红层软岩边坡生态防护技术探讨

红层软岩边坡,土质贫瘠,浅层稳定性差,生态防护失效的现象比较突出。为提高西部红层软岩边坡生态防护的可靠性,在对西部红层软岩地区铁路、公路边坡生态防护状况进行调研和分析的基础上,总结红层软岩边坡生态防护失败的原因,吸取经验教训,提出适于红层软岩边坡的生态防护方法和适合该区栽植的草木品种及配置方法。     

植被对斜坡土体土力学参数影响的试验研究

通过十字板剪切试验、轻便触探试验、室内含水量试验、室内直剪试验等试验手段分析了某高速公路黄土边坡的植被加强作用,即植被对斜坡土体力学参数的影响,研究了两种植被区域：狗牙根和结缕草与高羊茅混播区。并定量研究了植被根系对浅边坡的影响,试验结果表明,植被对浅边坡稳定性具有潜在影响。该研究对指导工程实践具有理论和实用价值。     

Centrifuge modelling of the effects of root geometry on transpiration-induced suction and stability of vegetated slopes

Shallow landslides (i.e. 1–2-m depth) on both man-made and natural slopes are of major concern worldwide that has led to huge amount of socio-economical losses. The use of vegetation has been considered as an environmentally friendly means of stabilising slopes. Existing studies have focused on the use of plant roots with different geometries to mechanically stabilise soil slopes, but there are little data available on the contribution of transpiration-induced suction to slope stability. This study was designed to quantify both the hydrological and mechanical effects of root geometry on the stability of shallow slopes. Centrifuge tests were conducted to measure soil suction in slope models supported by newly developed artificial roots. These artificial roots exhibit three different representative geometries (i.e. tap, heart and plate) and could simulate the effects of transpiration. The measured suction was then back-analysed through a series of finite element seepage-stability analyses to determine the factor of safety (FOS). It is revealed that after a rainfall event with a return period of 1000 years, the slope supported by heart-shaped roots retained the highest suction within the root depth, and thus, this type of root provided the greatest stabilisation effects. The FOS of the slope supported by the heart-shaped roots, through both mechanical reinforcement and transpiration-induced suction, is 16 and 28 % higher than that supported by the tap- and plate-shaped roots, respectively.     

土坡地震稳定性影响因素分析

针对目前土质边坡地震稳定性评价还没有成熟可靠的标准,采用FLAC3D对土坡进行地震稳定性分析,得出:在土体强度参数中,摩擦角对土坡的稳定性影响最大。地震波传播方向平行于坡面时,比地震波传播方向与坡面相交时对土坡的危害要小得多。提出对土坡采用分级处理,多设置平台,更利于抗震。      

青藏公路边坡防护试验研究

The results brought out in the trials of slope protection along Qinghai-Tibet Highway are presented in this paper. The trials were carried out simultaneously at 5 sites in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 2000 to 2002. Altitudes at the experimental sites range between 4 240 m and 5 040 m. 4 sites are in permafrost area, and 1 site is in seasonally frozen ground. According to the trials of slope protection, vegetation is preferred to protect slopes along Qinghai-Tibet Highway. Road-GoodR, a chemical stabilizer, is proved as a good material for slope protection, and soil engineering system, combined with vegetative component and grade stabilization structures is proved as the best slope protection measure in these are as. The results showed that high-altitude areas at an altitude lower than 5 040 m, annual average temperatures higher than -5.6 ℃ and annual rainfall more than 262.2 mm, slopes can be protected using vegetative components.Trials for plant species selection proved that cold resistant grasses, Elymus nutans and Elymus sibiricus can be used for vegetation recovery along Qinghai-Tibet Highway. The results demonstrated that high-altitude areas at an altitude lower than 5 040 m, annual average temperatures higher than -5.6 ℃ and annual rainfall more than 262.2 mm, could be replanted. Hydroseeding proved to be a good planting technique, and mulch materials benefited vegetation recovery in such area.The experiment also proved that planting could improve slope stability, protect the ecological environment, and improve the roadside landscape.     

