Constants of electromagnetic seismographs for the time integration of ground displacement

Summary Every electromagnetic seismograph provides a record in the high-frequency range proportional to the time integration of the ground displacement. An intentionally extending this part of the amplitude characteristic of the integrator can be achieved when the equivalent periods of the seismometer and galvanometer are equal by a suitable combination of the equivalent damping constants: for integrator A, D ₁ =0.383 and D ₂ =0.924, for integrator B, D ₁ =D ₂ =0.650. The partial constants required to carry this out are given in Tabs 1 and 2. The equivalent period of the system with a shorter partial period increases with increasing coupling, the most in comparison with broad-band seismographs with a constant sensitivity for displacement, velocity and acceleration. This is convenient for long-period seismographs, if the seismometer has a shorter partial period than the galvanometer. An extension of its effective period can be achieved without deteriorating the mechanical stability of the seismometer, however, the effective period of the galvanometer decreases simultaneously.     

用阶跃信号检查基式地震仪(SK)基本常数变化的可能性

阶跃信号在地震仪的脉冲标定和检查中获得了广泛应用。在我国基准地震台上,已开始用阶跃信号对基式地震仪(SK)作例行检查。但是,这种检查只能定性地说明仪器的工作状态有无异常,而不能对仪器基本常数的变化进行定量估计。因此,起不到监视仪器常数变化的作用,降低了脉冲检查的意义。 国外有些工作涉及到了脉冲检查与仪器基本常数之间的定量关系,但是,它们只是讨论了周期、阻尼、放大倍数孤立变化对响应波形产生的影响,而在实际观测中,仪器基本常数的变化是相互关联的。 在这篇文章中,作者首先导出了用阶跃信号进行检查时,仪器的运动方程,并用拉普拉斯变换方法求解该方程,得出了仪器响应的解析表达式,进而讨论了实际当中可能发生的仪器参数变化的几种情况及其与仪器基本常数之间的关系。作者计算出在各种可能变化情况下的仪器响应波形。在分析响应波形与仪器参数、基本常数变化之间的关系时,引进了响应波形特征参数的概念。给出了从地震图上能够识别的特征参数的最小变化范围,从而在仪器基本常数变化与响应波形特征参数变化之间建立了定量关系。文章最后给出了在各种变化情况下所能识别的基本常数变化范围及其可靠性。      

速度传感反馈地震计的参数稳定性分析

从理论上定量分析机械摆和环路滤波等开环诸参数变化对速度传感反馈地震计闭环参数的影响.研究指出,在环路设计中可半自由选取的开环阻尼取值对参数稳定性有重要影响.过大或过小的开环阻尼取值均可能造成参数稳定性急剧变差,影响地震计在只标不调的状况下长期连续稳定工作.     

Adaptation of the S-5-S pendulum seismometer for measurement of rotational ground motion

The Russian electrodynamic seismometer model S-5-S has been adapted for the measurement of rotational ground motion. The mechanical system of the original S-5-S seismometer consists of electrodynamic sensing and damping transducer coils mounted on an asymmetrical double-arm pendulum. This pendulum is suspended on a footing using two pairs of crossed flat springs, which operate as the axis of rotation. The pendulum is stabilised by an additional spring. The S-5-S can be used either as a vertical or as a horizontal sensor. The adaptation of the S-5-S seismometer described below involves removal of the additional spring and installation of an additional mass on the damping arm. Strain gauge angle sensors are installed on one pair of the crossed flat springs. The main dynamic parameters of the rotational seismometer created in this way, i.e. the natural period and damping, are controlled electronically by feedback currents proportional to the angular displacement and angular velocity, both fed to the damping transducer coil. This new seismometer, named the S-5-SR, enables measurement of the rotational component of ground motion around the horizontal or the vertical axes. The output signal from this S-5-SR seismometer can be proportional either to rotational displacement or rotational velocity.     

电流计耦合地震仪的脉冲响应及初动分析

从理论上研究了电流计耦合地震仪的脉冲响应.用数字计算的结果分析了基式仪脉冲响应的基本形态特征.给出了仪器对于几种不同形式的地动位移函数的响应的解析解.利用数字计算的结果求得了基式仪的初动特性.结果表明,仪器的初动特性和稳态特性之间确实存在极大的差异.      

The sensitivity and dynamic range of inertial seismographs

Optimizing the sensitivity and dynamic range of inertial seismographs can best be accomplished by giving consideration to the ambient earth noise spectrum, as related to the periods of the waves to be observed and, by inference, the response band of the seismograph. Seismometer sensitivity is limited by thermal agitation, related to the damping mechanisms, some of which provide the necessary output of information.Earth noise spectrums and seismometer thermal agitation are presented as accelerations per unit bandwith to show their common nature and inseparable evidence in practice. Feedback systems do not alter the fundamental relations but may be advantageous for controlling the instrumental bandwith or where the physical size is restricted.     

