西南地区2次秋冬春季持续严重干旱气候成因对比

利用多种资料从不同方面对2009/2010、2012/2013年西南地区秋冬春季持续严重干旱进行对比分析,结果表明:这2次季节连旱都受热带西太平洋、孟加拉湾、中南半岛和青藏高原东部等地区环流异常、水汽输送通量散度异常、热带印度洋海表温度异常以及北极涛动(AO)异常的影响。2009年和2012年秋冬季,西南地区均受较强的下沉运动控制,环流形势异常和热带印度洋海表异常增温,导致来自孟加拉湾的水汽输送偏弱,同时该地区水汽输送通量辐散偏强,动力因子和水汽条件都不利于降水;AO持续负位相是引起持续干旱的重要原因,它不仅使南支槽减弱变浅,西南水汽输送减少,还致使贝加尔湖脊系统偏弱,北方南下冷空气主体偏东,不利于冷暖空气在西南地区上空交汇。热带西太平洋海表温度异常并非2次干旱事件的直接原因,且对这2次干旱的影响有所不同,其中2009/2010年的干旱发生在El Nino Modoki事件背景下,2012/2013年则受到弱的La Nina事件的影响。     

2009年秋至2010年春我国西南地区严重干旱的成因分析

我国西南地区从2009年秋季到2010年春季发生了严重干旱,这次干旱无论持续时间和发生区域或降水减少程度都是近50年来所罕见的,因而本文利用ERA-40再分析资料和海温资料从热带西太平洋和热带印度洋热力异常对热带西太平洋和南亚上空大气环流的影响来分析了这次西南地区干旱发生的成因。分析结果表明:从2009年秋到2010年春季,热带西太平洋和热带印度洋处于升温状态,它使得热带西太平洋上空产生反气旋异常环流,造成了西南气流异常在我国东南沿海加强,而华南和华中地区上空处于低槽控制,因而在高原东部为槽后西北气流和下沉气流所控制,造成了从孟加拉湾来的水汽很难到达云贵高原,从而引起了此区域降水长期偏少。并且,分析结果还表明了中高纬度地区的环流异常对此次严重干旱也有重要影响。由于从2009年冬季到2010年春季中高纬度准定常行星波传播的极地波导偏强,而低纬波导偏弱,这导致波的E-P通量在60°N附近对流层和平流层为辐合,而在35°N附近对流层中、上层为辐散,从而引起纬向平均西风在60°N附近对流层和平流层减弱,而在35°N附近对流层中、上层加强,造成了北极涛动(AO)为很大的负值。由于AO为负值,东亚冬季冷空气活动强且路径偏东,使得到达西南地区冷空气偏弱,从而引起西南地区持续性严重干旱的发生。     

印度洋海表热力变化对红水河天一电站流量的影响

基于1936—2014年红水河天一电站流量与印度洋海表温度的相关分析,构建了热带东印度洋海温关键区指数(ETIOI)。研究表明,该指数与电站流量的关系具有显著的、持续的和稳定的反相关关系。对ETIOI的冷暖位相年合成分析表明,当ETIOI处于冷位相时,夏秋季节,南亚和东亚夏季风均较正常年份增强,激发东亚地区出现西南风和偏东风异常,有较多的水汽从印度洋、孟加拉湾和西北太平洋向华东、华南输送,使这里的云量增多,对流增强,降水增多,进而增大天一电站流量。反之,ETIOI处于暖位相时,各个季节中,华中、华南和西南地区均以北风异常所控制,使这些地区受异常的干冷气团影响,水汽输送减少,对流减弱,降水少而导致红水河天一电站流量减小。因此,热带东印度洋关键海区的海温指数可以作为影响夏秋季节红水河流域径流变化的关键因子,可为该流域的径流预报提供一种思路。     

南印度洋偶极型海温与中国西南地区初秋降水的关系

利用1979年1月~2018年12月Hadley海表温度资料、CRU TS v4.03逐月格点降水资料,以及NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,对南印度洋偶极型海温与中国西南地区初秋降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明:7~8月平均印度洋海表温度EOF第二模态表现为显著的东北—西南向偶极子模态,其东北和西南两侧的海表温度呈反相位变化特征,为典型的南印度洋偶极子(SIOD)分布,其时间系数表现为30a以上的周期变化并定义为新的SIOD指数;对应7~8月SIOD正异常,西南地区9月对流活动显著增强,负异常则对流活动显著受到抑制,且SIOD指数与中国西南地区初秋降水呈较强的正相关; SIOD影响中国初秋降水的主要途径是:印度洋东北部形成的越赤道气流在孟加拉湾以南上空分为两支,其中一支经孟加拉湾和中南半岛进入中国西南地区,将孟加拉湾水汽向该地区输送,并造成水汽在该地区辐合,有利于中国西南地区降水发生。该研究结果不仅对认识南印度洋海气系统对中国降水的可能影响,还对发展西南地区初秋降水预测模型有着重要的意义。      

热带印度洋夏季水汽输送特征及对南亚季风区降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析环流资料、CMAP降水量和NOAA海温资料研究了热带印度洋夏季水汽输送的时空变化特征,并考察其对南亚季风区夏季降水的影响.热带印度洋夏季异常水汽输送第一模态表现为异常水汽从南海向西到达孟加拉湾后分成两支,其中一支继续往西到达印度次大陆和阿拉伯海,对应印度半岛南端和中南半岛的西风水汽输送减弱,导致这些区域降水减少;第二模态表现为异常水汽从赤道东印度洋沿赤道西印度洋、阿拉伯海、印度半岛、中南半岛的反气旋输送,印度和孟加拉湾南部为反气旋异常水汽输送,水汽辐散、降水减少,而印度东北部为气旋性水汽输送,水汽辐合、降水增多.就水汽输送与局地海温的关系而言,水汽输送第一模态与热带印度洋海温整体增暖关系密切,而第二模态与同期印度洋偶极子关系密切.     

