Tectonic and stratigraphic significance of the Middle Ordovician carbonate breccias in the Ogcheon Belt, South Korea

Abstract Carbonate breccias occur sporadically in the Lower–Middle Ordovician Maggol Limestone exposed in the Taebacksan Basin in the northeastern part of the northeast–southwest‐trending Ogcheon Belt, South Korea. These carbonate breccias have been previously interpreted as intraformational or fault‐related breccias. Thus, little attention has been focused on tectonic and stratigraphic significance of these carbonate breccias. The present study, however, indicates that the majority of these carbonate breccias are solution–collapse breccias, which are causally linked to paleokarstification. Carbonate facies analysis in conjunction with conodont biostratigraphy suggests that an overall regression toward the top of the Maggol Limestone probably culminated in subaerial exposure of platform carbonates during the early Middle Ordovician (earliest Darriwilian). Extensive subaerial exposure of platform carbonates resulted in paleokarst‐related solution–collapse breccias in the upper Maggol Limestone. This subaerial exposure event is manifested as a major paleokarst unconformity at the Sauk–Tippecanoe sequence boundary elsewhere beneath the Middle Ordovician succession and its equivalents, most notably North America and North China. Due to its global extent, this paleokarst unconformity has been viewed as a product of second‐ or third‐order eustatic sealevel drop during the early Middle Ordovician. Although a paleokarst breccia zone is recognized beneath the Middle Ordovician succession in South Korea, the Sauk–Tippecanoe sequence boundary appears to be a conformable transgressive surface on the top of the paleokarst breccia zone in the upper Maggol Limestone. The paleokarst breccia zone beneath the conformable transgressive surface is represented by a thinning‐upward stack of exposure‐capped tidal flat‐dominated cycles that are closely associated with multiple occurrences of paleokarst‐related solution–collapse breccias. This paleokarst breccia zone was a likely consequence of repeated fourth‐ and fifth‐order sealevel fluctuations. It suggests that second‐ and third‐order eustatic sealevel drop may have been significantly tempered by substantial tectonic subsidence near the end of the Maggol deposition. The tectonic subsidence in the basin is also evidenced by the occurrence of coeval off‐platform lowstand siliciclastic quartzite lenses as well as debris flow carbonate breccias (i.e. the Yemi Breccia). With the continued tectonic subsidence, subsequent rise in the eustatic cycle caused drowning and deep flooding of carbonate platform, forming a transgressive surface on the top of the paleokarst breccia zone. This tectonic implication contrasts notably with the slowly subsiding carbonate platform model for the basin as has been previously interpreted. Thus, it is proposed that the Taebacksan Basin in the northeastern part of the Ogcheon Belt evolved from a slowly subsiding carbonate platform to a rapidly subsiding intracontinental rift basin during the early Middle Ordovician. The proposed tectonic model in the basin gives much better insight to unravel the stratigraphic response to tectonic evolution of the Ogcheon Belt, which remains an enigmatic feature in formulating a tectonic framework of the Korean peninsula. The present study also provides a good example that the falling part of the eustatic sealevel cycle may not produce a significant event in a rapidly subsiding basin where the rate of eustatic fall always remained lower than the rate of subsidence.     

基于二维散射变换的湖相碳酸盐岩储层厚度预测方法研究

济阳坳陷沙四段湖相碳酸盐岩受湖盆内沉积环境和构造运动等因素控制, 储层厚度变化大, 非均质性强, 油气开发难度大.为了准确预测湖相碳酸盐岩储层的厚度, 本文提出一种基于二维散射变换和随机森林的储层厚度预测方法.首先, 引入二维散射变换提取地震时频属性, 该变换是在二维小波变换的基础上, 通过迭代小波分解和非线性操作来实现的.与传统的二维小波变换对比, 散射变换提取的时频属性具有局部形变稳定性以及对噪声鲁棒性的优点, 有助于提高储层厚度预测的准确率.在此基础上, 在有限测井数据的条件下, 利用随机森林算法建立多尺度时频属性与测井解释厚度之间的非线性关系, 实现湖相碳酸盐岩储层预测.模型数据的预测结果表明, 与基于传统地震振幅属性的厚度预测和基于二维小波变换的储层厚度预测对比, 本文所提的厚度预测方法具有最优的性能.叠后三维地震数据的预测结果表明, 与基于传统地震振幅属性的厚度预测和基于二维小波变换的储层厚度预测对比, 本文所提方法的厚度预测结果与实际钻井数据误差更小, 提高了储层厚度预测的精度, 清晰刻画了灰礁、灰滩与灰泥等三种沉积亚相的空间展布, 有利于后续井位部署和优化.

