内蒙古石拐中生代断陷盆地形成与成因初探

石拐中生代断陷盆地发育在大青山逆冲推覆体系前缘,其形成与发展主要受早侏罗世南北向伸展变形作用和晚侏罗世逆冲挤压构造变形作用控制.根据地壳构造变形特点、沉积建造和沉积环境不同,把盆地演化分为3个阶段:早、中侏罗世五当沟时期,地壳以伸展变形机制为主,盆地快速堆积,沉积了一套巨厚的含煤碎屑建造;在中侏罗世长汉沟时期,地壳构造变形不强烈,处于稳定湖相沉积环境,沉积一套滨浅湖相的泥岩和淡水灰岩;晚侏罗世大青山时期区内发生了强烈南北向挤压变形作用,形成了同构造前陆挤压沉积盆地,形成了紫红色-灰紫色粗碎屑岩.盆地内部岩相变化、沉积建造特点、地层之间接触关系和构造变形特征都记录了地壳构造变形的重要信息.     

武夷-云开中生代沉积盆地演化

将武夷-云开地层大区分为5个地层区,通过综合分析前人对该地区中生代岩石地层、生物地层、同位素年代学及构造等研究,对研究区中生代沉积盆地类型进行划分,并探讨该区沉积盆地-大地构造演化史.研究区中生代共经历了3个重要演化阶段:早-中三叠世,该区地壳抬升,海平面总体下降,海水向西-西南方向逐渐退出,形成混积陆表海;晚三叠世-早侏罗世,该区发生海侵,形成海陆交互陆表海;中侏罗世-白垩纪,由于受古太平洋板块西北低俯冲的影响,台湾地区形成了一系列俯冲增生杂岩带,内陆地区以政和-大浦断裂为界,西部发育(火山)断陷盆地;东部发育弧内裂陷盆地,晚期形成断陷盆地.      

辽西地区中生代盆地构造演化

辽西地区为华北地台北缘阴山－燕山造山带的东延部分，中生代发育火山－碎屑岩沉积盆地。盆地地质分析表明，该区在早白垩世早期之前发育的沉积盆地为挤压型盆地，早白垩世中期以后属伸展断陷盆地。根据沉积－构造分析，该区中生代盆地构造演化可划分为5个构造演化阶段；（1）早三叠世－－早侏罗世；（2）早侏罗世－中侏罗世；（3）中侏罗世－晚侏罗世；（4）早白垩世早期；（5）早白垩世中期－晚白垩世。     

柴达木盆地西部中生界原型盆地及其演化

柴达木中生界盆地形成时间及其盆地原型研究存在很大争议,主要原因在于对盆地内有无三叠系陆相沉积及其与上覆下侏罗统地层接触关系和中生界原型盆地形成的构造背景等问题认识不清.区域地质调查在盆地西部月牙山北发现中、上三叠统陆相地层与上覆下侏罗统地层整合接触,在此基础上,结合地表露头、古流分析及地震解释资料研究认为:柴达木中生界盆地起始于中三叠世.中生代在古阿拉巴斯套山与古昆仑山间发育一个大的近东西向展布的活动型山间盆地,盆地经历了中-晚三叠世、早-中侏罗世和晚侏罗世-白垩纪三个演化阶段,分别对应发育了中-晚三叠世坳陷型盆地、早-中侏罗世断陷型盆地和晚侏罗世-白垩纪坳陷型盆地三种原型盆地类型.中-晚三叠世盆地分布比较局限,沉积以氧化环境下的红色碎屑岩建造为主,不具生烃能力;早-中侏罗世盆地范围扩大,沉积物以暗色含煤建造为主,主要分布于现今的阿尔金山地区及其山前地带,沉积中心在阿尔金山地区.晚侏罗世-白垩纪阿尔金山快速隆升,成为主要物源区,开始分割塔里木和柴达木盆地沉积,沉积物为红色磨拉石建造.该研究对于准确评价柴达木盆地生烃潜力及合理进行勘探部署具有重要意义.     

