北京山区荒溪分类与危险区制图

根据中奥（奥地利）两国政府１９９２－１９９４年科技合作协议，开展了《北京山区荒溪分类与危险区制图技术研究》．介绍了该研究的目的、方法与成果，根据实践的经验，提出了进一步开展荒溪危险区制图的有关建议．     

三峡库区石碗溪小流域农业生态综合治理

小流域是大江大河的基本单元,也是长江流域水土流失治理的重点。三峡库区小流域数量众多,其环境质量影响着三峡工程的安危。石碗溪流域位于三峡库区开县境内,山地多平地少,人地矛盾突出,陡坡地耕种普遍,水土流失与生态环境退化严重。在实地调查研究的基础上,深入分析了该流域由于自然和人为原因共同导致的农业生态环境退化,生态功能降低等问题。针对这些问题,从流域实际情况出发,以流域内不同海拔及坡度区的气候、水文、土壤状况的分异为依据,利用Arcview软件,将流域划分为4个不同的综合治理区域,在此基础上,提出了适合当地农业发展的流域生态治理模式,从而为整个流域的可持续发展提供了技术指导。     

数字流域及其在流域综合管理中的应用

流域的治理需要从系统的角度出发 ,综合考虑流域的自然、经济和社会子系统 ,实行综合管理。本文从新近发展起来的数字地球的概念出发 ,建立了数字流域的基本模式 ,初步探讨了数字流域的数据采集、处理、集成、显示及其在流域综合管理中的应用。     

城市湿地公园人工过滤系统的构建——以长广溪湿地公园为例

城市化进程的加快,大面积不透水铺装的应用,导致城市水环境受到严重冲击,降雨径流成为水体恶化的主要污染源。湿地公园作为城市景观生态规划的绿色网络构建设施之一,能够提高城市透水面积,引入控制降雨径流的BMPs设施,消减城市非点源污染物,保护河流、湖泊等城市敏感区域。重点介绍了长广溪湿地公园的建设中,融入的4种水质过滤净水系统的设计和施工,包括沉淀过滤系统、平行过滤系统、生物过滤系统和重力过滤系统等。长广溪湿地有效地降低了流入长广溪的悬浮物(SS)和COD负荷,发挥了湿地公园净化过滤水体的功能的同时,营造景观多样性,改善长广溪生态环境。     

流域土地利用/覆被变化对洪河保护区湿地景观的影响

从流域尺度, 应用遥感和GIS 技术对1954 年以来6 个时段土地利用/ 覆被变化进行分析, 并采用景观生态学方法对洪河保护区及其所在浓江河流域湿地景观多样性和景观连通度进行计算, 系统研究了流域土地利用变化对保护区湿地景观的影响。结果显示: ① 浓江河流域大规模土地利用发生在20 世纪80 年代之后, 年均耕地面积增长速度为101 km²/a; ② 土地利用/ 覆被变化直接导致流域湿地景观多样性降低, 同时也间接影响了洪河保护区湿地景观多样性; ③ 流域土地利用变化带来的景观连通度降低严重割断了景观之间原有的物质交换和功能维持关系, 是导致保护区湿地景观结构和功能改变的主要因素之一; ④ 恢复保护区周围一定面积的湿地, 维持良好的景观连通度是实现保护区自然保护效益的方法之一。     

澜沧江流域上、中、下游典型案例区景观格局对比分析

景观空间格局是进行流域环境资源研究的重要内容之一。通过在澜沧江流域云南段上中下游地区分别选取具有典型代表意义的案例区，运用空间分析手段获取各案例区的景观类型分布及数量，基此就各案例区的景观多样性、多项景观格局数量指标、分维数等进行对比分析。结果表明：在澜沧江流域云南段，总体上，上游和下游地区景观格局较中游区域状况好，特别是下游地区景观多样性极为丰富；另外，随着流域典型的南北方向流动，在不同区位的案例区，景观格局存在着明显的差异，造成该差异的原因，除特定的自然条件外，还与当地社会经济发展及人口的压力有着非常密切的关系。该研究成果为进行流域整体生态功能规划、流域生态环境管理建设以及流域整体开发与协调管理提供了基础研究信息。     

基于RUSLE的流域土壤侵蚀敏感性评价——以福建省吉溪流域为例

以修正的通用水土流失方程(RUSLE)为核心,在分析流域土壤侵蚀敏感性影响因子的基础上,运用G IS技术对各敏感因子值进行估算,结合已有研究成果探讨了定量化的流域土壤侵蚀敏感性评价指标体系的建立,并以吉溪流域为例进行土壤侵蚀敏感性评价。同时分析了该流域土壤侵蚀敏感性与土壤侵蚀量的关系。最后,针对不同的流域土壤侵蚀敏感等级提出了相应的管理措施和建议。     