     

基于地震多属性融合的断层识别与评价——以塔里木盆地SHB地区碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层为例

塔里木盆地SHB地区的深部碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层主要发育于断裂破碎带,大多表现为断裂破碎形成的裂缝和后期溶蚀形成相互连通的断溶体.因此,断层的识别与精细评价成为该区缝洞型储层识别评价的基础.考虑到研究区处于沙漠腹部,深部地层的地震反射能量相对较弱,用单一地震属性难以实现断裂带的识别.本文针对研究区地震资料的地质-地球物理特...     

Influence of partial confinement and Holocene river formation on groundwater flow and dissolution in the Florida carbonate platform

Much of what is known about groundwater circulation and geochemical evolution in carbonate platforms is based on platforms that are fully confined or unconfined. Much less is known about groundwater flow paths and geochemical evolution in partially confined platforms, particularly those supporting surface water. In north‐central Florida, sea level rise and a transition to a wetter climate during the Holocene formed rivers in unconfined portions of the Florida carbonate platform. Focusing on data from the Santa Fe River basin, we show river formation has led to important differences in the hydrological and geochemical evolution of the Santa Fe River basin relative to fully confined or unconfined platforms. Runoff from the siliciclastic confining layer drove river incision and created topographic relief, reorienting the termination of local and regional groundwater flow paths from the coast to the rivers in unconfined portions of the platform. The most chemically evolved groundwater occurs at the end of the longest and deepest flow paths, which discharge near the center of the platform because of incision of the Santa Fe River at the edge of the confining unit. This pattern of discharge of mineralized water differs from fully confined or unconfined platforms where discharge of the most mineralized water occurs at the coast. Mineralized water flowing into the Santa Fe River is diluted by less evolved water derived from shorter, shallower flow paths that discharge to the river downstream. Formation of rivers shortens flow path lengths, thereby decreasing groundwater residence times and allowing freshwater to discharge more quickly to the oceans in the newly formed rivers than in platforms that lack rivers. Similar dynamic changes to groundwater systems should be expected to occur in the future as climate change and sea level rise develop surface water on other carbonate platforms and low lying coastal aquifer systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震尺度下碳酸盐岩储层的岩石物理建模方法(英文)

碳酸盐岩油藏的强非均质性以及孔隙结构的复杂性,使得作为连接油藏参数与地震参数重要桥梁的岩石物理模型,以及作为油藏预测和定量表征最有效工具的流体替换成为岩石物理建模的难点与重点。在碳酸盐岩储层复杂孔隙结构与地震尺度下碳酸盐岩储层非均质性分析基础上,研究采用岩石网格化方法,将地震尺度下非均质碳酸盐岩储层岩石划分为具有独立岩石参数的均质岩石子体,根据岩石孔隙成因与结构特征采用不同岩石物理模型分步计算岩石子块干岩石弹性模量,并根据不同孔隙连通性进行流体替换,计算饱和不同流体岩石弹性模量。基于计算的岩石子块弹性模量,采用Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole弹性边界计算理论方法实现地震尺度下碳酸盐岩储层弹性参数计算。通过对含有不同类型孔隙组合碳酸盐岩储层模型的弹性模量进行计算与分析,明确不同孔隙对岩石弹性参数的影响特征,模拟分析结果与实际资料认识一致。     

海上高分辨率地震实例研究

在莺歌海盆地油气勘探中,应用高分辨率地震资料评价ＤＦ１一１气田,探明了储集层顶面的水道冲蚀,给出了正确的气田地质模式;并应用高分辨率地震资料做气藏描述,比较准确地估算了储集层的厚度与孔隙度,减少了评价井数．应用高分辨率地震的亮点加平点技术,在原认为是空构造的ＬＤ８一１构造发现了高产天然气。理论和实践都表明,若要得到高分辨率的地震资料,提高地震子波的频率是很重要的,但保护低频比提高高频更重要。高分辨率地震波阻抗剖面比地震偏移剖面更直接、更清晰地反映地下地质情况,直接用波阻抗剖面做地震解释和油藏描述可得到更好的效果。     