晋东北地区燕山运动的基本特征——来自1:25万应县幅区域地质调查的总结

晋东北地区燕山期地壳活动剧烈而频繁, 经历了3次由伸展→挤压转换→隆升和岩浆活动过程。燕山运动早期形成早侏罗世断陷盆地和中侏罗世挤压坳陷型聚煤构造盆地; 中期中晚侏罗世形成被NW、NE向深大断裂围限的火山断陷盆地, 中基性-酸性火山喷发和浅成、超浅成中酸性岩浆侵入, 晚侏罗世末形成了一系列NNE向褶皱和逆冲推覆构造带; 晚期早白垩世再次形成断陷盆地和开阔平缓褶皱, 义县组不整合在火山岩之上, 晚白垩世处于挤压造山后的山体隆升阶段, 左云组不整合在义县组之上, 伴随有壳源型花岗岩侵入, NW、NE向断裂复活, 形成地堑、地垒式断裂组合, 导致山体隆升。      

冀西北尚义盆地中生代沉积特征及古地理*

尚义盆地形成于早侏罗世-早白垩世,盆地内沉积了一套以紫红色、灰绿色陆源碎屑岩为主的地层,仅在晚侏罗世-早白垩世地层局部夹薄层玄武安山质火山岩。通过系统分析尚义盆地的沉积岩、沉积相带展布特征及古水流、砾石成分等,分析了早侏罗世-早白垩世盆地的物源区、汇水中心及古气候的演化,恢复了早侏罗世-早白垩世盆地古地理格局。同时,在前人研究基础上,结合尚义盆地的沉积-充填样式,重点总结和综合分析了盆地内熔积岩、辉绿岩、边界断层等的发育特征,初步推断晚侏罗世-早白垩世尚义盆地为伸展断陷盆地。     

下扬子中生代沉积盆地演化

通过对下扬子地区各地层分区中生代岩石地层序列、沉积建造详细分析以及生物地层与年代地层划分对比, 在盆地原型恢复、盆地充填序列和岩相古地理综合分析的基础上, 划分出下扬子陆块中生代不同时段的5类沉积盆地: 陆表海(T_1-2)、周缘前陆盆地(T₃-J₁)、压陷盆地(T₃-J₂)、断陷盆地(J₃-K)和拉分盆地(J₃-K), 初步建立了下扬子陆块中生代沉积盆地时空分布格架.分析了下扬子中生代盆地沉积大地构造环境演化历程: 三叠纪-早侏罗世为与特提斯海演化相关的构造阶段, 分为早三叠世-中三叠世陆表海和晚三叠世-早侏罗世前陆盆地2个亚阶段; 中侏罗世-白垩纪转化为滨太平洋构造阶段, 中侏罗世以挤压构造背景为主, 大部分地区为隆升剥蚀区, 晚侏罗世-白垩纪为强裂伸展拉张期, 发育了一系列北东向火山-沉积断陷盆地和拉分盆地, 盆-岭构造格局形成.      

晋东北地区燕山运动的基本特征——来自1∶25万应县幅区域地质调查的总结

晋东北地区燕山期地壳活动剧烈而频繁,经历了3次由伸展→挤压转换→隆升和岩浆活动过程。燕山运动早期形成早侏罗世断陷盆地和中侏罗世挤压坳陷型聚煤构造盆地;中期中晚侏罗世形成被NW、NE向深大断裂围限的火山断陷盆地,中基性—酸性火山喷发和浅成、超浅成中酸性岩浆侵入,晚侏罗世末形成了一系列NNE向褶皱和逆冲推覆构造带;晚期早白垩世再次形成断陷盆地和开阔平缓褶皱,义县组不整合在火山岩之上,晚白垩世处于挤压造山后的山体隆升阶段,左云组不整合在义县组之上,伴随有壳源型花岗岩侵入,NW、NE向断裂复活,形成地堑、地垒式断裂组合,导致山体隆升。     