黄土高边坡土钉-预加固桩复合支护体系性状分析

土钉-预加固桩复合支护技术已在基坑及边坡工程中取得了大量应用,但在黄土高边坡开挖中的应用相对较少。基于详细的现场监测数据并辅以有限元数值计算,分析了边坡开挖过程中支护体系受力及变形随时间和空间的变化规律。结果表明：预加固桩的水平位移随着时间的推移与开挖深度的增加呈增大趋势,并最终趋于稳定,同时,桩身剪力及弯矩亦随开挖的进行而不断增大;剪力最大值的位置不断下移,说明边坡的潜在滑动面有不断向下扩展的趋势。与深基坑支护桩的土压力分布相比,土钉-预加固桩复合支护体系中桩后土压力随开挖呈不断减小的趋势,但桩前土压力随着开挖深度的增加,有增有减。随着施工开挖深度的增加,土钉所测得的应力有着明显的增大,说明土钉对抑制坡体变形起到了一定作用。在预加固桩的影响下,桩上方坡体的最危险破裂面为圆弧状,其剪出口位于预加固桩桩顶处。开挖深度较浅时,土钉对整体稳定性的贡献较大,而随着开挖深度的变大,预加固桩的加固效果开始占主导地位。     

膨胀变形对膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响

当采用合理的强度参数时,根据常规极限平衡或极限分析方法的计算结果,很难解释一些膨胀土边坡会在极缓的坡度下发生失稳破坏的原因。事实上,由于膨胀土遇水后会发生显著的变形,在饱和区与非饱和区交界面附近会出现很大的剪应力。因此,在膨胀土边坡的稳定分析中,需要考虑这种因素的影响。根据塑性力学的上限定理,严格地导出了考虑膨胀应力作功的功能平衡方程。根据强度储备定义的安全系数即隐含在这一方程中,它可以通过迭代方法求解。边坡稳定的上限分析在数值上是利用了单元集成法来完成的。这不仅能方便地利用应力分析的成果,而且能进行滑裂面的优化,从而找到最小的安全系数。对一个坡度为1:4的膨胀土边坡的稳定计算结果表明,膨胀变形会使边坡的安全系数显著减小。当考虑膨胀时,优化得到的破坏模式是在浅层出现一个局部的滑动,它会牵动其上部的土体也相继出现局部滑动,这正好符合膨胀土滑坡时所常见的牵引性的特征。     

Small-scale modelling of plant root systems using 3D printing,with applications to investigate the role of vegetation on earthquake-induced landslides

Vegetation has been previously proposed as a method for protecting artificial and natural slopes against shallow landslides (e.g. as may be triggered by an earthquake); however, previous research has concentrated on individual root soil interaction during shear deformation rather than the global slope behaviour due to the extreme expense and difficulty involved in conducting full-scale field tests. Geotechnical centrifuge modelling offers an opportunity to investigate in detail the engineering performance of vegetated slopes, but its application has been restricted due to the lack of availability of suitable root analogues that can repeatably replicate appropriate mechanical properties (stiffness and strength) and realistic 3D geometry. This study employed 3D printing to develop a representative and repeatable 1:10 scale model of a tree root cluster (representing roots up to 1.5 m deep at prototype scale) that can be used within a geotechnical centrifuge to investigate the response of a vegetated slope subject to earthquake ground motion. The printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic root model was identified to be highly representative of the geometry and mechanical behaviour (stiffness and strength) of real woody root systems. A programme of large direct shear tests was also performed to evaluate the additional strength provided by the root analogues within soil that is slipping and investigate the influence of various characteristics (including root area ratio (RAR), soil confining effective stress and root morphology) on this reinforcing effect. Our results show that root reinforcement is not only a function of root mechanical properties but also depends on factors including surrounding effective confining stress (resulting in depth dependency even for the same RAR), depth of the slip plane and root morphology. When subject to shear loading in soil, the tap root appeared to structurally transfer load within the root system, including to smaller and deeper roots which subsequently broke or were pulled out. Finally, the root analogues were added to model slopes subjected to earthquake ground motion in the centrifuge, where it was revealed that vegetation can substantially reduce earthquake-induced slope deformation in the soil conditions tested (76% reduction on crest permanent settlement during slippage). Both the realistic 3D geometry and highly simplified root morphologies, as characterised mechanically by the shear tests, were tested in the centrifuge which, despite exhibiting very different levels of additional strength in the shear tests, resulted in very similar responses of the slopes. This suggests that once a certain minimum level of reinforcement has been reached which will alter the deformation mechanism within the slope, further increases of root contribution (e.g. due to differences in root morphology) do not have a large further effect on improving slope stability.     

