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1.
Stokes漂流对海洋上层混合层的影响研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在总结前人研究的基础上,对N-S方程进行波浪平均,得到新的包括Stokes漂流影响的三维数值模型,并将其应用到三维环流模式POM中。对方程无因次化,选定了3个主要参数进行研究,分别为Rossby数,Langmuir数和Hoe-nikker数。利用新的POM模型,设计理想实验进行研究。结果表明,混合方案等外部条件不变时,大、中尺度对应的混合系数和湍动能变化较小。Langmuir数越小,Stokes漂流的贡献越大,对平均流的影响越大,垂向不稳定性越强,混合系数越大。Hoenikker数为负值时,温度降低,混合系数值变大,混合深度变深。Hoenikker数为正值时,上层海水温度升高,混合系数值变小,混合深度变浅。 相似文献
2.
利用2019年7月在长江口科学考察实验研究夏季航段(NORC2019-03-02)中获得的MSS90L湍流剖面仪的直接观测数据,本文计算并分析了该断面的湍动能耗散率ε和垂向湍扩散系数KZ的分布情况。湍动能耗散率的大小为1.72×10−10~2.95×10−5 W/kg;垂向湍扩散系数的大小为3.24×10−7~4.55×10−2 m2/s。湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数的分布相似,均为上层最强,底层次之,中层最弱。上层由于风应力的作用,使得湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数较大;温跃层处层化较强,抑制了湍动能的耗散和垂向上的湍混合。盐度锋面的次级环流会促使低盐水团脱离,锋面引起的垂向环流会加强海洋的湍混合。低盐水团与外界的能量交换较少,湍动能耗散率较弱。长江口海区存在明显的上升流和下降流,它们是由锋面的次级环流产生的;上升流和下降流的存在促进湍动能的耗散与湍混合。 相似文献
3.
利用温州台风网台风信息以及卫星遥感海表风场数据,研究了南海上层环流对台风的响应特征。合成分析发现,台风以Ekman输运的形式,能够诱发上层海洋十几厘米每秒的流速变化,并且主要集中在南海东部海盆。虽然台风引起的上层环流异常比较小,但是其方差非常显著。另一方面台风通过Ekman抽吸,引发上层海洋垂向运动异常,并且能够诱发强烈的等效混合。基于历史温盐数据发现,这种强的等效混合主要分布在吕宋海峡以西、越南以东以及台湾海峡,并且能够达到10-3m2/s的量级。 相似文献
4.
影响北极冰下海洋Ekman漂流垂直结构与深度因素的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ekman漂流是上层海洋普遍存在的一种运动形式。本文提出了用实测温盐数据计算冰下Ekman流速的计算方法,与2010年北极考察期间同步获取的海流剖面数据进行比较,获得了满意的结果。基于这个结果,可以通过比较容易获得的温盐数据,计算Ekman漂流垂直结构。海水层化的存在导致在跃层处湍流黏性系数减小,强烈抑制了流速的向下传播,致使Ekman漂流在跃层处完全消失。结果表明,冬季上层海洋漂流会发生在较大的深度上,而夏季海冰拖曳引起的漂流只能达到20~30m的深度。Ekman漂流的深度只与跃层的深度有关,与海冰的漂移速度无关。漂流层变浅意味着海冰拖曳做功产生的能量不能进入海洋深处,而是在很浅的表层水体内积聚,有利于加剧海冰的底部融化。计算湍流黏性系数通常需要密度剖面和流速剖面的观测结果,在只有密度剖面的情况下,可以采用本文的方法计算Ekman漂流,获得上层海洋的湍流黏性系数剖面。 相似文献
5.
《海洋湖沼通报》2017,(1)
本文将波生运动和波湍相互作作用的参数化方案嵌入一维垂向混合模式GOTM中,并与不考虑波浪效应以及仅考虑波浪破碎的试验结果进行对比,发现不考虑波浪效应时,海表温度模拟结果偏高,混合层深度模拟结果偏浅,偏差在夏季尤其明显。波浪破碎对湍流的增强作用仅限于上层几米甚至仅限于表层,对整个混合层的温度分布和混合层深度影响不大。波生运动和波湍相互作用则有效增强海洋上层的湍流强度,改善模式高估海表温度而低估混合层深度的问题,温度分布模拟结果降低了上层温度同时增大了次表层温度,与观测更加相符。波生运动和波湍相互作用增大了海洋上层的湍流剪切生成项、湍动能、耗散率和湍流输运系数,两者对上混合层的温度分布、湍流强度和湍流输运作用的改善结果十分相似。波生运动和波湍相互作用的影响在冬季并不明显,此时可能有其他混合机制占主导地位。 相似文献
6.
