加拿大海盆东南部锚定观测双扩散阶梯的时间演化研究

加拿大海盆上层,分布着高温高盐的大西洋水和相对低温低盐的盐跃层下部水,两水团之间形成一系列的双扩散阶梯。通过分析2005年8月-2011年8月期间的锚定潜标数据,对双扩散阶梯和这两种水团之间的相互作用进行研究。基于固定盐度范围的方法,在盐度廓线中识别阶梯结构,在盐度34.45~34.83范围内,获取18个阶梯结构,并研究阶梯的参数。发现双扩散阶梯的位温主要受与其接近的水团的影响,同时也受其相邻的阶梯生成或消亡的影响,大西洋水对其上方的双扩散阶梯和盐跃层下部水起到加热作用;而盐跃层下部水的深度变化主导着大西洋水和双扩散阶梯的深度变化。两个相邻的阶梯具有一致的位温和深度变化趋势。通过经验公式,估计大西洋水通过双扩散阶梯向上传输的热通量为0.05~0.6 W/m2,且由下至上呈现逐渐增大的趋势。最后,估算由双扩散造成的垂向涡扩散系数为3×10-6~3.3×10-5 m2/s,且由下至上呈现逐渐减小的趋势。     

台湾海峡夏季与冬季的水体及热盐通量观测

利用在台湾海峡附近的下放式声学多普勒流速剖面仪(Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler,LADCP)观测资料和温盐观测资料,通过对连续站的两个季节观测进行正压和斜压潮流分析从而去除潮流得到准定常流,并在此基础上计算了南海和东海之间通过台湾海峡输运的水体及热盐通量。结果表明:台湾海峡大部分海域是半日潮海区(正规半日潮及不正规半日潮海区),半日潮主要分量为太阴半日分潮M2;台湾海峡的水体输运及热盐通量呈现明显的季节变化:夏季台湾海峡内表现为一支东北流向的海流,即台湾海峡暖流,存在3.3 Sv(1Sv=106 m3/s)的东北向水体输运,冬季东北季风较强,西南方向的海流加强,混合层可达到底部,存在1.8 Sv的东北向水体输运。与此对应的热盐通量分别为:夏季热通量为0.34×1015 W,盐通量为118.6×109 g/s;冬季热通量为0.14×1015 W,盐通量为72.9×109 g/s。该结果对台湾海峡通量的研究给出了一个直接观测的准确值,并为相关的数值研究提供了参考。     

21世纪格陵兰冰川融化速率对海平面变化的影响

本文利用大洋环流模式POP研究RCP4.5情景下21世纪格陵兰冰川不同的融化速率对全球及区域海平面变化的影响。结果显示:当格陵兰冰川的融化速率以每年1%增加时,全球大部分海域的动力和比容海平面变化基本不变,主要是由于格陵兰冰川在低速融化时并不会导致大西洋经向翻转流减弱。当格陵兰冰川的融化速率以每年3%和每年7%增加时,动力海平面在北大西洋副极地、大西洋热带、南大西洋副热带和北冰洋海域呈现出显著的上升趋势,这是因为格陵兰冰川快速融化导致大量的淡水输入附近海域,造成该上层海洋层化加强和深对流减弱,导致大西洋经向翻转流显著减弱;与此同时,热比容海平面在北冰洋、格陵兰岛南部海域和大西洋副热带海域显著下降,而在热带大西洋和湾流海域明显上升;此时盐比容海平面的变化与热比容海平面是反相的,这是由于大量的低温低盐水的输入,造成北大西洋副极地海域变冷变淡、大西洋经向翻转流和热盐环流显著减弱,引起了太平洋向北冰洋的热通量和淡水通量减少,导致了北冰洋海水变冷变淡,同时热带大西洋滞留了更多的高温高盐水,随着湾流被带到北大西洋,北大西洋副极地海域低温低盐的海水,被风生环流输运到副热带海域。     

北冰洋环流计划

北冰洋水文特征和上层大洋海冰盖的变化,以及和全球热平衡变化之间潜在的强反馈具有极其重要的科学意义(cf.Moritz 等,1990,对当前问题的讨论和回顾)。目前,北冰洋50～150米层显然是很稳定的,因此,对北冰洋上层水体垂直扩散影响很小(Wallace 等,1987)。北冰洋水体结构的垂直扰动也总是改变穿越密度跃层、混合层界面的盐度和显热的对流和扩散通量(Aagaard 等,1981)。可以料想,垂直通量变化的结果将大大改变冰盖情况,因为研究     

