改造强度——中国绿岩带及变质细碎屑岩系中大型及超大型金矿床成矿 …

改造强度是形成中国夺及为质细碎屑岩系中大型及超大型金矿床的关键条件。以超大型金矿床的形成作用作为讨论对象,并对一些特大型放床形成超大规模的前景进行了评估。该类矿床产在变质岩及晚期侵入体中,矿床经历了沉积、区域变质 矿等多次形成作用。有的还经历了重熔岩浆作用阶段,但矿床最终为改造作用所形成。控制超大型矿床成形的改造作用强度主要反映在被活 矿大于何苦在并有多种来源、成放流体规模大且具较强氧化性、流体长     

国外超大型浅变质细碎屑岩型金矿床的地质特征

国外浅变质碎屑岩型金矿床的含矿岩系以含碳和黄铁矿,夹火山物质和热水沉积物,金含量高为特征.在含矿岩系的沉积、成岩过程中,局部可以形成贫金的含矿层,少数情况下以至于形成金矿体.含矿岩系的变质作用可能形成金矿化,或为后来的成矿作用造成有利的物理和化学环境.岩浆作用为成矿作用提供了部分成矿物质,或为改造成矿作用提供热源和动力.金矿床受构造控制,位于地热正异常区,金矿床的形成与热水沉积成矿作用、变质成矿作用、岩浆期后热液成矿作用和大气降水改造成矿作用等有关.超大型浅变质碎屑岩金矿床的形成过程持续时间长,具有多期多阶段的特点.改造成矿作用在超大型浅变质细碎屑岩型金矿床形成中起重要作用,中生代形成的超大型金矿床中,构造岩浆活化作用叠加十分重要.     

太古宙绿岩带的变质作用、流体成分及金矿成因模式

迄今已提出了很多有关绿岩带金矿的成因模式,其中包括绿岩地体深部产生的变质流体中金运移、沉淀的模式即变质模式,并愈来愈受到重视。本文则通过对绿岩带内变基性岩类岩石在脱水/脱碳酸盐作用过程中产生的流体成分的计算,并结合绿岩带变质作用过程中PT变化特点,从变质流体的成分构成与矿化流体成分相一致,变质作用与金矿化在时间上的紧密关联性,进一步论证了绿岩带金矿的变质成因特点。同时对大多数绿岩带金矿床形成于区域变质作用峰期之后、以及大多数绿岩带金矿床常和绿岩带晚期的长英质侵入岩和煌斑岩共生作了较为圆满的解释。绿岩带发生变质作用的动力条件是地壳通过碰撞作用而超覆增厚,而同时发生岩石圈的减薄作用,这种动力学条件使得地壳较深部位的变质峰期随着深度增加发生的愈早,即“愈深-愈早”,其PTt轨迹是逆时针型式,但是地壳浅部的变质峰期随深度的增加发生的愈晚即为“愈深愈晚”型,其PTt轨迹是顺时针型式。     

阿尔金南缘构造带西段新元古代-早古生代变质岩系的变质作用

阿尔金南缘构造带西段新元古代-早古生代变质岩系为一套绿片岩相-低角闪岩相的中浅变质岩系,并形成绢云母-白云母带、黑云母带和石榴石-角闪石带3个递增变质带。通过对石榴石-角闪石带变质作用p-T轨迹的深入研究表明,其经历了3个阶段变质作用:即经历了俯冲碰撞深埋到30～35 km深度的中高压变质作用(M₁),压力可达7.27×10⁸～9.63×10⁸ Pa;随后经历了快速抬升所导致的近等温降压变质过程(M₂),压力降至4.1×10⁸～5.62×10⁸ Pa;晚期经历了降温降压退变质作用（M₃）。整个过程为顺时针方向演化的p-T轨迹,其地质动力学过程属于较典型的板块俯冲碰撞→抬升模式,表明阿尔金南缘构造带的地质构造演化经历了俯冲碰撞及碰撞后的快速抬升过程。     

双山子太古代绿岩带金矿的基本特征

文章简要介绍了双山子太古代绿岩带的基本特征,指出双山子绿岩带同加拿大阿比提比绿岩带有许多相似之处;论述了绿岩带中三期不同类型金矿的各自主要成矿地质特征,指出早期含金石英脉是太古代的产物,为冀东地区典型的太古代绿岩带金矿;毒砂型金矿可能是太古代最晚期的产物;晚期石英脉型金矿形成于燕山期.在该区东部南北长约30km的矿带中...     