2006年冬季粤东沿岸下降流观测分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据珠江口及其附近海域2006年冬季(2006年12月至2007年1月)航次的CTD调查资料发现,由于表层水体冷却而产生的对流作用,以及东北季风、浪、流等强动力条件下,冬季陆架水体垂向混合均匀,但粤东近岸海域却存在显著的温跃层及逆盐跃层,其原因在于:东北季风的Ekman效应引起了陆架表层高温、高盐海水向岸输送,东北季风还驱动了西南向沿岸流,其底边界层的Ekman效应引起了沿岸底层低温、低盐海水离岸输送,这样就形成了陆架方向的次生环流,在沿岸海域则为下降流,并表现为沿岸海域的逆盐跃层及温跃层现象。在下降流显著的区域,溶解氧垂向分布均匀且浓度较高,这应归因于下降流将溶解氧浓度较高的表层水带入深层所致。 相似文献
7.
次中尺度过程的水平空间尺度约为0.1~10km, 时间尺度约为1天, 里查森数和罗斯贝数为0(1), 能有效地从中尺度环流中汲取能量向小尺度湍流串级, 并对上层海洋物质的垂向交换有着重要影响。本文基于水平分辨率为~500m的高分辨率ROMS(regional ocean modeling system)数值模拟结果, 采用方差椭圆方法, 评估了黑潮延伸体海域上层海洋次中尺度涡旋的各向异性特征, 并探讨了涡旋各向异性值的大小与次中尺度过程特征参数的相关性。研究结果表明, 黑潮延伸体主轴强流区域的次中尺度涡旋各向异性值明显小于两侧海域, 主轴区域的次中尺度涡旋特征明显强于流轴两侧海域, 各向异性值与次中尺度过程的强弱有着较为显著的负相关关系, 表明次中尺度过程具有较小的各向异性特征(更趋各向同性)。方差椭圆表征了涡与平均流相互作用过程中的能量反馈机制, 较大的各向同性特征意味着动能更趋正向串级。 相似文献
8.
《热带海洋学报》2020,(3)
次中尺度过程的水平空间尺度约为0.1~10km,时间尺度约为1天,里查森数和罗斯贝数为(1),能有效地从中尺度环流中汲取能量向小尺度湍流串级,并对上层海洋物质的垂向交换有着重要影响。本文基于水平分辨率为~500m的高分辨率ROMS(regional ocean modeling system)数值模拟结果,采用方差椭圆方法,评估了黑潮延伸体海域上层海洋次中尺度涡旋的各向异性特征,并探讨了涡旋各向异性值的大小与次中尺度过程特征参数的相关性。研究结果表明,黑潮延伸体主轴强流区域的次中尺度涡旋各向异性值明显小于两侧海域,主轴区域的次中尺度涡旋特征明显强于流轴两侧海域,各向异性值与次中尺度过程的强弱有着较为显著的负相关关系,表明次中尺度过程具有较小的各向异性特征(更趋各向同性)。方差椭圆表征了涡与平均流相互作用过程中的能量反馈机制,较大的各向同性特征意味着动能更趋正向串级。 相似文献
9.
北印度洋越赤道经向翻转环流的年际变化 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
利用50a(1950~1999)的SODA资料对北印度洋(7°S以北)越赤道的经向翻转环流及其年际变化进行了研究。结果表明,就年平均而言,上层向北的入流在越过赤道后最终通过Ekman层向南返回构成环流圈;在赤道附近的混合层,表层存在与Ekman流相反的流动。向北的入流主要通过西边界流实现,深度可达500m,向南的流动在西部较强。此环流有很明显的年际变化,周期约为4a;它的变化与海面风应力的变化是密切相关的。提出了反映此环流年际变化的2个指数。 相似文献
10.