渤海湾盆地中—新生代岩石圈热结构与热-流变学演化

文章主要利用中—新生代热史、地壳分层结构以及流变学参数,模拟计算渤海湾盆地中—新生代岩石圈热结构和热-流变结构演化特征。结果表明,盆地由三叠纪—侏罗纪时期的"冷幔热壳"型岩石圈热结构转变为白垩纪至今的"热幔冷壳"型岩石圈热结构。从济阳坳陷岩石圈热-流变结构演化特征来看,中生代早期上地壳上部、中地壳上部及上地幔顶部表现为厚的脆性层;早白垩世初期中地壳上部及上地幔顶部的脆性层完全转变为韧性层;晚白垩世开始,中地壳上部出现薄层的脆性层;古近纪早期中地壳上部脆性层变薄变浅;现今则除了发育上地壳上部、中地壳上部脆性层外,上地幔顶部开始在浅部发育薄的脆性层。中—新生代岩石圈总强度演化表明在早白垩世晚期和古近纪早期经历了两期减弱,中生代早期岩石圈总强度远大于中侏罗世之后的岩石圈总强度。岩石圈热-流变结构和强度演化与华北克拉通破坏过程中岩石圈厚度的变化具有良好的对应关系,从侧面反映太平洋板块俯冲和回撤导致华北克拉通东部破坏的地球动力学过程。因此,岩石圈热-流变结构可以为盆地形成、大陆边缘和造山带等的动力学演化过程研究提供科学依据。     

中国中生代沉积盆地演化

在综合分析中生代早-中三叠世、晚三叠世-早白垩世、晚白垩世-白垩纪3个时段中国沉积盆地分布、充填序列、岩相古地理和构造古地理的基础上, 建立了中国中生代沉积盆地的时空演化, 并探讨了中国中生代沉积盆地的时空演化与中生代构造运动的响应关系, 认为: (1)随着亚洲洋俯冲消亡及天山-兴蒙造山系形成, 中国北方地区总体处于古亚洲洋消亡以后, 陆块汇聚碰撞背景, 西北地区盆山格局基本定型, 南部古特提斯洋的双向俯冲消减, 在北羌塘-三江多岛弧盆系中的一系列弧后洋盆相继俯冲消亡; (2)晚三叠世的"印支运动"使古亚洲陆最终固结并向外增生, 中国己经基本形成了南海北陆的分布格局, 绝大部分地区进入陆内演化阶段.印支期以后, 华南中部上隆, 隔开了西部的古地中海域和东部的古太平洋海域; (3)中侏罗世以来, 在古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的影响下, 整个中国东部卷入滨太平洋构造域, 西太平洋型活动大陆边缘形成.中国东北大部分地区为弧内裂陷(火山沉积)盆地; 华北-阿拉善陆块东西分化, 中西部主要发育压陷盆地或断陷盆地或坳陷盆地, 东部则形成与古太平洋板块俯冲有关的陆缘岩浆弧弧内裂陷盆地; 华南则以雪峰山为界, 东部广泛发育与陆缘岩浆弧演化相关的弧内裂陷盆地, 西侧则发育陆内大型压陷盆地、断陷盆地或断坳盆地.中国西南则仍然为多岛洋弧盆系格局.      

华南晚中生代陆弧迁移与海域盆地演化

陆弧和弧前盆地是俯冲体系中具有密切联系的构造单元。中生代以来,华南受多期板块俯冲的控制,发育大规模岩浆岩带及海域广泛分布的弧前盆地。但陆域弧岩浆岩较少,海域又缺乏足够钻井,各时期陆弧的位置存在较大争议,同时,南海北部至东海一带弧前盆地也缺乏系统认识,因此,亟须新的研究思路深化对华南晚中生代俯冲体系和俯冲过程的认识。本文以前人研究为基础,对海域钻遇中生界的典型钻井进行了详细分析,系统开展了海域盆地区域构造和沉积对比,将弧前盆地发育与岛弧变迁相结合综合分析。结果表明早侏罗世—早白垩世陆弧位于南海北部—东海靠近陆域一侧,经历了早侏罗世局限陆弧、中晚侏罗世沿海陆弧带、早白垩世向海沟方向的迁移。在此过程中,华南海域弧前盆地群于中侏罗世正式形成,早白垩世发育盆缘角度不整合,粗碎屑相带向海沟方向迁移,晚白垩南海北部与东海各自进入新的构造体制,结束弧前盆地的发育。华南沿海海域中生代盆地的发育可为陆弧的展布提供重要约束,弧岩浆岩带的迁移控制了弧前盆地的演化。     