南美洲大型-超大型金矿地质特征与成矿作用研究

金是南美洲仅次于铜的优势矿种,据美国地质调查局统计,2016年秘鲁金矿储量2800 t,巴西金矿储量2400 t,智利仅公布到2014年金矿储量3900 t。通过对南美安第斯成矿带和南美地台金矿地质背景分析,根据对31个大型-超大型金矿的综合研究,剖析斑岩型、浅成低温热液型、IOCG型、造山型等不同类型金矿床的时空分布、地质特征,梳理重要成矿区特征,摸清区域构造岩浆-成矿作用演化的关系,为以后在南美洲金矿的勘查开发提供科学依据。在安第斯成矿带,金成矿作用与太平洋板块向南美大陆板块的俯冲密切相关,大型-超大型金矿类型主要是以浅成低温热液型,以及与铜共生的斑岩型、IOCG型矿床为主,大规模金成矿作用集中在新生代,形成了众多世界著名的金矿床。南美地台成矿带位于亚马孙陆块边缘,受古元古代(2.5~1.8 Ga)Trans-Amazonian旋回影响,经历了反复俯冲造山运动,大型-超大型金矿以造山带型金矿为主,主要成矿期在太古宙—新元古代。南美的金资源相当丰富,未来具有巨大的勘查开发潜力。     

坦桑尼亚维多利亚湖东部绿岩带金矿床地质特征及成因浅析

坦桑尼亚维多利亚湖绿岩带是世界上非常有名的金成矿区,目前已发现数个世界级的金矿床。本文分析了该地区典型金矿床成矿地质特征,认为维多利亚湖东部绿岩带金矿床类型为构造蚀变岩型,矿体赋存在受EW向、NW向和NE向三组剪切破碎带控制的构造蚀变岩中,矿石类型主要为黄铁绢英蚀变岩和含金石英脉,与成矿有关的蚀变主要为硅化、绢云母化和黄铁矿化。同时,将这些矿床与中国胶东绿岩带的“焦家式”金矿床进行了对比,探讨了成矿模型研究所面临的问题。     

南美洲圭亚那地盾北部绿岩带地质特征、典型金矿床及金成矿作用

圭亚那地盾位于南美洲亚马孙克拉通的北部,其北部广泛发育太古宙典型的花岗岩-绿岩带,主要岩石组成为花岗岩、片麻岩和英云闪长岩,古元古代变质超基性-基性火山岩-侵入岩、其他变质火山岩等。由于独特的地质构造位置和复杂的构造演化历史,形成了良好的绿岩型金成矿地质背景,产生了大量的金矿床。通过总结圭亚那地盾北部绿岩带的岩石特征、成岩时代和构造演化历史,对委内瑞拉埃尔卡劳金矿、圭亚那欧迈金矿和苏里南罗瑟贝尔金矿进行典型矿床剖析,系统研究了该区绿岩带型金矿的成矿地质背景、成矿流体及成矿年代学特征,建立了区域绿岩带型金矿成矿模型,并在分析找矿要素的基础上,提出圭亚那地盾北部的金矿找矿方向。     

高盐变质流体对我国绿岩带金矿的制约

高盐变质流体为绿岩带原岩在变质 -混合岩化过程中产生的液体 ,其含盐度高达 30～ 40 wt% Na Cl,富含 K、Na、Ca、Mg碱金属离子 ,K/ Na≈ 1,呈强碱性 ,有利于绿岩中 Au的活化和迁移 ,使绿岩带起到金的矿源层作用 ,并且间接地控制了变质期后绿岩型金矿的形成和分布 ,控制了绿岩型金矿的规模大小     

坦桑尼亚盖塔(Geita)绿岩带型金矿矿床地质特征

盖塔(Geita)金矿是坦桑尼亚重要的绿岩带型金矿之一。文章阐述了矿床地质背景、矿床地质特征,以及矿床同位素年代特征,并对矿床成矿模式进行了对比。在此基础上认为盖塔金矿以块状黄铁矿和浸染状黄铁矿的矿化为主,成矿时代约为2644~2680Ma,属于太古宙热液型金矿床,具有明显的"层控"特征,后生成矿模式可能是盖特金矿的矿床成因。     