ENSO循环相联系的北太平洋低纬度异常西边界流 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
用SODA海洋同化和NCEP大气再分析资料,分析了热带太平洋次表层海温异常主要模态与北太平洋低纬度西边界流海域上层海洋环流和亚洲-北太平洋地区大气垂直和水平流场变化之间的关系,得到以下结果:(1) 在热带太平洋海洋次表层ENSO事件具有两种模态,二者组合构成ENSO循环。第一模态为ENSO成熟期,主要出现在冬季,第二模态为ENSO过渡期,主要出现夏季。(2) ENSO循环对北太平洋低纬度西边界流区上层海洋环流有重要影响。在El Niño发展期或La Niña 衰退期,该区出现气旋性异常环流,北赤道流(NEC)加强,NEC分叉位置北移,棉兰老海流(MC)加大,菲律宾以东黑潮(KC)减小,北赤道逆流(NECC)最强。在El Niño(La Niña)成熟期,该区气旋性(反气旋性)异常环流达最强,NEC最强(最弱),NEC分叉位置最北(最南),MC最大(最小),KC最小(最大),NECC减弱(加强)。在El Niño衰退期或La Niña发展期与El Niño发展期相反,该区出现反气旋性异常环流,由此导致相应流系异常发生反位相变化。(3) ENSO循环对北太平洋低纬度西边界流海域上层海洋环流的影响是通过ENSO事件期间热带太平洋热力状况异常改变上空大气环流来实现的。ENSO事件首先造成热带太平洋海洋热力状况异常,导致其上空对流活动异常,后者直接或间接通过“大气桥”能量传输引起相关地区大气环流场的变化,致使海面风应力场异常,进而强迫上层海洋环流场的相应变化。文章最后还分析了ENSO事件期间菲律宾附近异常反气旋或异常气旋性风场的产生和持续原因,讨论了北太平洋低纬度西边界流海域海气相互作用在ENSO循环中的贡献。 相似文献
11.
At the end of May 2008, a massive bloom of macroalgae occurred in the western Yellow Sea off China and lasted for nearly two months, and annual blooms have occurred since then on. During bloom period, the surfacedrifting macroalgae have showed an interesting pattern dominated by a banded structure, and the distance between neighboring bands ranged from hundreds of meters to about 6 km with a peak at 1–1.5 km, which is an order of higher than the scale of Langmuir circulation of 50–100 m. In order to explain this new phenomenon,ocean current data obtained from a Doppler current profiler off Qingdao was used to implement stability analysis.By numerically solving the resulting differential Orr-Sommerfeld equation, the secondary circulation induced from the instability of the Emkan current was found to fit well with the observed spatial scale of the surfacedrifting macroalgae's banded structure. As the wind driven Emkan current exist universally in the global ocean, it is reasonable to conclude that the banded structure with kilometers distance between adjoining bands is ubiquitous. We found a new circulation in the upper ocean which is important for exchange of energy, materials and gas between the upper ocean and subsurface layer. 相似文献
12.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1999,46(1-2):279-303
The mean horizontal flow field of the tropical Atlantic Ocean is described between 20°N and 20°S from observations and literature results for three layers of the upper ocean, Tropical Surface Water, Central Water, and Antarctic Intermediate Water. Compared to the subtropical gyres the tropical circulation shows several zonal current and countercurrent bands of smaller meridional and vertical extent. The wind-driven Ekman layer in the upper tens of meters of the ocean masks at some places the flow structure of the Tropical Surface Water layer as is the case for the Angola Gyre in the eastern tropical South Atlantic. Although there are regions with a strong seasonal cycle of the Tropical Surface Water circulation, such as the North Equatorial Countercurrent, large regions of the tropics do not show a significant seasonal cycle. In the Central Water layer below, the eastward North and South Equatorial undercurrents appear imbedded in the westward-flowing South Equatorial Current. The Antarcic Intermediate Water layer contains several zonal current bands south of 3°N, but only weak flow exists north of 3°N. The sparse available data suggest that the Equatorial Intermediate Current as well as the Southern and Northern Intermediate Countercurrents extend zonally across the entire equatorial basin. Due to the convergence of northern and southern water masses, the western tropical Atlantic north of the equator is an important site for the mixture of water masses, but more work is needed to better understand the role of the various zonal under- and countercurrents in cross-equatorial water mass transfer. 相似文献
13.
