关于景观格局演变研究的几个问题

针对特定的生态过程,将景观格局与生态过程相结合的格局分析是未来景观格局研究发展的方向。景观格局变化与景观过程改变互为因果,了解格局演变时空规律及其演变驱动机制是结合生态过程进行景观格局分析的前提与基础。文章归纳了景观格局演变分析方法有景观格局指数与景观空间统计特征比较法、马尔柯夫转移矩阵法和主要以细胞自动机理论为基础的景观格局动态模拟。主要分析了景观格局演变的人文驱动力系统,介绍典型相关分析与逐步回归分析两种定量判别景观格局演变驱动力的方法,简要总结景观格局演变的驱动机制。最后提出今后研究所要突破的方面。     

湿地景观格局变化研究进展

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观,具有重要的生态功能。湿地景观格局是各种生态过程综合作用的结果,具有高度的景观异质性,对景观的功能和过程有着显著的影响。湿地生态系统是世界上受威胁最为严重的生态系统之一,在自然因素和人类活动的影响下发生了大面积的转化或丧失。本文从湿地景观格局研究方法、面积变化、景观类型转化、驱动力以及动态模型、湿地景观格局指数以及湿地景观格局与气候变化之间的关系等方面综述了湿地景观格局变化的研究进展,指出湿地景观格局变化及其生态效应和高原湿地景观格局变化与气候变化之间的关系是未来研究的重点领域。     

哈尼梯田景观空间格局与美学特征分析

以地处哀牢山南段的元阳哈尼梯田景观为研究区,应用FRAGSTATS计算景观格局指标,运用ArcView计算并统计斑块粒度以及景观各类型间的空间邻接长度和数目比例,并分析了景观格局与美学特征的关系。结果表明:1)旱地、有林地、灌木林和水梯田的比例较高,并形成耕地与林地面积都超过景观总面积40%的优势格局,缺乏水域、裸岩或裸地等景观组分;2)居民地具有斑块数目多且小而分散的格局特征;旱地形状最复杂,分布最集中,天然草地和其他园地斑块数少且分布最分散;景观中既有处于绝对优势的巨斑块,又有数目众多的中等斑块,两者相间分布形成相对破碎和连通度中等的格局特征;3)景观中各类型间的邻接类型数、邻接边长度和数目百分比的差异非常显著,绝大多数类型都与旱地的邻接比例较高,受旱地影响强烈;4)景观中水梯田面积比重大,平均斑块面积大且斑块间距小,是形成梯田规模美的重要格局特征;5)耕地与林地在景观中的均衡构架,林寨田的立体分布格局是梯田格局和谐美的重要表征;6)景观空间邻接和斑块规模特征是景观格局的重要特征,探讨景观格局特征与美学特征的关系具有重要意义。     

Quantifying landscape structure of the Heihe River Basin, north-west China using FRAGSTATS

We have compiled landscape map of the Heihe River Basin based on the land-use map using geographic information systems. A total of six ecoregions was delineated. Various landscape metrics of each zone, including area, patch density and size, edge, shape, nearest-neighbor, diversity, and contagion and interspersion metrics were calculated using the landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS. The results indicated that the landscape pattern of the Heihe River Basin is mainly controlled by the distribution of water resources. The landscape structure in the mountainous area of the Heihe River Basin shows a high continuity and complex patch shapes. The landscape structure of the oasis area shows the most complex landscape structure, the richest patch types, and the highest diversity. The oases are distributed along rivers and artificial channels, and are heterogeneous mosaics embedded in the desert landscape matrix. The landscape structures of oases in different zones vary greatly. In the oasis zone in the Hexi Corridor, the artificial oasis, dominated by irrigated farmland, is one of the most important landscape elements. Conversely, in the Ruoshui River Delta zone, the patches are fragmented and the landscape is easily disturbed. In the transitional belt between oasis and desert, the patch types are meadow, salinized meadow, salt desert, and marsh, which are fragmented and distributed in clusters. These patch types reflect the biodiversity in the arid region and play an important role in resisting the desertification in the area, suggesting they must be protected carefully. In the desert area, such as the northern Alxa High Plain, the bare gobi is a landscape matrix with absolute dominance and very high contagion, while other landscape types in the zone are heterogeneous mosaics embedded in the matrix with very small percentage.     