海水声速直接测量和间接测量结果分析

文中使用了2001～2003年问的海上调查的CTD和声速仪SVP数据,通过直接测量的声速与常用的三种利用CTD计算声速的经验公式所计算的声速剖面进行对比,并采用了相关运算和回归分析,结果表明:在三个经验公式中,Chen-Miller公式与实测声速吻合得最好;表明历史上大量的CTD资料(河口区除外)可直接用来换算声速剖面,进而用于声场预报。     

白令海峡夏季流量的年际变化及其成因

白令海峡是连接太平洋和北冰洋的唯一通道,穿过海峡的海水体积通量在年际尺度上的变化主要取决于海峡南北两侧的海面高度差,白令海峡的入流对北冰洋海洋过程有重要的意义。利用SODA资料计算夏季白令海峡海水体积通量,对其年际变化及成因进行分析。结果表明夏季白令海峡的体积通量主要是正压地转的;当体积通量为正距平时,楚科奇海、东西伯利亚海、拉普捷夫海以及波弗特海南部海面高度为负距平,同时,白令海陆架海面高度为正距平;对这些海域的Ekman运动、上层海洋温度、盐度和垂直流速进行分析,发现海面高度异常与海峡体积通量的这种关系主要是与海面气压异常分布所产生的Ekman运动有关。当白令海峡的体积通量为正距平时,北冰洋中央海面气压为正距平,白令海海盆海面气压为负距平。这种气压的异常分布在一定程度上解释了上层海洋运动、海水温盐结构与白令海峡入流的关系,从而把夏季大尺度大气环流和白令海峡体积通量的年际变化联系了起来。     

结合有人和无人驾驶船观测以及长期定点观测计算寒潮过境引起的海水输运

高分辨率的数据对于理解近海的复杂过程以及制定有效的管理措施日益重要,特别是考虑到恶劣气象的长期效应。这种长期效应的积累可以与潮汐的长期效应一样重要。本文讨论的即是一个大气锋面过境的过程对于Vermilion Bay水输运的影响。我们的研究采用了有人船和自制的无人船作为载具来测量流速剖面。这种自制无人船造价低廉、简单实用、可控性好,可以做比有人船更精确的测量。我们采用安装在这些观测载具上的多普勒流速剖面仪在一个潮周期内反复对流速的横向和垂向断面的水通量做高分辨率的精准测量,然后与一个定点的多普勒流速剖面仪的流速做相关分析得出相关系数。利用所求相关系数把水通量的计算扩展到总共717天的定点观测时间段,以此讨论在这个期间最强的一次大气寒潮过境时产生的水输运并阐述此类过程的重要性。     

基于PHC3.0数据集的北冰洋水团分析

基于PHC3.0极地科学中心水文气候数据集(简称PHC3.0数据集)的温度和盐度资料,使用聚类分析和Bayes判别分析的方法,对北纬70°以北海域的水团结构进行了分析,在北冰洋区域划分出4个水团:北冰洋表层水(ASW)、大西洋中层水(AIW)、太平洋水(PW)和北冰洋深层水(ADW)。北冰洋表层水(ASW)遍布于欧亚海盆和加拿大海盆,以低温低盐为特征。大西洋中层水(AIW)位于约200～900m深度,在北冰洋环极边界流的作用下,其影响可达到加拿大海盆。太平洋水(PW)受经白令海峡进入北冰洋的海水影响,相对高温低盐,夏季时影响显著。北冰洋深层水(ADW)在海盆中相当均匀,几乎没有季节变化,盐度约在34.95psu,温度在加拿大海盆约为-0.3℃,欧亚海盆约为-0.7℃。     

热通量估算比容海平面变化的结果分析

基于海表净热通量数据估算上层比容海平面变化,同时将估算结果与严格基于温盐定义计算的比容海平面变化和卫星高度计实测海平面变化进行对比,结果显示:季节尺度上,在黑潮延伸体和湾流海域,利用热通量数据估算的比容变化与利用定义计算的比容变化差异不大,且可以很好地解释实测海平面变化;而在热带太平洋海域,热通量估算结果与利用定义计算的比容结果有很大不同,而前者更接近于高度计实测结果;低频时间尺度上,上述海域热通量估算结果不能很好地刻画实测海平面变化,而利用定义计算的比容结果却与实测数据符合很好。     

深远海声速资料对比及校正方法研究

为准确获取深远海海洋声速资料,充分了解深水声速规律,选取了西太地区两个水深超过5000m的S1和S2站位的声速资料为研究对象,以SVP(声速剖面仪)实测资料为参考标准,通过对CTD资料利用Chen-Millero、Del-Grosso以及Wilson的3种经验公式计算的声速与SVP资料进行对比分析,得出Del-Grosso经验公式计算的声速误差最小。为进一步提高声速资料精度,对Del-Grosso公式进行修正,并利用另外3个站位数据进行验证,发现利用校正后的公式计算的声速资料精度明显提升,这为其他深远海区利用CTD或其他温盐深资料获取高精度声速资料提供参考。     