辽西及其毗邻地区中生代盆地的构造类型和特征

辽宁及其毗邻地区大地构造位置隶属于环太平洋构造带外带内陆区,该区分布有为数众多的中生代盆地.根据前晚三叠世基底出露情况,在该区划分出了61个中生代盆地.盆地的构造类型分为拗裂型、裂陷型、断陷型和断拗型4种类型.拗裂型盆地形成于晚三叠世-中侏罗世,又称早中生代盆地;断陷型和裂陷型盆地形成于晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期,又称晚中生代早期盆地;断拗型盆地形成于早白垩世晚期-晚白垩世,又称晚中生代晚期盆地.拗裂盆地与环太平洋深大断裂体系的热构造关系不明显,而与古板块构造的隆起和裂陷有关;裂陷和断陷盆地与环太平洋深大断裂体系的热构造密切相关,盆地严格受大兴安岭和下辽河-双辽两大热构造隆起带控制;断拗盆地与环太平洋弧后拉张的热体制有关.     

Deep basins of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea as remnants of Mesozoic back-arc basins

We review the geological and geophysical structural framework of the deep Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins. Based on seismic evidence and subsidence history, we conclude that the deep basins have an oceanic crust formed in a marginal sea environment. We propose that the present deep basins are remnants of a much greater marginal sea formed during three separate episodes during the Mesozoic: in the Middle Jurassic, Upper Jurassic and Late Cretaceous. A tentative sketch of the geologic evolution of the area is presented. The marginal sea reached its greatest extent in the Early Tertiary when it was about 900 km wide and 3000 km long. The central part of the marginal sea has since disappeared during the collision between the Arabian promontory and the Eurasian margin.     

Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin Features and Evolution of Southeast China

The Late Triassic to Paleogene(T_3-E) basin occupies an area of 143100 km~2,being the sixth area of the whole of SE China;the total area of synchronous granitoid is about 127300 km~2;it provides a key for understanding the tectonic evolution of South China.From a new 1:1500000 geological map of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins of SE China,combined with analysis of geometrical and petrological features,some new insights of basin tectonics are obtained.Advances include petrotectonic assemblages, basin classification of geodynamics,geometric features,relations of basin and range.According to basin-forming geodynamicai mechanisms,the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin of SE China can be divided into three types,namely:1) para-foreland basin formed from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic(T_3-J_1) under compressional conditions;2) rift basins formed during the Middle Jurassic(J_2) under a strongly extensional setting;and 3) a faulted depression formed during Early Cretaceous to Paleogene (K_1-E) under back-arc extension action.From the rock assemblages of the basin,the faulted depression can be subdivided into a volcanic-sedimentary type formed mainly during the Early Cretaceous(K_1) and a red -bed type formed from Late Cretaceous to Paleogene(K_2-E).Statistical data suggest that the area of all para-foreland basins(T_3-J_1) is 15120 km~2,one of rift basins(J_2) occupies 4640 km~2,and all faulted depressions equal to 124330 km~2 including the K_2-E red-bed basins of 37850 km~2.The Early Mesozoic (T_3-J_1) basin and granite were mostly co-generated under a post-collision compression background, while the basins from Middle Jurassic to Paleogene(J_2-E) were mainly constrained by regional extensional tectonics.Three geological and geographical zones were surveyed,namely:1)the Wuyishan separating zone of paleogeography and climate from Middle Jurassic to Tertiary;2)the Middle Jurassic rift zone;and 3)the Ganjiang separating zone of Late Mesozoic volcanism.Three types of basin-granite relationships have been identified,including compressional(a few),strike-slip(a few), and extensional(common).A three-stage geodynamical evolution of the SE-China basin is mooted:an Early Mesozoic basin-granite framework;a transitional Middle Jurassic tectonic regime; intracontinental extension and red-bed faulted depressions since the Late Cretaceous.     