Evaluating relationships between soil chemical properties and vegetation cover at different slope aspects in a reclaimed dump

Conducting research about the relationships between soil chemical properties and vegetation coverage at different slope aspects is especially important in reconstructed ecosystems of vulnerable ecological regions. This study was conducted in the first reclaimed dump within the Pingshuo mining area of Shanxi Province, China, to analyze patterns of soil chemical properties (soil organic matter (SOM), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil available phosphorus (SAP) and soil available potassium (SAp) and vegetation coverage (NDVI) and their correlations at different slope aspects. In the reclaimed dump, 26 quadrats were established along four slope aspects (i.e., shady, semi-shady, sunny and semi-sunny slopes). There was no significant difference in SOM or STN among different slope aspects, while SAP differed between shady slopes compared to semi-shady, sunny and semi-sunny slopes; SAP differed significantly between semi-shady and semi-sunny slopes. The NDVI of semi-sunny slopes differed significantly from that of the other three aspects. There was variation in the relationships between NDVI and soil chemical properties, depending on the slope aspects. The logarithm of SOM and NDVI was related linearly on shady and semi-shady slopes, while NDVI was inversely related to the natural logarithm of the logarithm of SOM on sunny and semi-sunny slopes. STN and NDVI had a first-order function relationship on shady and semi-shady slopes, yet a quadratic function relationship on sunny and semi-sunny slopes. The relationships between SAP and NDVI were inverse on all types of slopes. On shady and semi-shady slopes, NDVI had a quadratic relationship with the logarithm of SAp, but it was well fitted by using a cubic function on sunny and semi-sunny slopes. The sensitivity coefficients of soil chemical properties and NDVI were different, and soil chemical properties changed differently depending on changes in NDVI at different slope aspects.     

坡后土体推力作用下反倾节理岩质边坡次生倾倒机理分析

次生倾倒破坏是层状反倾岩质边坡的一种主要破坏模式,极限平衡理论是分析倾倒破坏的常用方法,研究反倾节理岩质边坡次生倾倒破坏机理对边坡工程众多的西南山区基础设施建设具有重要的工程指导意义。在Goodman和Bray块体倾倒破坏极限平衡分析方法的基础上,建立了考虑地下水压力、节理连通率、岩体黏聚力等影响因素的反倾岩质边坡在坡后土体推力作用下的次生倾倒地质力学模型,提出了坡后土体推力作用下的反倾节理岩质边坡次生倾倒破坏的解析分析方法,推导出了边坡各岩层下推力的解析表达式,提出了边坡倾倒破坏的综合安全系数,并编写了对应的matlab计算程序,为该类边坡的设计和加固提供了理论依据。通过算例分析表明,与单纯岩质边坡块体倾倒破坏相比,该类边坡次生倾倒破坏形式的特点是破坏基准面以上岩层自上而下依次分为滑移区、倾倒区和稳定区3个部分;地下水压力、节理连通率、底裂面岩体黏聚力对各岩层的破坏形式、稳定安全系数大小都具有明显影响,尤其是在坡体中下部及坡脚部分最为敏感;而各岩层稳定安全系数最小的区域集中于边坡中上部。     

降雨诱发浅层黄土泥流的研究进展、存在问题与对策思考

降雨诱发的浅层黄土泥流规模小、流速快、冲击力强、发育范围广、难以防御、致灾频率高,近两年造成了大量人员伤亡,急需开展其形成机制与强度的研究。黄土物质组成与水敏性、坡体形态对降雨入渗—积水的响应、黄土斜坡对降水入渗的力学响应机制、富水黄土粘滞性流动特性是制约浅层黄土泥流形成的四种主要因素,分析这四种因素的对浅层黄土泥流形成的制约作用需解决斜坡降雨入渗的水文过程、非饱和土的力学效应及水土耦合的机制等前沿问题。本文对影响泥流形成的各因素研究的最新进展进行了综述,同时讨论了研究中的核心问题,并提出了相应的对策与方案,认为可从三方面开展研究:(1)定量描述泥流体积扩容特征,建立浅层黄土泥流启动与流动模式;(2)分析泥流与原状黄土物质成分、组成结构差异,开展黄土非饱和增湿力学变形试验,监测0°~60°单面坡与坡肩平缓斜坡的降雨入渗过程,研究坡体形态对雨水汇聚、入渗及基质吸力变化的控制特征,揭示泥流流体运动过程中水土响应机制;(3)对浅层黄土泥流物理力学模型进行解析,讨论泥流流动能量转化特征,建立降雨诱发泥流灾害的强度计算模型,为降雨泥流灾害危险性定量计算提供理论支撑。     