数字地震仪频响特性与地动噪声功率谱计算

地震仪系统是一种稳定的线性动力系统,其特性可由系统的幅频特性和相频特性来描述。本文结合工作实例,分析地震仪系统的一般特性及BBVS-60和CMG-3ESP地震计传递函数的特点,给出数据计算过程中的数学解释,借助Matlab出色的计算功能,绘制地震计幅频特性曲线,并得出地动噪声功率谱值,为分析地震计频响特性、地震台站勘选噪声水平测试提供参考。     

浙江省测震观测台网井下地震计方位角检测与校正

选取浙江省测震台网景宁、北仑、南麂岛地震台井下地震计观测数据,采用地震数据波形相关性分析法,与地表地震计同步观测数据进行相关性分析,检测并校正井下地震计方位角,结果发现,3个地震台井下地震计方位角实际偏差分别为82.2°、-22.8°、32.2°。分析认为,井下地震计安装易受线缆应力影响,导致方位角与实际偏差过大,应在应力释放完成后固定地震计,并架设地表地震计进行数据相关性分析,以确定方位角可靠性。     

用复曲线拟合方法确定DD-1和DK-1型电子放大地震仪的传递函数、频率特性和时间特性

地震仪的动力学特性通常是用频率域中的幅频特性和相频特性表示的,但是,合成地震图和由地震图恢复地面的真实运动都是在时间域中进行的,这就需要知道地震仪的时间特性（脉冲响应特性）。从理论上讲,可以由实测地震仪的幅频与相频特性通过快速傅里叶变换（FFT）用数值方法把时间特性计算出来,但是,计算结果表明,误差很大,尤其是在初动部分。因此,计算地震仪的时间特性应该从地震仪的传递函数出发,通过拉普拉斯反变换求得。 目前,我国基准地震台上使用三种类型地震仪:直接耦合地震仪、电流计记录地震仪和电子放大地震仪。前两种地震仪,它们的运动方程和传递函数已知,传递函数系数可以通过经典的分段标定方法求得。但是,对于电子放大地震仪,由于引入电子线路,首先必须确定电子线路部分的传递函数及其系数,然后再求出它们的频率特性和时间特性的解析表达式。 作者根据DD-1和DK-1型电子放大地震仪的分段标定结果,用复曲线拟合方法求出了它们的传递函数,并由传递函数导出了频率特性和时间特性的解析表达式,计算出了DD-1和DK-1型地震仪的幅频特性曲线、相频特性曲线和时间特性曲线。     

The effect of the galvanometer coupling on the accuracy of measuring the seismometer constants of an electromagnetic seismograph

Summary The errors in determining the partial constants of a seismometer using the method of recording the free oscillations of the seismometer by a galvanometer are analysed and the maximum values of the coupling coefficients at which the derived seismometer constants do not differ from the partial by more than 1%, are computed.     

江苏东海深井观测地震波形及其信噪比研究

为了探索在高噪声干扰地区获取高信噪比地震信息的有效途径,本文分析了我国第一个超深井地震观测站江苏东海地壳活动国家野外科学观测研究站设置在地面与井下三个不同深度处的地震仪所记录的波形及其信噪比特征。结果显示：由于观测研究站周围强烈的噪声扰动,地面地震仪记录中无法识别M_L0.8地方震波形,而深井地震仪可清晰地记录到该小震波形,且深井地震仪可观测到较地面地震仪更多的零级或负震级地震;井下三组不同深度地震仪所记录波形的信噪比均远高于地面地震仪,且不同深度地震波形信噪比的平均值随仪器深度的增大而增加。井下1 559.5 m处的地震仪的波形平均信噪比为69.20 dB,2 545.5 m处的信噪比达到74.15 dB,均达到高保真波形的信噪比值,这说明1 500 m深处地震仪所观测到的波形可以有效地避免地面干扰,因此深井地震观测能够提供高信噪比的波形资料,为研究震源过程和场地效应等提供真实可靠的基础资料,这也预示着深井观测将促进深井地震学的研究与发展。     

汶川大震时福建四种观测系统的体应变响应分析

采用福建省有关观测点的井水位、地震仪、体应变仪与伸缩仪的分钟值观测资料对福建地区对2008年5月12日四川汶川8．0级大震的体应变响应进行了计算．计算结果表明．由井水位、体应变仪与伸缩仪所得到的对汶川大震的体应变响应的振幅为10^-7～10^-8,而由地震仪所得到的体应变响应要比前者大1个数量级;并对此差异进行了分析。     