大别山造山带与安徽沿江中新生代盆地的盆山耦合关系

安徽沿江中新生代盆地位于大别山造山带南缘，为先挤压、后伸展形成的叠合盆地，是探讨扬子板块陆内深俯冲—大别山造山带隆起与中、下扬子盆地沉降的耦合关系的理想场所。在早中生代，大别山为华南和华北大陆碰撞造山带，华南地壳向深处俯冲并承受超高压变质作用，超高压变质岩不断向上折返，沿江坳陷具有前陆盆地性质，盆地充填有晚三叠世—中侏罗世磨拉石层序；在晚中生代，在中国东部整体的拉张背景下，大别山变质带完全折返上隆，处于变质核杂岩隆升状态，而沿江坳陷具有裂陷盆地性质，充填有晚侏罗世—早白垩世、晚白垩世—古近纪两个红色碎屑构造层序，起因于地壳拆沉而产生的均衡隆升和伸展断陷的构造耦合。     

华北克拉通东部早白垩世伸展盆地的发育过程及其对克拉通的破坏

在晚侏罗世华北克拉通东部破坏之初出现了区域性隆起,全区缺失上侏罗统沉积。在早白垩世早期,出现了区域性的伸展活动,断陷盆地形成,克拉通南、北缘伸展活动最强,北部燕山构造带以出现变质核杂岩为特征,南部出现宽裂谷型盆地。早白垩世中期华北克拉通东部普遍出现了火山活动与岩浆侵入。早白垩世晚期克拉通上以出现窄裂谷型盆地为特征,沿北北东走向的郯庐断裂带断陷活动最强。这些断陷盆地的演化过程揭示,经历地表抬升后,克拉通破坏之初的岩石圈热而弱,从而形成变质核杂岩或宽裂谷型盆地。这期间的破坏强度在空间上具有不均匀分布的特征,受控于早期岩石圈地幔的结构。经过早白垩世中期的大量岩浆活动之后,早白垩世晚期克拉通岩石圈温度降低、强度变大,从而利用早期大型断裂构造形成窄裂谷型盆地。这现象支持华北克拉通东部晚中生代的岩石圈减薄是以逐渐拆沉机制为主。     

Sedimentary provenance of the Hengyang and Mayang basins,SE China,and implications for the Mesozoic topographic change in South China Craton: Evidence from detrital zircon geochronology

Detrital zircon U–Pb data from sedimentary rocks in the Hengyang and Mayang basins, SE China reveal a change in basin provenance during or after Early Cretaceous. The results imply a provenance of the sediment from the North China Craton and Dabie Orogen for the Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic sandstones and from the Indosinian granitic plutons in the South China Craton for the Lower Cretaceous sandstones. The 90–120 Ma age group in the Upper Cretaceous sandstones in the Hengyang Basin is correlated with Cretaceous volcanism along the southeastern margin of South China, suggesting a coastal mountain belt have existed during the Late Cretaceous. The sediment provenance of the basins and topographic evolution revealed by the geochronological data in this study are consistent with a Mesozoic tectonic setting from Early Mesozoic intra-continental compression through late Mesozoic Pacific Plate subduction in SE China.     

Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Southeast China Block: New insights from basin analysis