考虑岩土体流变特性的强度折减法研究

用强度折减法分析边坡稳定性时,不需要事先假定滑面的位置和形状,具有较强的适用性。但在岩土体的力学性质方面仅考虑其弹塑性,而忽略了岩土体的流变性。流变是岩土材料的基本力学特性,很多边坡产生大变形乃至失稳都与岩土体流变具有一定关系。采用强度折减原理,分析了岩土体流变特性对边坡变形及稳定的影响。研究表明,岩土材料的流变特性使强度折减时每点的变形值增大,对边坡稳定具有不利影响。     

Landslide forecasting based on hydrological process simulation for a dump slope in an open mining pit

There are concerns about the safety issues of dump slope in the open-cast mining pit because of the risk of catastrophic destruction caused by slope failures that are related to several factors, such as atmospheric conditions (especially precipitation), vegetation and some others. The aim of this study is to investigate the hydrological regime in a dump slope and the influence of the saturation degree on the stability of dump slopes with consideration of precipitation and vegetation using the program of PCSiWaPro?. Based on the hydrological simulation conducted through PCSiWaPro?, the calculation of the Factor of Safety (Fs) in the dump slope using Geo-slope Software was improved with further consideration of soil-water weight in the unsaturated dump slope and the influence of water content on the variation of soil property parameters (e.g. cohesion).     

不同加固技术在散粒体斜坡表层的应用对比研究

散粒体斜坡多发育于我国西部山区,由块度不一、黏粒含量较少的碎砾石土组成,由于胶结性差,遇雨水冲刷、风吹或人畜踩踏易失稳。传统坡面防护技术包括拦挡锚固和土工材料与植被构筑,新型护坡技术是结合了岩土材料加固和生态环境两方面所提出的新方法。本文中该新技术是指将浓度1.3%的改性钠羧甲基纤维素与边坡表层土拌合,后掺入植物纤维,喷洒到坡表形成加固层;加固层表面喷洒草籽,以达到边坡防护的目的。文章选择传统的护坡方法（格构和三维网）和新型土壤改良方法结合植草绿化技术对室外某散粒体斜坡进行加固处理,以天然斜坡为参照,统计降雨冲刷和径流冲刷后边坡表面侵蚀破坏、入渗和植被破坏特征,对比不同护坡方式的应用效果。试验结果表明:每个斜坡辅之相同的植草条件下,对比降雨和放水冲刷试验后各边坡的侵蚀破坏特征可以发现,材料改良植草边坡侵蚀弱,产沙量小,作用层能减缓雨水下渗,提高植被存活率和降低植被倒伏率,其效果优于三维网植草护坡和格构植草护坡。     

Numerical Simulation of Moisture Movement in Unsaturated Expansive Soil Slope Suffering Permeation

INTRODUCTION Theinfiltrationandevaporationofwaterinasoil slopeareofparamountimportanceindetermining slopestability.Previousengineeringcasesandstud ieshaveshownthatrainwaterisoftenamajorfactor intheslopefailureofexpansivesoils.Expansivesoils intropicalandsubtropicalzonesareoftenunsaturat ed,andsoilslopesareinastablestateinnormalcli mateconditionsbecauseofthehighsuctionandshear strengthofthesoilmass.However,oncepermeation happensrainwaterwillinfiltrateintothesoilmasswhichleadstoanincreasein…     