Seasonal Variability of Near-Surface Heat Budget of Selected Oceanic Areas in the North Tropical Indian Ocean

The results obtained from an Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM), the Modular Ocean Model 2.2, forced with the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data, and observational data have been utilized to document the climatological seasonal cycle of the upper ocean response in the Tropical Indian Ocean. We address the various roles played by the net surface heat flux and the local and remote ocean dynamics for the seasonal variation of near-surface heat budget in the Tropical Indian Ocean. The investigation is based in seven selected boxes in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and the Equatorial Indian Ocean. The changes of basin-wide heat budget of ocean process in the Arabian Sea and the Western Equatorial Indian Ocean show an annual cycle, whereas those in the Bay of Bengal and the Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean show a semi-annual cycle. The time tendency of heat budget in the Arabian Sea depends on both the net surface heat flux and ocean dynamics while on the other hand, that in the Bay of Bengal depends mainly on the net surface flux. However, it has been found that the changes of heat budget are very different between western and eastern regional sea areas in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, respectively. This difference depends on seasonal variations of the different local wind forcing and the different ocean dynamics associated with ocean eddies and Kelvin and Rossby waves in each regional sea areas. We also discuss the comparison and the connection for the seasonal variation of near-surface heat budget among their regional sea areas. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

加拿大海盆深层双扩散对流的观测分析

The Canada Basin(CB) is the largest sub-basin in the Arctic, with the deepest abyssal plain of 3 850 m. The double-diffusive process is the possible passage through which the geothermal energy affects the above isolated deep waters. With the temperature-salinity-pressure observations in 2003, 500-m-thick transition layers and lower1 000-m-thick bottom homogenous layers were found below 2 400 m in the central deep CB. Staircases with downward-increasing temperature and salinity are prominent in the transition layers, suggesting the doublediffusive convection in deep CB. The interface of the stairs is about 10 m thick with 0.001–0.002°C temperature difference, while the thicknesses of the homogenous layers in the steps decrease upward from about 60 to 20 m.The density ratio in the deep central CB is generally smaller than 2, indicating stronger double-diffusive convection than that in the upper ocean of 200–400 m. The heat flux through the deepest staircases in the deep CB varies between 0.014 and 0.031 W/m2, which is one-two orders smaller than the upper double-diffusive heat flux,but comparable to the estimates of geothermal heat flux.     

东北印度洋上层海水热含量及影响要素的季节变化

探讨了影响东北印度洋上层海水热含量变化的各要素的季节变化,以及其对热含量变化的贡献和作用过程.根据MOM4数值模拟所得的气候态数据,利用热力学方程积分所得的热通量方程,分析了热含量和各影响要素的季节变化过程.结果表明,东北印度洋海洋动力过程的作用主要存在于海洋上层100 m以内;该区域上层海水热含量的季节变化,是典型的海-气相互作用的结果,由动力过程和海表净热通量共同控制,2种作用都有明显的季节变化特征,并且随区域的变化两者贡献有所变化;西南季风爆发前,上层海洋热含量最大值的出现,是之前几个月动力作用和海表净热通量共同加热的结果.     

西北太平洋异常变化

根据国家海洋局全部海洋站的水温和水位资料,以及“热带海洋和全球大气(TOGA)”的ADCP测流和CTD资料计算并分析了黑潮源流区输入西北太平洋的北向质量通量和西北太平洋及其邻近海域的水温、水位的异常变化,同时还应用美国宇航局Goddard地球观测系统(GEOS)/四维资料同化系统(DAS)计算并分析了西北太平洋的海面潜热通量的空间和时间变化.结果表明,北向质量通量具有明显的年际变化.这种年际变化与西北太平洋水温、水位和潜热通量的变化有着合理的因果关系.当前者减少时,后3者也明显减小.其物理解释是从热带西太平洋输入西北太平洋的海水质量和热量的减少将导致西北太平洋的减水和热量收入的减少,而热量收入的减少又将会引起水温和潜热通量的减小.     