基于CBERS-2遥感数据的艾比湖流域景观生态分类系统

景观生态分类是景观生态学研究的一项重要内容,是开展景观评价、规划与管理等工作的基础。应用CBERS-2遥感影像数据,以地质地貌、土地利用/土地覆被状况、地表植被等因子为分类依据,对艾比湖流域景观生态类型进行了自上而下地划分。研究认为:景观生态分类是建立在尺度的基础之上,不同尺度上的分类单元在纵向上构成了景观带至景观元的多等级景观生态分类体系;艾比湖流域景观生态类型可划分为2个景观类(4个景观亚类)、14个景观系、27个景观型,且该分类系统属于景观生态分类等级阶梯中的中尺度分类段;艾比湖流域景观生态分类系统,对进一步认识和科学合理地利用、规划及管理干旱区内陆湖泊流域的景观具有重要意义。     

景观生态学原理在沙漠化研究中的应用

景观生态学的主要研究对象是景观的结构、功能、变化和景观规划管理,其基本原理包括:景观结构和功能原理、生物多样性原理、物种流动原理、营养再分配原理、能量流动原理、景观变化原理和景观稳定性原理等。沙漠化发生发展的过程实际上是指在自然和人为因素的作用下,生态系统结构遭受破坏、功能过程受阻和演变发生异化的过程。所以,景观生态学原理在沙漠化的研究和治理实践中有着重要的意义。本文从沙漠化与生态系统结构、功能变化、沙漠化与生物多样性、沙漠化生态系统的物质循环和能量流动以及沙漠化生态系统的稳定性等方面论述了景观生态学原理在沙漠化研究中的应用。     

景观生态学与生态旅游规划管理

现代地理学与生态学结合下产生的景观生态学,正在不断地发现和拓展其应用领域。目前其对生态旅游的研究尚处于起步阶段。在从旅游供给方、旅游需求方和二者的综合层次三个方面定义生态旅游的基础上,强调生态旅游的空间范围和生态内涵,初步探讨了景观生态学在生态旅游上述三个方面尤其是生态旅游规划管理中的应用。景观的结构与功能、生态整体性与空间异质性、景观多样性与稳定性以及景观变化等景观生态学理论,可以作为生态旅游规划管理的理论基础之一。     

城市山洪灾害多目标评估方法探讨

本文针对目前城市山洪灾害的突出问题, 分析了国内外研究状况和发展趋势; 探讨了城市 山洪灾害多目标评估系统方法,包括山洪灾害泛滥范围的危险区划、城市易损性分析、城市山洪 灾害损失评估和风险评价四个主要内容。关于山洪孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体的社会经济状 况, 本研究提出一套基于GIS 的从数据采集→空间属性数据库建立→评价指标体系选择→预测 评价分析→山洪灾害危险性评价与风险区划的技术路线和方法体系。山洪灾害危险区划采用地 貌学和数值模拟方法; 以高分辨率遥感卫星影像为数据源, 分析了城市土地覆盖类型, 应用GIS 进行了山洪灾害损失评估和风险评价。山洪灾害多目标评估可用于指导城市洪泛区不同危险、风 险地带的土地利用规划与决策, 从而达到规避风险和减灾的目的, 并为山洪灾害影响区的居民提 供灾害风险信息, 以作为避难和防洪的依据。     

A study on the early—warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system’s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

内陆河小流域综合治理对景观格局的影响——以童子坝河流域为例

以1987年、2000年、2008年3期Landsat TM影像为信息源,在GIS 技术和景观分析软件Fragstats3.3支持下,获得了民乐县童子坝河流域研究区不同时期的景观类型信息和描述景观格局特征的8个景观指数数据,利用这些数据分析了实施综合治理前后流域景观格局的变化。结果表明:①在类型水平上,各种草地景观类型的斑块呈现边缘整齐、形状规则的特点,斑块的破碎化程度减小,聚合度增加;特别是高覆盖度草地的斑块数目、平均斑块面积都呈增加趋势,斑块边界形状变得连续、规则,显现出人为干扰的痕迹;河床、河漫滩景观的斑块数目减少,斑块边界形状趋于规整,贯穿连通性增强\.②在景观水平上,景观空间格局规整有序,景观多样性提高,异质性增加,破碎化程度减小,空间连接性增强,以高覆盖度草地为主的景观优势显著体现出来。③综合治理措施实施对童子坝河流域景观格局的影响是积极有效的,这可为内陆河小流域继续开展生态环境建设提供科学依据。     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system's performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN)real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system′s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