论文化景观的特性

文化景观是人类活动的产物，文化景观研究是文化地理学的主要研究领域之一，而作为文化景观研究的重要组成部分的文化景观特性研究无疑将推动这一领域研究的进一步发展。运用比较分析方法，根据文化景观的定义，探讨文化景观具有时代性、继承性、叠加性、区域性、民族性等五大特性，并对这些特性进行科学的界定和详细的阐述，展示出这五大特性之间所存在的矛盾统一关系和其内在的紧密联系，进一步说明这些特性的实际意义和利用价值。     

景观扩张指数及其在城市扩展分析中的应用

景观指数是定量分析景观格局的一种常用手段,但目前大部分景观指数,往往只侧重于对景观斑块或格局的几何特征进行简单分析和描述.忽略了景观格局动态变化过程的信息.缺乏将景观空间分布格局与其变化过程相结合的深入研究.作者提出了一种新的景观指数一景观扩张指数(Landscape Expansion Index,LEI),与传统的景观指数相比,LEI包涵了景观格局的过程信息,可用来分析两个或多个时相景观格局的动态变化.而传统景观指数则只能反映某一时相景观格局的信息.将景观扩张指数应用于东莞市1988-2006年期间的城市景观扩张过程中,研究结果表明.LEI能够很好的识别城市扩张的三种类型一填充式、边缘式以及飞地式.此外,通过对东莞市城市扩张过程LEI的变化分析,发现东莞市城市扩张规律与城市增长相位理论是相符合的.     

不同植被类型覆盖下土壤CO2浓度对洞穴景观的影响

土壤中的CO2 通过影响土壤水对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀能力控制洞穴滴水中的Ca2 +初始含量 ,同时它进入洞穴水体后溶解度的变化也会影响洞穴景观的形成。研究表明 ,不同植被类型对土壤CO2 浓度会产生不同影响。本文通过模拟分析认为 ,在一定范围内 ,地表生态系统的改善有利于土壤中CO2 的增加和洞穴中碳酸钙沉积景观的发育 ,但是若超过一定的阈值 ,即土壤中的CO2 浓度过高 ,使喀斯特水中的CO2 不能在洞穴顶部碳酸盐岩体渗流过程中完全被消耗时 ,洞穴滴水的酸性会对碳酸钙产生溶蚀作用 ,易形成洞穴溶蚀景观。     

中国传统聚落景观区划及景观基因识别要素研究

传统聚落景观区划是一项理论性和实践性都很强的工作,是文化景观区划研究的重要课题之一。基于中国传统聚落景观本身存在的地域性、系统性、稳定性、发展性、一致性、典型性和协调性等特点,本方案以传统聚落景观“意象”(Image) 的内部相似性为前提,以相对一致性原则作为景观区域划分的主导性原则,综合考虑其他原则,如环境制约性原则、文化主导性原则、地域完整性原则、相对一致性原则、面的覆盖性原则、层次性原则和综合性原则等,将全国聚落景观初步划分为3 个大尺度的景观大区、14 个景观区和76 个景观亚区。以往关于文化区的识别,主要从文化特征的角度进行的;关于传统聚落景观区的识别,主要是从景观基因的角度进行的。区域景观基因成为判断传统聚落景观区的核心要素。通常情况下,传统聚落景观基因的判别,可以重点从心理要素、生态要素、美学要素、环境要素、文化要素、时序要素等6 个方面入手。     

南沙群岛景观的类型和演化

南沙群岛景观分５种类型：礁丘热带海洋生物繁生景观，环礁带海洋生物繁生景观，灰沙岛热带常绿刮灌林磷积石灰土景观，大陆架热带海海海洋生物繁生景观，深海热带大洋性和深海性海洋生物景观，这５种景观归纳为两类，一类为热带海洋景观，包括浅海和深海；另一类为热带珊瑚礁景观，下分礁丘，环礁和灰沙岛３种，南沙群岛景观类型分布和演化与古地理和现代化环境条件有关。     