热带印度洋-西太平洋水汽输送异常对中国东部夏季降水的影响

利用1979~2015年NCEP/NCAR发布的月平均全球再分析资料,分析了热带印度洋-西太平洋水汽输送异常对中国东部夏季降水的影响及其形成机理。研究结果表明:热带印度洋-西太平洋地区（10°S~30°N,60°~140°E）夏季异常水汽输送主要包括两个模态,他们可以解释总的水汽输送异常34%的方差。其中,第一模态（EOF1）表现为异常水汽沿反气旋从热带西太平洋经过南海及孟加拉湾输送到中国东部上空,对应南海、孟加拉湾水汽路径输送均偏多,此时西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强,异常水汽在长江中下游地区辐合并伴随显著上升运动,有利于长江中下游降水偏多;第二模态（EOF2）表现为异常水汽从热带印度洋沿阿拉伯海、印度半岛、中南半岛等呈反气旋式输送,华南上空相应出现气旋式水汽输送异常,并对应异常水汽辐合和上升运动,有利于华南降水偏多。就可能的外部成因而言,EOF1与ENSO关系密切,表现为前冬热带中东太平洋显著偏暖,夏季同期热带北印度洋、南海上空显著偏暖,造成西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强,异常水汽主要来源于热带西太平洋和南海;EOF2与同期热带印度洋偶极子（TIOD）异常有关,TIOD为正位相时热带印度洋上空出现异常东风,华南上空出现异常气旋并伴随水汽异常辐合,异常水汽主要来源于热带南印度洋。     

热带印度洋MJO对4—6月长江中下游地区降水的影响

利用站点降水资料、美国气候预测中心(CPC)的MJO指数和NCEP/DOE AMIP-II再分析资料,研究了热带印度洋MJO对4—6月长江中下游地区降水的影响及可能机制。(1) 热带印度洋MJO对长江中下游地区降水有显著影响:热带印度洋MJO偏强(偏弱)时,同期以及滞后1～2候时该地区降水偏多(偏少)。(2) 热带印度洋MJO处在不同位相时,大尺度背景场有明显的差别:热带印度洋MJO偏强(偏弱)时,同期以及滞后1～2候时MJO活跃对流中心位于热带印度洋(西太平洋),西太平洋副热带地区表现为反气旋性(气旋性)环流异常,孟加拉湾为气旋性(反气旋性)环流异常,长江中下游地区出现了异常上升(下沉)运动,水汽辐合增强(减弱);伴随MJO的东传,水汽输送异常来源有所变化。(3) 热带印度洋MJO通过激发Gill型响应和Rossby波列,对长江中下游地区降水产生影响。      

中国西南地区春旱特征及其异常环流分析

利用中国西南地区云、贵、川、渝四省市95个气象台站1961-2017年逐日气温和降水量数据及NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料，计算了57年来西南地区春季季节尺度标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）,分析了西南地区春季干旱时空变化特征、干旱的异常环流特征及异常海温分布特征。结果表明，1961-2017年中国西南地区西部变暖变湿，东部变暖变干；SPEI指数存在明显的年代际变化特征；西南地区SPEI指数主模态呈整体一致分布，第二模态呈东西反相分布；对流层低层自西南地区的异常东北气流及青藏高原南侧的异常东风气流不利于源于印度洋和孟加拉湾的水汽向西南地区输送，200hPa副热带西风急流异常对西南地区干旱有重大影响，200hPa上西南地区表现异常辐合，配合中层显著的异常下沉运动，容易造成西南地区干旱；太平洋、印度洋海温异常，会影响大气环流，进而影响西南地区的旱涝情况。     

赤道西太平洋海面增暖对早春北极平流层极涡的调控

平流层极涡异常对冬春季极端天气和极地臭氧亏损有重要指示意义。在1979～2020年ERA5再分析资料中,早春北极平流层极涡年际变率与热带太平洋海温第二模态（主要空间型为赤道西太平洋海温异常）有关。通过CAM5数值模拟,进一步揭示了赤道西太平洋海温异常影响平流层极涡的途径：冬春季赤道西太平洋增暖时,在暖海温区深对流降水加强,异常的潜热加热通过Matsuno-Gill响应在其西北侧激发了Rossby波（对流层上层的高压异常）。该Rossby波沿大圆路径在北太平洋调整了北半球最强的槽脊系统的强度和位置,从而使得经向风1波分量的振幅减小,经向风3波和温度3波分量的位相差增大。两者分别减弱了下平流层的1波和3波的波作用通量上传,更少的涡动热量通量向极输送促进了春季北极平流层极涡增强。     

水汽输送对云南夏季风爆发及初夏降水异常的影响

主要利用1961～2000年云南120个站的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究水汽输送对云南夏季风爆发和初夏5月降水异常的影响.结果表明,5月份云南上空为一致的西南风水汽输送,主要由来自印度半岛北部的副热带西风水汽输送和热带印度洋至孟加拉湾的西南风水汽输送汇合而成,而来自南海地区西太平洋副高西侧转向的偏南水汽输送是构成云南东部地区水汽输送的重要分支.5月下旬云南夏季风爆发期间,热带印度洋至孟加拉湾地区的水汽输送显著增强,云南上空增湿明显,这为季风爆发提供了必要的水汽条件,而东亚中纬地区冷空气的入侵则可能是触发季风降水的重要机制.进一步研究发现,云南5月降水量显著的年际变化也与大尺度水汽输送异常密切相关,即当热带印度洋至孟加拉湾地区的水汽输送强,而南海至东亚大陆地区的水汽输送弱时,降水量偏多,反之偏少.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.