坦桑尼亚苏库玛兰德绿岩带金矿地质特征及找矿思路

东非维多利亚湖绿岩带区是非洲大陆第三大产金区,其南部的Sukumaland绿岩带具有优越的金成矿地质条件和巨大的金成矿潜力,发育Geita、Bulyanhulu等一系列世界级金矿床。该地区金矿工业类型以绿岩带石英脉型和BIF型为主,成矿受构造、岩浆岩与地层等条件的严格控制。本文以Sukumaland绿岩带南部的Kahama地区为实验区,在理清区域金矿成矿规律和控矿要素的基础上,通过GIS加权叠加的方法利用有限的地质、航磁和遥感数据划分了金成矿有利度。     

Transport and Concentration of Gold in Metamorphic—hosted Reworked Gold Deposits,China

Calculations based on the available thermodynamic data of AuCl ₂ ⁻ and Au (HS) ₂ ⁻ indicate that AuCl ₂ ⁻ is responsible for the transport and enrichment of gold during the stage of pre-concentration in the source bed while Au (HS) ₂ ⁻ is the main gold species involved in the formation of gold deposits in response to hydrothermal reworking. Acid chloride solutions witha _Cl ⁻ > 10° and sulfur-rich solutions with a_Σs in excess of 10⁻² are held as important criteria for gold enrichment in the source bed and for the formation of gold deposits by subsequent hydrothermal event, respectively.     

Metamorphism in Archaean greenstone belts: calculated fluid compositions and implications for gold mineralization

An inescapable consequence of the metamorphism of greenstone belt sequences is the release of a large volume of metamorphic fluid of low salinity with chemical characteristics controlled by the mineral assemblages involved in the devolatilization reactions. For mafic and ultramafic sequences, the composition of fluids released at upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies conditions for the necessary relatively hot geotherm corresponds to those inferred for greenstone gold deposits (X_CO2= 0.2–0.3). This result follows from the calculation of mineral equilibria in the model system CaO–MgO–FeO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–CO₂, using a new, expanded, internally consistent dataset. Greenstone metamorphism cannot have involved much crustal over-thickening, because very shallow levels of greenstone belts are preserved. Such orogeny can be accounted for if compressive deformation of the crust is accompanied by thinning of the mantle lithosphere. In this case, the observed metamorphism, which was contemporaneous with deformation, is of the low-P high-T type. For this type of metamorphism, the metamorphic peak should have occurred earlier at deeper levels in the crust; i.e. the piezothermal array should be of the ‘deeper-earlier’type. However, at shallow crustal levels, the piezothermal array is likely to have been of ‘deeper-later’type, as a consequence of erosion. Thus, while the lower crust reached maximum temperatures, and partially melted to produce the observed granites, mid-crustal levels were releasing fluids prograde into shallow crustal levels that were already retrograde. We propose that these fluids are responsible for the gold mineralization. Thus, the contemporaneity of igneous activity and gold mineralization is a natural consequence of the thermal evolution, and does not mean that the mineralization has to be a consequence of igneous processes. Upward migration of metamorphic fluid, via appropriate structurally controlled pathways, will bring the fluid into contact with mineral assemblages that have equilibrated with a fluid with significantly lower X_CO2. These assemblages are therefore grossly out of equilibrium with the fluid. In the case of infiltrated metabasic rocks, intense carbonation and sulphidation is predicted. If, as seems reasonable, gold is mobilized by the fluid generated by devolatilization, then the combination of processes proposed, most of which are an inevitable consequence of the metamorphism, leads to the formation of greenstone gold deposits predominantly from metamorphic fluids.     

Sediment—Hosted Gold Deposits in China_geochemistry and Prospecting

Sediment-hosted gold deposits are the major type of gold resources in china,Concen trated mostly in the two“Triangle Regios“,they are generally hosted in fine-clastic turbidite,hydrothermal chet and marl ranging from cambrian to Triassic in age,structurally controlled by domes,anticlines and second-ordered faults.They are similar to the Carlin-type gold deposits in mineral assemblage and geochemical marks,with an element association closely comparable to those of modern springs and submarine hydrothermal sediments.Organic matter may have played an important role in mineralization .The ore solution may be hydrothermally altered meteoric water developed i areas of local geothermal anomaly.