南海上层热含量的年代际变化及影响因子分析

南海上层海洋热力结构年代际变化的研究,是海气相互作用与变化研究的热点之一,对南海区域及更大范围的气候异常的研究和南海海洋环流年际变化的研究都具有重要意义。本文采用多套海温、流场和海气界面通量资料,基于热平衡方程和统计分析方法,分析了南海上层热含量的年代际变化,研究了南海上层热含量影响因子的变化特征,比较了混合层及混合层以下热含量变化的异同,进而探讨了影响因子在混合层及混合层以下的不同作用;利用区域积分海温方程后得到的热量收支方程,诊断南海内区不同海域的热收支方程中的各项,发现了不同海域在影响热收支的物理过程方面存在差异。结果表明:南海混合层的热含量的变化主要受海气界面热通量的影响,夹卷效应在热含量的变化中也有接近1/3的贡献。在整个上层400m的热含量变化中,平流效应占据了主导地位。     

Variability of Upper Ocean Heat Balance in the Shikoku Basin during the Ocean Mixed Layer Experiment (OMLET)

The heat balance of the surface layer in the vicinity of the former Ocean Weather Station “Tango” (OWS-T; 29°N, 135°E), where a large amount of heat is transported by the Kuroshio and transferred to the atmosphere, was studied by during Ocean Mixed Layer Experiment (OMLET) as an oceanographic component of the Japanese World Climate Research Program (1987–1991). Temperature and velocity in the upper ocean measured using a surface moored buoy system deployed by the Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, in total 668 days of four time series namely the periods of April 1988–November 1988 (OMELET-88), August 1989–February 1990 (OMLET-89), April 1990–September 1990 (OMLET-901) and September 1990–January 1991 (OMLET-902). We have analyzed the moored buoy data of the upper 100 m for the latter three time series (OMLET-89, -901 and -902) and here we discuss the heat balance of the upper 100 m, in combination with surface heat flux and oceanographic data provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency. A large fluctuation of oceanic heat convergence/divergence of 200–300 W/m² in amplitude with predominant period of 20–30 days occurred in the first half of OMLET-89 period, which was just the early stage in the formation process of a large meander path of the Kuroshio. A large amount of heat convergence of 71 and 79 W/m² on average was detected in observation period of OMLET-89 and -901, respectively. During OMLET-902, relatively small heat convergence of 13 W/m² was obtained. It is suggested that these variations of oceanic heat convergence in this region were closely related to the fluctuation of the Kuroshio axis to the south of Japan. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

扩散对流温盐台阶结构的数值模拟

热盐驱动下的扩散对流现象是海洋中高纬度海域普遍存在的一种现象, 对其进行数值模拟可更细致地研究海洋小尺度动力过程。文章分析了扩散对流的形成机制, 建立了二维方腔模型, 通过有限体积法求解控制方程, 对其分层现象进行了数值模拟。研究给出了流场的温度及盐度随时间演化的关系, 展现了流场中速度的涡旋结构, 分析了温盐台阶结构的生成、合并的演化过程, 并对其物质和能量的输运进行了初步的理论解释。另外, 对不同热流密度情况下的扩散对流现象进行了对比研究, 发现随着热流密度的增加, 台阶结构的演变速率变快, 而且上边界冷却对其演化速率具有促进作用, 但热流密度的改变并没有对台阶结构的演变趋势产生明显的影响。     

2010年马卡罗夫海盆冰站观测期间垂向热通量时间变化研究

Based on hydrographic data obtained at an ice camp deployed in the Makarov Basin by the 4th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in August of 2010, temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the upper ocean of the Makarov Basin is investigated together with its impacts on sea ice melt and evolution of heat content in the remnant of winter mixed layer(r WML). The upper ocean of the Makarov Basin under sea ice is vertically stratified. Oceanic heat flux from mixed layer(ML) to ice evolves in three stages as a response to air temperature changes, fluctuating from 12.4 W/m2 to the maximum 43.6 W/m2. The heat transferred upward from ML can support(0.7±0.3) cm/d ice melt rate on average, and daily variability of melt rate agrees well with the observed results. Downward heat flux from ML across the base of ML is much less, only 0.87 W/m2, due to enhanced stratification in the seasonal halocline under ML caused by sea ice melt, indicating that increasing solar heat entering summer ML is mainly used to melt sea ice, with a small proportion transferred downward and stored in the r WML. Heat flux from ML into r WML changes in two phases caused by abrupt air cooling with a day lag. Meanwhile, upward heat flux from Atlantic water(AW) across the base of r WML, even though obstructed by the cold halocline layer(CHL), reaches0.18 W/m2 on average with no obvious changing pattern and is also trapped by the r WML. Upward heat flux from deep AW is higher than generally supposed value near 0, as the existence of r WML enlarges the temperature gradient between surface water and CHL. Acting as a reservoir of heat transferred from both ML and AW, the increasing heat content of r WML can delay the onset of sea ice freezing.