植物固土护坡效应的研究现状及发展趋势

近年来由于自然环境变化和人类工程实践活动的影响,水土流失、滑坡等地质灾害发生的概率逐年提高,这些灾害的发生为当地人们的生产、生活带来了一定程度的危害。利用植物固土护坡方法可有效防治上述地质灾害的发生。植物固土护坡效应主要表现在水文效应和力学效应两方面。水文效应包括植物茎叶的降雨截留作用,植物茎叶削弱雨滴溅蚀作用,植物茎叶及其腐殖质抑制地表径流作用; 力学效应包括须状根系的加筋作用、主直根系的锚固作用和水平根系的牵拉作用等。本文着重探讨了植物护坡表现在水文效应和力学效应两方面的研究现状及其发展趋势。其中,在水文效应方面,对植物茎叶降雨截留及削弱溅蚀等进行了着重探讨; 对于力学效应着重探讨了根系增强土体抗剪强度理论模型、根-土相互作用、植物固土护坡力学效应数值模拟等。在上述基础上,指出了植物固土护坡效应发展趋势,即体现在水文效应方面,需开展大气-土体-植物水分迁移对边坡稳定性影响研究; 根-土复合体强度理论模型方面,进一步探讨Wu-Waldron-Model模型和Fiber-Bundle-Model模型所适用的工况条件; 数值模拟方面,需进一步探讨在建立计算模型时应系统考虑植物根型特征、根系强度等诸因素以及这些因素对计算结果的影响; 在工程实践方面,进一步开展植物护坡方法在边坡工程中的应用,探索植物护坡在不同地质、气候和区域环境条件下的应用与维护,使植物固土护坡效应体现出水文效应、力学效应、景观效应的有机结合。     

汤屯高速公路路堑边坡土质特征与生态防护植物配置研究

汤屯高速公路边坡土壤具有偏酸性、有机质低、磷缺乏、铜过量等土质特征。边坡生态防护具有边坡高陡、原生植被彻底破坏、土质贫瘠、缺水、缺肥、生物气候干热胁迫、水土流失严重等难点,遵循交通安全性、景观协调性、生态适应性、生物多样性、经济实用性的原则,提出了以草本植物为主,草、灌、藤有机结合的边坡生态防护植物配置方案,针对全岩质边坡、碎裂结构边坡、土质边坡及边坡的顶部、下沿、平台等部位提出了不同的植物群落配置原则及物种配比方案,对类似工程具有借鉴意义。     

基于坡面网格全局搜索土坡临界滑动面的优化技术

提出了一种基于坡面网格全局搜索土坡临界滑动面的综合优化方法。该方法较好地结合了几何优化和数值优化长 处,原理简单,若辅以一定的经验分析,能较高效地得到土坡临界滑动面。通过2个实例计算表明,该方法计算搜索结果具有较好的稳定性和完备性,并且适用于一些复杂的工程土坡。     

兰州新区黄土工程开挖边坡植被重建初期土壤水分初步研究

兰州新区位于黄土高原西段, 为典型干旱区, 道路修建形成了许多坡度大于30°的工程开挖边坡。在边坡上重建植被对改善局地景观和防治水土流失具有重要的作用, 而坡面土壤水分状况对植被重建影响重大。选择3种整地类型（条形坑、 圆形坑和原状坡样地）, 研究兰州新区黄土工程开挖边坡植被重建的初期土壤水分状况, 结果表明： 3种整地类型中条形坑的土壤水分条件最好, 与圆形坑、 原状坡样地土壤水分存在显著差异（P<0.05）。不同灌溉频率下原状坡样地0 ~ 20 cm土层土壤含水量较低, 20 ~ 50 cm土层土壤含水量较高。土壤含水量的变异系数随土层深度的增加而减小, 随灌溉频率的降低而增加。在边坡植被重建初期, 需把土壤水分维持在8.4% ~ 10.8%, 即田间持水量的38% ~ 49%, 才能保证植物正常生育生长。当栽植的植被根系长度大于10 cm时, 可考虑将喷灌频率从每天喷灌改为隔天喷灌, 否则植物有死亡的风险。研究结果可为类似的黄土边坡植被恢复和生态建设提供参考。     

寒区露天煤矿排土场边坡生态修复研究

通过对寒旱区生态修复技术的集成创新,结合寒区露天煤矿排土场植物生长条件特点,提出了适合矿区边坡的生态修复技术. 选择典型煤矿排土场展开现场试验,观测人工种植植物的生长情况,并采用计算流体力学数值分析手段,对排土场边坡生态修复防止风力侵蚀和降雨冲刷的效果进行了分析. 结果表明：采用边坡穴植植物装置实施的排土场生态修复工程效果良好,施工1 a后其边坡植被覆盖度达到95%,且边坡植物群落较为稳定,有效地消除了该地区冬季的风力侵蚀和夏季的降雨冲刷,彻底解决了排土场的水土流失问题.