基于遥感和GIS的干旱区绿洲景观破碎化分析--以金塔绿洲为例

以2个时期的遥感图像所解译的土地利用数据为基本信息源，基于GIS工具，选用斑块密度、廊道密度、斑块破碎度、分离度和斑块面积变异系数5个指标对金塔绿洲的破碎化程度进行了分析。结果表明：(1)1990～2000年，金塔绿洲总体的景观破碎化程度轻微地降低。(2)从景观类型上看，基质的破碎化程度增强；水浇地面积增大，趋于集中分布，破碎化程度降低；城镇用地破碎度增加，分离度减小。这些变化与人类开发利用活动的程度和方式有关，体现了荒漠基质受人类影响而逐步形成的典型农业型绿洲的特点。     

THE MONUMENT AND THE BUNGALOW

ABSTRACT. Students of human landscapes often view those landscapes as documents and seek to “read” them for cultural and historical meaning. But how does one learn to read landscape? And how can students be taught to do it? After many years of teaching courses about commonplace American landscapes, I have discovered that students must learn two things before they can expect to read human landscapes. First, they must learn to pay attention to commonplace things which most Americans normally ignore. Second, they must master vocabularies that permit them to classify elements in the landscape and to connect small things with larger ideas. Two examples in the landscape of Bellefonte, Pennsylvania—the town's war memorial and a scattering of California bungalows-demonstrate how these ideas work.     

纳帕海湿地季节性景观格局动态变化及其驱动

利用纳帕海湿地区2008年冬季SPOT-5和2009年春季Landsat ETM+影像,进行景观解译,结合地面植被和水文情势调查,剖析了纳帕海湿地区的景观格局年内季节动态变化,及其与区域季节性气候和人为扰动的关联。研究发现:研究时段内纳帕海湿地区主要湿地景观都大幅萎缩,湿地类景观之间、湿地类景观与非湿地类景观之间发生显著转换;破坏地景观呈斑块状散布,占纳帕海湿地区总面积15.74%;各类景观向破坏地景观的转换,主要源于季节性气候背景下周边村落家畜放养的破坏;春夏时极端干旱气候和区域人为活动扰动,是纳帕海湿地退化的直接驱动;协调湿地保护与周边农牧民家畜放养、应对极端季节性气候下的流域水资源开发和管理,是纳帕海湿地有效管理的关键。对类似于纳帕海具有显著季节性变化的湿地景观研究,将局地-季节和区域-年际两个尺度相结合,将更深入地阐明其格局-过程-驱动间的关联。     

Spatial heterogeneity of urban land-cover landscape in Guangzhou from 1990 to 2005

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N–S and the other W–E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N–S and W–E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N–S and W–E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W–E was obviously higher than that in the transect N–S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

番禺区土地覆被及其景观格局时空特征分析

基于覆盖番禺区域4个时相的TM遥感影像,综合运用遥感与G IS技术手段,结合FRAGSTATS景观格局分析软件,从数量结构、空间信息及位置转移和景观指数等方面,分析了番禺区土地覆被与景观格局的动态特征。数量结构分析结果显示,城市化过程中番禺区的耕地、园地、林地等自然资源利用程度在加大,自2000年起,这种变化的趋势开始减缓;番禺区土地覆被各类型之间频繁地发生数量与空间位置的变化,空间位置转换面积大于其数量变化面积,而且集中发生在邻近广州市中心城区的西北地区及南沙区;景观指数分析表明,番禺区土地覆被向破碎化方向发展,景观格局动态变化迅速。     

北方土石山区土壤侵蚀强度垂直景观格局——以沂蒙山区为例

以具北方土石山区典型特征的沂蒙山区为例,在分析土壤侵蚀过程的基础上,选取具生态学意义的侵蚀强度景观格局指数,从垂直维度上分析侵蚀景观格局变化特征。结果表明:土壤侵蚀景观格局具有显著垂直分带性。50~200带为低侵蚀稳定区,人类活动影响大,缀块成片分布,连通性强,形状较规则;400~800带为高侵蚀稳定区,自然因素起主导作用,缀块密度大且分散,形状较复杂;200~400带为侵蚀景观急剧变化区,侵蚀程度随高程增加而增大,自然因素作用增强。微度与轻度侵蚀景观、强烈与极强烈侵蚀景观具相同垂直变化趋势,此两组侵蚀景观变化趋势的差异主要分布于低于300带和高于500带处;中度侵蚀景观变化趋势可视为前两组侵蚀景观变化趋势的过渡。     