A new three-dimensional numerical model is derived through a wave average on the primitive N-S equations, in which both the"Coriolis-Stokes forcing" and the"Stokes-Vortex force" are considered. Three ideal experiments are run using the new model applied to the Princeton ocean model (POM). Numerical results show that surface waves play an important role on the mixing of the upper ocean. The mixed layer is enhanced when wave effect is considered in conjunction with small Langmuir numbers. Both surface wave breaking and Stokes production can strengthen the turbulent mixing near the surface. However, the influence of wave breaking is limited to a thin layer, but Stokes drift can affect the whole mixed layer. Furthermore, the vertical mixing coefficients clearly rise in the mixed layer, and the upper ocean mixed layer is deepened especially in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current when the model is applied to global simulations. It indicates that the surface gravity waves are indispensable in enhancing the mixing in the upper ocean, and should be accounted for in ocean general circulation models. 相似文献
14.
台风条件下朗缪尔环流对上层海洋混合的影响研究进展 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
回顾了近10年来台风条件下朗缪尔环流影响上层海洋混合的研究进展,朗缪尔致湍流对海洋上混合层的形成和加深的重要作用已形成了基本共识,但对于朗缪尔致湍流对海洋上混合层的混合作用机制和程度仍然存在诸多不确定性。观测表明台风条件下台风眼附近的混合层平均湍流动能受到了较强的抑制,可能与台风不同位置朗缪尔致湍流的特征变异有关;台风条件下,现有的朗缪尔致湍流参数化方案在上层混合过程模拟中还有显著误差。在今后研究中,通过改进斯托克斯漂流剖面的计算方法,优化表征台风条件下海面状况的朗缪尔致湍流参数化计算方案,是进一步揭示台风条件下朗缪尔环流对海洋上层混合的影响机理的必要途径。 相似文献
15.
Effect of Stokes drift on upper ocean mixing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stokes drift is the main source of vertical vorticity in the ocean mixed layer. In the ways of Coriolis - Stokes forcing and Langmuir circulations, Stokes drift can substantially affect the whole mixed layer. A modified Mellor-Yamada 2. 5 level turbulence closure model is used to parameterize its effect on upper ocean mixing conventionally. Results show that comparing surface heating with wave breaking, Stokes drift plays the most important role in the entire ocean mixed layer, especially in the subsurface layer. As expected, Stokes drift elevates both the dissipation rate and the turbulence energy in the upper ocean mixing. Also, ilffluence of the surface heating, wave breaking and wind speed on Stokes drift is investigated respectively. Research shows that it is significant and important to assessing the Stokes drift into ocean mixed layer studying. The laboratory observations are supporting numerical experiments quantitatively. 相似文献
16.
Langmuir环流影响着海洋上层的能量输入,对海洋上混合层的形成和加深起着重要作用,对于海洋上混合层具有重要意义。近年来许多学者采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对Langmuir环流进行机制研究,并通过在雷诺平均模型中参数化Langmuir环流效应,将Langmuir环流过程引入到三维海洋环流或海洋耦合模式中,提出了一系列混合参数化方案。本文回顾了Langmuir环流在雷诺平均模式参数化中的研究进展,主要可分为以下几种方案:一种方法是用Langmuir数在KPP垂直混合参数化方案中引入湍流特征速度增强因子,并不断发展Langmuir数的定义;一种是在Mellor-Yamada2.5湍流闭合模型中增加斯托克斯漂流剪切效应项,此外还有通过修改模式中混合长方程来加入Langmuir效应等。通过在雷诺平均模式中应用的结果来看,现有的参数化方案在一定程度上改善了混合层深度和SST的模拟,肯定了Langmuir环流在加深混合等方面的作用,但仍存在一些问题需要在今后的研究中进一步改进。 相似文献
17.
We analyze model simulations of a wind-forced upper ocean front to understand the generation of near-surface submesoscale, O(1 km), structures with intense vertical motion. The largest vertical velocities are in the downward direction; their maxima are situated at approximately 25 m depth and magnitudes exceed 1 mm/s or 100 m/day. They are correlated with high rates of lateral strain, large relative vorticity and the loss of geostrophic balance. We examine several mechanisms for the formation of submesoscale structure and vertical velocity in the upper ocean. These include: (i) frontogenesis, (ii) frictional effects at fronts, (iii) mixed layer instabilities, (iv) ageostrophic anticyclonic instability, and (v) nonlinear Ekman effects. We assess the role of these mechanisms in generating vertical motion within the nonlinear, three-dimensionally evolving flow field of the nonhydrostatic model. We find that the strong submesoscale down-welling in the model is explained by nonlinear Ekman pumping and is also consistent with the potential vorticity arguments that analogize down-front winds to buoyancy-forcing. Conditions also support the formation of ageostrophic anticyclonic instabilities, but the contribution of these is difficult to assess because the decomposition of the flow into balanced and unbalanced components via semigeostrophic analysis breaks down at O(1) Rossby numbers. Mixed layer instabilities do not dominate the structure, but shear and frontogenesis contribute to the relative vorticity and strain fields that generate ageostrophy. 相似文献
18.