In order to better understand the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Southeast China Block (SECB in short), this paper describes geological features of Mesozoic basins that are widely distributed in the SECB. The analyzed data are derived from a regional geological investigation on various Mesozoic basins and a recently compiled 1:1,500,000 geological map of Mesozoic–Cenozoic basins. Two types of basin are distinguished according to their tectonic settings, namely, the post-orogenic basin (Type I) and the intracontinental extensional basin (Type II); the latter includes the graben and the half-graben or faulted-depression basins. Our studies suggest that the formation of these basins connects with the evolution of geotectonics of the SECB. The post-orogenic basin (Type I) was formed in areas from the piedmont to the intraland during the interval from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic; and the formation of the intracontinental extensional basin (Type II) connects with an intracontinental crustal thinning setting in the Late Mesozoic. The graben basin was generated during the Middle Jurassic and is associated with a bimodal volcanic eruption; and the half-graben or faulted-depression basin, filled mainly by the rhyolite, tuff and sedimentary rocks during Early Cretaceous, is occupied by the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene red-colored terrestrial clastic rocks. We noticed that the modern outcrops of numerous granites and basins occur in a similar level, and the Mesozoic granitic bodies contact with the adjacent basins by large normal faults, suggesting that the modern landforms between granites and basins were yielded by the late crustal movement. The modern basin and range framework was settled down in the Cretaceous. Abundant sedimentary structures are found in the various basins, from that the deposited environments and paleo-currents are concluded; during the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic time, the source areas were situated to the north and northeast sides of the outcrop region. In this paper, we present the study results on one geological and geographical separating unit and two separating fault zones. The Wuyi orogenic belt is a Late Mesozoic paleo-geographically separating unit, the Ganjiang fault zone behaves as the western boundary of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks, and the Zhenghe–Dapu fault zone separates the SE-China Coastal Late Mesozoic volcanic-sedimentary basins and the Wuyi orogenic belt. Finally, we discuss the geodynamic mechanisms forming various basins, proposing a three-stage model of the Mesozoic sedimentary evolution.     

Provenance of sediments from Mesozoic basins in western Shandong: Implications for the evolution of the eastern North China Block

This paper reports LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dates and in situ Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircons from the Mesozoic basins in western Shandong, China, with the aim to constrain the depositional ages and provenances of the Mesozoic strata as well as the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern North China Block (NCB). The Mesozoic strata in western Shandong, from bottom to top, include the Fenghuangshan, Fangzi, Santai and Wennan formations. Most of the analyzed zircon grains exhibit oscillatory growth zoning and have relatively high Th/U ratios (generally 0.2–3.4), suggesting a magmatic origin. Zircons from the Fenghuangshan Formation in the Zhoucun Basin yield six main age populations (2489, 1854, 331, 305, 282, and 247 Ma). Zircons from the Fangzi Formation in the Zhoucun and Mengyin basins yield eight main age populations (2494, 1844, 927, 465, 323, 273, 223, and 159 Ma) and ten main age populations (2498, 1847, 932, 808, 540, 431, 315, 282, 227, and 175 Ma), respectively, whereas zircons from the Santai Formation in the Zhoucun and Mengyin basins yield nine main age populations (2519, 1845, 433, 325, 271, 237, 192, 161, and 146 Ma) and six main age populations (2464, 1845, 853, 277, 191, and 150 Ma), respectively. Five main age populations (2558, 1330, 609, 181, and 136 Ma) are detected for zircons from the Wennan Formation in the Pingyi Basin. Based on the youngest age, together with the contact relationships among formations, we propose that the Fenghuangshan Formation formed in the Early–Middle Triassic, the Fangzi Formation in the Middle–Late Jurassic, the Santai Formation after the Late Jurassic, and the Wennan Formation after the Early Cretaceous. These results, together with previously published data, indicate that: (1) the sediments of the Fenghuangshan Formation were sourced from the Precambrian basement and from late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic igneous rocks in the northern part of the NCB; (2) the sediments of the Fangzi and Santai formations were sourced from the Precambrian basement, late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic igneous rocks in the northern part of the NCB, and the Sulu terrane, as well as from Middle–Late Jurassic igneous rocks in the southeastern part of the NCB; and (3) the Wennan Formation was sourced from the Tongshi intrusive complex, the Sulu terrane, and minor Precambrian basement and Early Cretaceous igneous rocks. The evolution of detrital provenance indicates that in the Early–Middle Triassic, the northern part of the NCB was higher than its interior; during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, the eastern NCB was uplifted, resulting in a period of non-deposition; and an important transition from a compressional to an extensional tectonic regime occurred during the Middle–Late Jurassic. The presence of Neoproterozoic and Triassic detrital zircons in the Fangzi Formation sourced from the Sulu terrane suggests that large-scale sinistral strike-slip movement along the Tan-Lu Fault Zone did not occur after the Middle Jurassic (ca. 175 Ma).