东—南部海域,其分布具有明显的季节性,春季(5月)海水温度升高,水中营养物质垂直混合好使得叶绿素浓度处于较高态势。     

大连湾石油污染沉积物中细菌群落结构分析

大连新港"7.16"输油管道爆炸溢油事故发生后,为探究石油污染与细菌群落结构变化之间的关系及在石油生物降解过程中起重要作用的细菌菌群,本研究对大连湾表层沉积物中石油烃含量和细菌宏基因组16SrDNA V3区进行分析。结果表明:溢油初期2010年8月DLW01站位表层沉积物石油烃含量高达1 492mg/kg,符合第三类沉积物质量标准,随着时间推移,2011年4月、2011年7月、2011年12月航次各站位沉积物中石油烃含量基本呈下降趋势,且均符合第一类沉积物质量标准;16S rDNA PCR-DGGE方法分析表明,石油烃含量高的区域优势细菌种类少,反之则较丰富;海洋环境中同一地点的细菌群落能保持一定稳定性;大连湾石油污染沉积物中变形菌门γ-变形菌纲和拟杆菌门一直保持较高的优势度,是在石油生物降解过程中起重要作用的细菌菌群,而厚壁菌门只在石油烃含量低的区域出现;此外,出现的对污染物敏感的嗜冷杆菌可作为石油污染指示生物进行深入研究。