Nobuo Suginohara 《Journal of Oceanography》1980,35(6):215-223
A wind-driven, general circulation for a two-layer ocean with continental shelf-slope along the western boundary is studied numerically. Special attention is focused on the formation process of the western boundary current in the subtropical gyre. The western boundary current develops in the upper layer along the western boundary on the shelf-slope with a bottom trapped poleward flow in the lower layer. The poleward undercurrent is concentrated approximately along the contour lines of the potential vorticity,f/D, wheref is the Coriolis parameter andD the depth of the ocean. The separation of upper- and lower-layer flows on the shelf-slope represents a typical transient response. As the response approaches a steady state, the poleward undercurrent decreases in amplitude, and the motion tends to be confined to the upper layer. The flow pattern becomes similar to that found in a flat bottom ocean. A steady-state response is expected to be isostatic (no motion in the lower layer), even on the shelf-slope, as conservation of potential vorticity would suggest.The remarkable increase in transport of the western boundary current produced by the formation of an anticyclonic vortex on the shelf-slope extending throughout the hemisphere (Holland, 1973) does not occur in the wind-driven general circulation. 相似文献
19.
To investigate effects of a continental slope along the western boundary on the abyssal circulation, numerical experiments using multi-level models were carried out. An ocean which extends over the northern and southern hemispheres is forced by cooling inside the ocean at the southwest corner of the basin and uniform heating through the sea surface. When the reference density for the cooling is vertically uniform, effects of the slope emerge clearly for the slope with considerably broad width. The deep western boundary current flowing over the slope feeds no bottom flows in the southern hemisphere, and carries the warmed deep water into the northern hemisphere. This leads to the increased meridional density gradient, which results in the modification of deep flow patterns. When the reference density is vertically distributed, the upper and lower northward flowing western boundary currents form in the deep layer. As the density stratification relaxes the topographic control, the westward intensification of the upper boundary current is achieved over the slope. The intensified flow is accompanied by the countercurrent and they form the horizontal recirculation over the slope. However, the effects are confined around the slope region and the interior flow patterns do not change. The lower boundary current is not significantly affected by the slope and has the large width with no countercurrent. It is found that the actual continental slope does not have significant effects on the gross feature of the thermohaline circulation. 相似文献
20.
南海北部陆架陆坡区海流观测研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
针对2006-2009年期间,南海北部陆架陆坡区3个站ADCP海流连续观测资料,采用功率谱分析、潮流调和分析方法,重点分析了陆架陆坡区100 m,200 m和1 200 m水深海域海流的垂向结构,探讨了环流的季节变化和空间分布特征,特别讨论了南海暖流和北陆坡流的时空变化特征。结果表明,陆架陆坡区潮流类型属于不规则日潮,深水站点中层表现为正规全日潮类型,垂向为"三层结构",甚至更加复杂。O1,K1,M2,S2等分潮总体上为顺时针旋转,在深水站点,基本表现为西北-东南走向的往复流形态。从能量角度看,表层和底层海流中,潮流所占份额较大,分别占30%~40%和40%~50%,中层较小,约为20%。对东沙群岛西南陆架陆坡区环流,观测计算结果证实了西向强流的存在,且垂向结构具有显著的季节变化,在200 m水深处没有明显的南海暖流,只是10~30 m以上层次存在逆风海流。海南岛以东海域连续15个月表层环流的结果表明,冬季明显受到南海暖流的影响,存在东北向的逆风海流,夏秋季的环流表现为西南向,流速较强,夏季也存在逆风情况,造成上述情形的原因可能是该地南海暖流的流轴具有季节性变化——冬季偏南,夏季偏北。 相似文献