Geophysical exploration for geothermal low enthalpy resources in Lipari Island, Italy

Integrated geophysical surveys were performed in two sites, Fossa di Fuardo and Terme di San Calogero in Lipari Island, Southern Italy with the intent of the exploration of low-enthalpy geothermal fluids. Both sites show strong geochemical and geologic evidences of hydrothermal activity. The geophysical methods consist of two microgravimetric surveys, two 2D geoelectric profiles, a seismic reflection profile and a five seismic refraction profiles. The seismic methods allowed us to locate the main subsurface seismic discontinuities and to evaluate their geometrical relationships. The gravity field was used to constraint the seismic discontinuities, while the electric prospecting let discriminate more conductive areas, which could correspond to an increase in thermal fluid circulation in the investigated sites.The results obtained by the different geophysical methods are in good agreement and permit the definition of a reliable geo-structural model of the subsurface setting of the two investigated areas. A low-enthalpy geothermal reservoir constituted by a permeable pyroclastic and lava sequence underlying two shallow impermeable formations was found at Fossa del Fuardo. The reservoir is intersected by some sub-vertical faults/fractures that probably play an important role in convoying the thermal water up to the surface. At the other site, Terme di S. Calogero, the geophysical surveys showed that an intense circulation of fluids affects the subsurface of the area. This circulation concentrates along a ENE-trending fault located at a little distance from the thermal resort. The hot fluids may upraise along the fault if the width of the ascent area is smaller than 20 m.     

三维地震解释技术在油田开发中的应用

在油田的开发部署研究中,三维地震解释技术的应用研究是必不可少的内容.辽河油田复杂的地质条件以及油田规模应用水平井决定了只有应用地震这样密集的信息资料,才有可能较为准确地刻画地下地质体,落实微构造、小断层;在地震反演结果不能准确预测薄储层的横向变化的情况下,才有可能实现薄储层预测,进行储层追踪,指导水平井钻井.利用地震解释技术进行薄储层预测和小断层识别的实例充分展现了精细地震解释技术的价值.随着地震解释技术,尤其是四维地震的不断发展,其在油田开发中的应用日益广泛.将地震与地质、测井、开发等结合起来,形成综合研究技术才是油田开发所需技术的发展趋势.     

青西油田碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层地球物理预测技术的应用

白云岩成岩收缩晶间孔、洞、缝与构造网状缝相互沟通可以组成良好的油气储层，但是这种复杂裂缝—孔隙型储层分布随机性强、发育程度和差异性大，储层预测难度大。本文以中国西部酒泉盆地青西油田下白垩统下沟组湖相白云岩裂缝—孔隙型储层为例，提出地球物理综合预测碳酸盐岩裂缝的方法。本文描述了综合地球物理方法预测碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的实施和应用效果。     

Information System to Support Regional Hydrological Monitoring and Forecasting

This paper describes the conceptual framework and software components of the automated hydrological monitoring system (AHMS), developed as a part of the project aimed at recovery, modernization, and development of the hydrometeorological network and hydrological forecasting system in the Amur basin in Russia. AHMS information technology platform provides sustainable functioning of the observation network, data exchange (within regional hydrometeorological state agencies), and interaction with external information systems.     

柴达木盆地三湖地区天然气地震预测关键技术及应用

针对柴迭木盆地三湖生物天然气预测,提出了地震预测方法的三项关键技术:地震资料处理中的静校正技术(初至波折射静校正技术);地震叠后预测技术(包括如下5项内容:共偏移距扫描;频率扫描;速度谱剖面分析;反射同相轴下拉量分析;烃类检测);地震叠前预测技术(包括如下2项内容:不同偏移距叠加剖面分析;叠前反演分析).在三湖北斜坡地区应用这三项关键技术,发现了台东2号舍气异常,成功钻探了台东2井.     