基于景观格局定量分析的流域治理--以文峪河流域为例

以航片、森林资源调查资料和林相图为基础资料,在地理信息系统软件及数据库管理系统的支持下,应用景观多样性指数、景观要素优势度指数、类斑形状指数、景观要素斑块分数维等景观格局分析指标,对流域景观空间总体分布、景观组成结构、景观要素斑块形状特征进行分析,揭示了山西文峪河流域植被景观的总体格局。基于分析成果,针对目前文峪河流域植被景观格局存在的问题,建议在今后的流域管理和建设中应开展的工作,即上游及中高海拔带重点进行寒温性针叶林保护;中下游山地积极增加阔叶林,营造混交林;河谷重点开展河岸植被和河岸林规划设计和建设。     

Annual sediment budget of a UK mountain torrent

Research into torrent erosion focuses heavily on bedload transport dynamics and debris flow propagation during specific events. As a result, there is limited understanding of the sediment budgets operating in torrent systems over longer timescales. The aim of this study is to construct a sediment budget of the main geomorphological processes operating in a mountain torrent sediment system over a full year.
The study site is Iron Crag which is a small torrent system (catchment area 2.4 ha) situated in the northern Lake District, UK. The site has the characteristic morphology of a torrent: multiple hillslope sediment sources, steep channel, gorges, and a basal alluvial fan. A measurement scheme was designed to monitor process activity, linking the sediment sources and sinks, from December 1998 to December 1999. Over this time period the sediment budget demonstrates that 184 tonnes of sediment was supplied to the alluvial fan (which acted primarily as a sediment sink). Channel (70%) and bank (25%) sources dominated the sediment supply, and surface processes and rockfall on the hillslopes (5%) made only a minor contribution.
Temporal variations in process activity are significant. Surface processes and rockfall display seasonal variations in yield, whilst channel and bank yields are influenced by individual storm events. Site–specific meteorological data are used to explain these observations and freeze–thaw activity and rainfall characteristics are shown to be important controlling factors.     

不同空间尺度的山洪灾害风险评价模型对比研究

以山洪灾害风险评价的多准则决策模型、最大熵模型、信息量模型三种常见模型为研究对象,选取河西走廊和张掖市为地理区划（大中）、市域（小）空间尺度研究区,构建山洪灾害风险评价指标体系,分别完成基于三种模型的两种空间尺度的山洪灾害风险评价制图,基于甘肃省地质灾害调查与区划报告数据从模型验证、空间自相关、精度对比和尺度效应等角度对比分析三个模型应用于不同空间尺度的适应性,并给出优选模型。结果表明：最大熵模型是河西走廊（地理区划）空间尺度上山洪灾害风险评价的优选模型;多准则决策模型不适用于张掖市（市域）空间尺度评价,且三个模型运行结果均没有河西走廊（地理区划）空间尺度上表现良好;三个模型的尺度效应明显,在地理区划空间尺度上应用较良好,缩小至市域空间尺度上模拟结果误差增大;不同空间尺度上,最大熵模型均优于多准则决策模型和信息量模型,适用于地理区划（大中）、市域（小）空间尺度的山洪灾害风险评价。     

Torrent risk zonation in the Upstream Red River Basin based on GIS

This paper explores the methodology for compiling the torrent hazard and risk zonation map by means of GIS technique for the Red River Basin in Yunnan province of China, where is prone to torrent. Based on a 1:250,000 scale digital map, six factors including slope angle, rainstorm days, buffer of river channels, maximum runoff discharge of standard area, debris flow distribution density and flood disaster history were analyzed and superimposed to create the torrent risk evaluation map. Population density, farmland percentage, house property, and GDP as indexes accounting for torrent hazards were analyzed in terms of vulnerability mapping. Torrent risk zonation by means of GIS was overlaid on the two data layers of hazard and vulnerability. Then each grid unit with a resolution of 500 m × 500 m was divided into four categories of the risk: extremely high, high, moderate and low. Finally the same level risk was combined into a confirmed zone, which represents torrent risk of the study area. The risk evaluation result in the upper Red River Basin shows that the extremely high risk area of 13,150 km2 takes up 17.9% of the total inundated area, the high risk area of 33,783 km2 is 45.9%, the moderate risk area of 18,563 km2 is 25.2% and the low risk area of 8115 km2 is 11.0%.