1990-2005年广州城市土地覆被景观变化

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N-S and the other W-E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N-S and W-E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N-S and W-E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W-E was obviously higher than that in the transect N-S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

城市景观生态研究的现状与发展趋势

从城市景观格局、景观动态变化及其驱动机制、土地利用与土地覆盖变化、生态恢复与生态合理性建设和城市景观生物多样性等5个方面总结了城市景观生态研究的发展现状。从分析结果看,城市景观动态变化的驱动机制、结构与功能的生态合理性评估、格局的优化设计模式和城市发展过程中的决策支持与管理等研究领域还存在着明显的不足,难以满足城市景观生态理论和应用发展的需求,应当成为今后研究工作的重点。此外,城市景观生态研究是一个多学科的综合性研究范畴,景观生态学研究人员必须与相关学科的专家密切协作,才能够推动上述理论和应用问题的解决。     

巩乃斯河流域游憩景观生态评价及持续利用

流域是重要的景观生态空间和游憩景观建设空间。游憩景观生态适宜性评价与规划是合理利用流域资源,建立流域协调景观体系,促进流域可持续发展的重要环节。以巩乃斯河流域景观空间为依托,以游憩景观生态适宜性评价为核心,通过景观旷奥度和相容度的核心评价和综合评价,研究了巩乃斯河流域游憩景观生态适宜性特征,探讨了巩乃斯河流域游憩景观生态保护、游憩景观资源可持续利用的重点途径。     

Functional analysis of landscape connectivity at the landscape,component, and patch levels: A case study of Minqing County,Fuzhou City,China

Maintaining forest landscape connectivity is one of the most effective ways to alleviate natural forest fragmentation and biodiversity loss problems. Recently, graph theory based metrics have been used as powerful tools in the assessment of landscape connectivity. However, the functional features of landscape units at different structure levels, based on which outcomes can be enriched and advice can be given for practical applications, have been overlooked. In this study, a series of graph-based connectivity indices was calculated to 1) evaluate the optimal threshold distance, 2) identify the key landscape units at the component and patch levels, and 3) classify the functional types of components and patches and analyze functional patterns at different structural levels. The relationship between patch size and patch functional performance in maintaining landscape connectivity was discussed. With a natural forest area in Minqing County of China as the study area, recommendations regarding forest conservation and connectivity enhancement were provided based on the research conclusions. This study provides a way to comprehensively analyze habitat fragmentation and functional patterns for local forest conservation.     

Linking Spatial and Temporal Variation at Multiple Scales in a Heterogeneous Landscape*

Anthropogenic, ecological, and land‐surface processes interact in landscapes at multiple spatial and temporal scales to create characteristic patterns. The relationships between temporally and spatially varying processes and patterns are poorly understood because of the lack of spatiotemporal observations of real landscapes over significant stretches of time. We report a new method for observing joint spatiotemporal landscape variation over large areas by analyzing multitemporal Landsat data. We calculate the spatiotemporal variation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the area covered by one Landsat scene footprint in north central Florida, over spatial windows of 10⁴–10⁸ m² and time steps of two to sixteen years. The correlations, slopes, and intercepts of spatial versus temporal regressions in the real landscape all differ significantly from results obtained using a null model of a randomized landscape. Spatial variances calculated within windows of 10⁵–10⁷ m² had the strongest relationships with temporal variances (regressions with both larger and smaller windows had lower coefficients of determination), and the relationships were stronger with longer time steps. Slopes and y‐intercepts increased with window size and decreased with increased time step. The spatial and temporal scales at which NDVI signals are most strongly related may be the characteristic scales of the processes that most strongly determine landscape patterns. For example, the important time and space windows correspond with areas and timing of fires and tree plantation harvests. Observations of landscape dynamics will be most effective if conducted at the characteristic scales of the processes, and our approach may provide a tool for determining those scales.