基于阶跃响应在时域解析测定地震计参数

提出基于阶跃响应在时域解析测定地震计参数的方法，并对合理确定响应的时间零点提供了一种方法。对JC-V100 3D型便携式短周期地震计及与其配套的EDAS-3M型16位地震数据采集记录仪组成的系统进行了测试。结果表明：对JC-V1003D短周期地震计的传递函数进行测试是可行的，对地震计的阻尼系数Dc和自振周期Tc的测试结果是令人满意的。     

Calibration of electromagnetic seismographs by means of responses to release and shock tests

Summary The paper deals with the problems of fast determination of the magnification curve and of the partial constants of an electromagnetic seismograph by means of responses to release and shock tests, using a computer.     

周至深井水震波数字化记录与地震波记录的对比研究

介绍了周至深井井孔概况和水位观测的仪器设备配置，通过对2000年10月6日日本本州7．3级地震的水震波数字化记录的频谱分析，与陕西数字地震台网同一地震事件进行对比研究，结果表明，周至深井可以记录到周期大于2s的水震波，对地动位移的放大倍率约为200倍，带宽大于DK-1地震仪和FBS-3地震计，相当于一台深井宽带地震仪。     

New Explorations of Laboratory and On-site Testing of Broadband Seismographs in China

According to different testing purposes, methods and available environmental conditions, the seismograph testing can be divided into laboratory and on-site testing, respectively. The testing of the seismograph''s key parameters and other concerning technical specifications are well described in guide documents (China Earthquake Administration, 2017). This includes seismometer sensitivity, linearity and clip levels based on the shake table test, as well as the seismometer natural period, damping constant based on electrical calibration (Wang Guangfu,1986; Plešinger A.,1993) and instrumental self-noise collocation estimation (Holcomb L.G., 1989; Sleeman R. et al., 2006). However, with the development of seismic observation technology, many new requirements for the performance evaluation of seismographs have been put forward, and new testing items and methods have emerged.     

山西数字测震台网数字地震仪传递函数的测定及特性分析

介绍了山西数字测震台网EDAS-24IP+BBVS型数字地震仪传递函数的特征和测定方法,对地震仪阶跃标定及正弦标定计算分析,得出台站工作状态、地震计周期、阻尼、主零极点参数的变化情况;并对数字地震仪的频带范围、通频带的平坦程度、三分向幅频响应的一致性进行了讨论和分析。认为台网的系统特性是稳定和可靠的。     

速度传感反馈地震计的环路噪声输出传递特性分析

反馈地震计自身的噪声输出决定了它的动态范围下限.反馈地震计的噪声主要由反馈环内有源器件产生.速度传感反馈地震计的环路参数和滤波类型将会影响环内不同位置的噪声输出传递函数.本文分析了4种一阶环路滤波器和零阶环路滤波器对环内噪声传递函数的影响,开环阻尼D1较小的一阶极点高通、一阶零点高通和双一阶环路滤波在抑制前向通道噪声输出方面具有潜力;一阶极点高通在抑制反向通道低端带外噪声输出方面有较好的性能.     

等效阻尼比对基于位移的抗震设计的影响分析

等效阻尼比是基于位移抗震设计中确定等效周期的一个关键参数。通过对不同研究者提出的等效阻尼比模型进行比较研究,重点讨论了滞回模型、延性系数和等效周期对等效阻尼比的影响。结果表明,不同等效阻尼比模型的总体变化趋势是一致的;滞回模型对等效阻尼比有很大影响,Ramberg-Osgood模型的等效阻尼比是Flagshaped模型的2.56倍;等效阻尼比随着延性系数的增大而增大,尤其在μ=2～4范围内变化幅度最大;短周期与中长周期等效阻尼比相差2倍多,故等效周期小于1 s时,必须考虑其对等效阻尼比的影响。     

Numerical Modeling of the Observed Wiechert Seismograph Magnification

—The paper presents results of experiments designed to measure the actual dynamic magnification of the Wiechert 1000 kg horizontal seismometer when excited by seismic waves. This is accomplished by comparing 51 digital records of seismic events recorded by the Wiechert and a well calibrated reference seismometer. The results obtained indicate that the magnification of the Wiechert seismometer is influenced by the interaction of its mass and frame, especially for high frequencies. This interaction has been modeled by considering a system of two coupled pendulums, yielding a theoretical dynamic magnification curve which exhibits main features of the observed magnification. The dis crepancy between the nominal and the actual response of the Wiechert seismograph may lead to errors in studies involving spectral analyses of recorded seismograms, and to overestimation of local earth quake magnitudes.