Mega-shoaling in carbonate platform of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation,Sichuan Basin,southwest China

Shoaling is a common type of sedimentation in the evolution of carbonate platform,and commonly has poor continuity.This paper presents a newly discovered and rare type of shoaling,i.e.,mega-shoaling in nearly basin scale,which is developed in the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation of the Sichuan Basin,southwest China.During the Leikoupo time,the studied Sichuan Basin experienced hot and dry climate conditions and developed a carbonate platform within a restricted epicontinental sea.In B sub-layer of the Lei-1-1 sub-member of the Leikoupo Formation a series of grainstones of shoal facies accumulated throughout almost the entire basin,thereby generating features associated with basin-scale mega-shoaling.By detailed core examination and microscopic observation of thin sections,it is shown that the lithology of this set of grainstones is dominated by doloarenite(calcarenite)followed by oolitic dolomite(limestone).In addition,it contains three types of sedimentary sequences characterized by upward-coarsening and upward-shallowing as the followings:restricted lagoon to platform interior beach;restricted lagoon to platform interior beach and to platform flat;and tidal flat to peritidal beach.Subsequently,a multicyclic stratigraphic division and correlation revealed that this set of grainstones can be well traced and compared horizontally,and is generally isochronous.In addition,a template for logging facies,established based on core calibrations and logging data,was employed to analyze the 235 wells in the basin.The results demonstrate the shoal grainstones to be 10–40 m thick with a15×104km2continuous distribution area.These findings indicate that the carbonate platform developed mega-shoals within a short period of time.The genesis of such a mega-shoaling was investigated by focusing on various shoaling conditions,such as paleo-tectonics,paleo-geomorphology,paleo-climate,sea-level changes,and palaeo-hydrodynamics.A specific combination of independent geological factors creates beneficial geomorphologic conditions for the mega-shoaling including a quiescent paleo-tectonic environment,relatively flat paleo-geomorphology and evaporites filling up and leveling off.In addition,a stably settling carbonate platform underwent sea-level fluctuations through swift transgressions and protracted regressions,which is not only conducive to continuous,multicyclic and superimposed vertical development of grain beaches but also beneficial for the horizontal migration,coalescence and superimposition of individual grain beaches.As a consequence,large-scale and continuously-distributed grain beach sedimentation emerges and mega-shoals develop.     

深层-超深层碳酸盐岩多类型储集体地震预测

塔里木盆地、四川盆地以及鄂尔多斯盆地深层-超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏是中国油气勘探的重要领域.由于中国海相深层碳酸盐岩储层发育的主控因素差异很大, 碳酸盐岩储集体类型多, 非均质性极强.随着深度增加, 海相地层地震资料信噪比低、分辨率变差, 增加了碳酸盐岩储层地震预测的难度.本文提出了以“相、面、断”三种端元为基础的深层碳酸盐岩储集体分类的新方法, 针对相控型、面控型和断控型三种类型储集体, 形成了相应的储集体预测方法、流程, 包括: (1)川西雷口坡组气田潮坪相白云岩薄储层“三型两构”组合预测技术; (2)川北茅口组气藏礁滩相白云岩薄储层地震沉积学分析约束的高分辨率反演技术; (3)顺北油气田奥陶系断控储集体基于振幅响应正演模拟的定性-定量描述; (4)大牛地奥陶系不整合面岩溶储集体地质规律指导下的波形分类与古地貌刻画技术.这些方法围绕特定类型储集体的特征, 充分运用地质分析所建立的储集体模式, 较好地预测了储集体的厚度、物性、含油气性及分布范围, 实现了单纯依据地震数据无法达到的预测目标, 取得了良好的应用效果, 有力支撑了深层-超深层油气勘探突破与高效开发.

     

A study and application of high-resolution methods for reef reservoir identification

Reefs represent a special type of carbonate trap that plays a key role in the migration, accumulation, and formation of a reservoir. They have commonly been the targets of exploration and development. However, reefs have complex interior structures and easily grow as thin, interbedded geological frames with reef microfacies that include the cap, core, and base of the reef. Because of the inherent drawbacks of seismic signals, including their low frequencies and narrow bandwidths, it is difficult to accurately identify reef reservoirs. Fortunately, the seismic frequency, phase, energy, waveform and other dynamic and geometrical properties can be used to compensate for the energy, expand the frequency bandwidth, and decompose and reconstruct the wavelet to obtain high-resolution seismic data. These data can highlight certain seismic responses of reefs, including boundary reflections, dome-shaped reflections from the reef outline, strong reflections from the reef cap, reflections from the reef bottom, and onlap reflections from the reef flanks. Some impedance response regularities, such as the lower impedance of the reef cap relative to the reef core and biodetritus beach and the fluctuating impedance of the reef-flat complex, are observed by combining log data with geological and high-resolution seismic data for a reef reservoir inversion. These methods were applied to the Changxing Formation in the Yuanba Gas Field. Good prediction results were obtained with a high consistency between the log and seismic data in a comparative analysis with the original seismic data and well logs.     

Detailed reservoir inversion addressing geological problems in reservoir development

垦71开发区块的主要产油层系为新近系的馆陶组河流相和古近系的东营组三角洲相地层,具有被断层复杂化的多油水系统。该区井网密集,储层厚度薄,横向关系复杂,储层与非储层速度差异小,后续开发方案调整所要求的精细储层描述难度较大。本文展示了以精细储层描述为目标的地震约束反演实例,利用多井地震、地质标定,结合三维构造解释成果,建立三维多断层精细约束地质模型。在此基础上,采用随机地震反演方法,进行了波阻抗、岩性等多种地层参数反演,较好地解决了该区薄互层储层精细描述问题,证实了精细储层反演技术在油田开发中的重要作用。     

面向油藏开发地质问题的精细储层反演研究

垦71开发区块的主要产油层系为新近系的馆陶组河流相和古近系的东营组三角洲相地层,具有被断层复杂化的多油水系统。该区井网密集,储层厚度薄,横向关系复杂,储层与非储层速度差异小,后续开发方案调整所要求的精细储层描述难度较大。本文展示了以精细储层描述为目标的地震约束反演实例,利用多井地震、地质标定,结合三维构造解释成果,建立三维多断层精细约束地质模型。在此基础上,采用随机地震反演方法,进行了波阻抗、岩性等多种地层参数反演,较好地解决了该区薄互层储层精细描述问题,证实了精细储层反演技术在油田开发中的重要作用。     

地震反Q滤波应用于碳酸盐岩储层特征描述

塔里木盆地塔河地区的奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层埋藏深,其深度超过5000 m,储集体类型以裂缝、缝洞为主,储层的纵向和横向上都具有极强的非均质性.这些特点导致反射地震数据的信噪比低、分辨率低,从而使得碳酸盐岩储层特征描述的难度增大.针对这些问题,本文运用稳定化反Q滤波方法对塔河地区的三维地震数据进行提高分辨率处理,同步实现地震振幅补偿和子波相位校正.处理结果与原始地震数据进行地震剖面面貌、储层内幕信息、断裂缝洞刻画等方面的直接对比,一方面展示反Q滤波方法在提高分辨率、提高弱反射能量、以及增强反射同相轴的空间连续性等方面的优势,同时展示稳定化反Q滤波方法能够提高对奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞储集体的特征描述精度.

     

松辽盆地长岭断陷火山岩相地震特征及其响应关系

火山岩储层发育受岩性岩相的控制,为了提高岩性岩相地震识别的精度,选择松辽盆地南部长岭断陷营城组和火石岭组典型钻井火山岩进行井旁地震相分析,分别建立了酸性和中基性火山岩的岩相识别的模版.酸性与中基性火山岩最明显的差别为爆发相和喷溢相之间的差异,酸性岩爆发相具有席状,板状,平行—亚平行反射,连续性好、局部中等,强振幅,低频的特征;酸性岩喷溢相具有楔状、局部透镜,波形反射特征,连续性中—差,中弱振幅、见中强振幅,中高频特征.中基性岩爆发相具有板状,楔状,蠕虫形反射、偶见亚平行反射,中高振幅,中高频,连续性差、见连续性中—好的特征;中基性岩喷溢相具有板状,楔状,平行—亚平行反射、局部波形反射,连续性中等、局部较差,中强振幅,中频、局部高频的特征.根据酸性、中基性火山岩不同的电性特征,结合火山岩段表现的地震内部反射结构,几何形态等地震相特征.总结出不同火山岩之间地震相与测井相的对应关系,为新区识别火山岩相,预测火山岩储层,划分有利储集相带提供依据.